
Class £433 



m 



&6VJ- 



SKETCHES AND STATISTICS 



OF 



CINCINNATI IN 1851 



BY CHARLES CIST. 




CINCINNATI: 
WM. H. MOORE & CO., PUBLISHERS, 

118 MAIN STREET. 
1851. 



IV PREFACE. 

to comprehend that what is thus of interest to them, probably interests 
very few others ; and that if every topic were presented to public 
notice, which each individual might deem of importance, no single 
volume, however large, could embrace the entire subject. If I 
had not known, in early life, the unreasonableness of individuals on 
this point, a circumstance that occurred to me a few years since, 
would have fully enlightened me. 

I had been preparing for publication, a directory, and in the pro- 
gress of the work, called upon an honest German up Walnut street, 
who was extensively engaged in the manufacture of bratwurst, 
knackwurst, leber wurst, and sour-krout. I had taken down his 
address. "When you got dat book out," said he, "you brings 
me one, and I pays you for it." I promised to do so, accordingly. 

By some unaccountable neglect of my transcriber of names, the 
dealer in wurst and sour-krout was left out of the directory, and 
having ascertained that fact, I did not trouble myself to deliver a 
book, which I knew this individual would not take on finding him- 
self left out, as he readily would by turning to it in search of the 
name — the universal practice of purchasers. 

Several months had elapsed, when one morning rising Main street, 
and just opposite Ephraim Morgan's store, I discovered my German 
friend. Stopping short, and in a very angry tone, he accosted me, 
with ' ' Why you not put my name down in your correctory f" " Well, 
I don't know ; is it not down?" was my remark. " No," replied he, 
very indignantly, " Your correctory not wort one cent. How do 
people knows where he kits his sour krout?" 

I shall make no further application of the story than to say, that 
I must expect every man who has his sour-krout left out, will also 
be apt to pronounce this volume "not worth one cent." 

It behooves me, however, to refer to what is in, rather than what 
has been left out. The articles on Geology and Magnetism, by 
Professor Locke ; on Medical Topography, by Dr. Drake ; on Me- 
teorology, by Professor Ray ; on Education, and Transportation and 
Travel, by E. D. Mansfield, as well as articles on the culture of 



PREFACE. V 

the strawberry and grape by Robert Buchanan, have been obtained 
from the fountainheads of knowledge in these lines, respectively, and 
will commend themselves to the reader as of high value. The ar- 
ticle, Cincinnati — its Destiny, from the pen of S. H. Goodin, of our 
city, will not fail to make a strong impression upon those who desire 
to contemplate the great future of Cincinnati. The residue of the 
volume is, with few exceptions, my own, and claims no higher 
merit than accuracy, as far as attainable. 

One great design of this publication, being* to illustrate Cincinnati 
in whatever aspect it might be contemplated, biographies of indivi- 
duals who have been selected as types of the industrial and profes- 
sional classes, constitute one of its features. The subjects of these 
articles, are persons who have by industry, energy, integrity, perse- 
verance and business tact, achieved the position — in most cases, at 
the . head of their respective classes — which they now occupy. 
Many of these individuals have fought the great battle of life, with- 
out aid or even sympathy in the darkest hour of that struggle, and 
their history enforces the great lesson to new beginners, that few 
things are impossible to the resolute will, the patient and untiring- 
purpose, and the direct and straightforward principle. 

A large share of this publication is taken up with the statistics of 
manufactured and industrial products. I cannot persuade myself, 
however, that the extent of this department is greater than the im- 
portance of the subject demands, taking into view the great fact which 
these tables establish, that the products of manufacture here, consti- 
tute more than one-half the business operations of Cincinnati, and 
the profits not less than three-fourths of the rewards of industry in 
all its branches. These tables afford indisputable evidence that the 
raw material consumed in our manufacturing operations does not 
as an average exceed 54 per cent, or thirty out of fifty-live millions 
dollars, the entire value of our industrial products, leaving 46 per 
cent, or more than twenty-five millions of dollars, as the revenue 
derived to Cincinnati from this department of business. It is be- 
lieved that this mode of exhibiting the value of manufactures to a 



VI PREFACE. 

community, at any rate presents the subject in a clearer light than 
it has heretofore been shown. 

I take this opportunity of saying, that my statistics will be found 
to differ in most points of a corresponding nature, from the national 
census of 1850, to which I am indebted for nothing but the tables 
of population and nativities in Cincinnati, and the census table for 
Ohio. I leave the question, which is more worthy of credit, to the 
public, simply adding, that this is one great reason why my manu- 
facturing table enters so largely as it does, into details. Many of 
the marshals' assistants here, did their duty faithfully, but the stu- 
pidity or worse, of others, shut out a variety of details necessary 
to the fullness and accuracy of the aggregate. 

Cincinnati, July 10th, 1851. 



TABLE OF SUBJECTS 



I. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS.— Site— Boundaries and Divi- 
sions — Geology — Magnetism — Terrestrial Magnetism — Magnetic In- 
tensity — Medical Topography — Meteorology 13 

II. PERSONAL STATISTICS.— Population— Census of 1850— Nativities, 
United States — Nativities, Foreigners — Occupations, Trades and Pur- 
suits 44 

III. EDUCATION.— Funds — Organization— Buildings— Corps of Teach- 

ers — Course of Studies — Statistics — Cost of Public Instruction — Cen- 
tral School — Parochial Schools — Academies and Private Schools — 
Colleges — Law Schools — Mercantile Schools — Theological Schools — 
General View of Education in Cincinnati — Fairmount Theological 
Seminary — Lane Seminary — St Xavier Seminary — Law School — Cin- 
cinnati Mercantile College — St. Xavier College — Wesleyan Female 
College — Woodward College and High School — Herron's Seminary — 
Cincinnati Female Seminary — R. & H. H. Young's Academy 52 

IV. SOCIAL STATISTICS.— Dwelling-houses and Stores— Periodicals- 

Churches and Religious Societies 71 

V. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES.— Courts of Judicature— Legislative and 
Executive Departments 84 

VI. MONETARY.— Banks and Bankers— Fire, Marine and Life Insurance. 88 

VII. WATER AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHT.— City Water Works — Gas 
Works 10 2 

VIII. SCIENCE AND LITERATURE.— Observatory— Cincinnati Horticul- 
tural Society— Medical College of Ohio— Eclectic Medical Institute— 
Physo-Medical College — Ohio College of Dental Surgeiy — Ohio 
Mechanics' Institute — Young Men's Mercantile Library Association — 
Apprentices' Library 1 07 

[X. THE FINE ARTS.— Arts' Union Hall— Picture Gallery— Artists.. 121 

(vii.) 



Vlll TABLE OF SUBJECTS. 

X. TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL.— Natural and Artificial Routes; 
Rivers, Roads, Canals and Railroads — Cincinnati, Hamilton and 
Dayton Railroad Company — Ohio and Mississippi Railroad Com- 
pany — Little Miami Railroad Company — Sandusky Ro\ite — Cleveland 
Route — Miami Canal — Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal — Forward- 
ing facilities 136 

XL NECROLOGICAL. — Spring Grove Cemetery— Comparative Mortality 
Table 145 

XII. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, ETC.— Commercial Hospital and Lunatic 
Asylum of Ohio — Orphan Asylums — "Widows Home — House of Re- 
fuge — Poorhouse and Farm — Cincinnati Relief Union — Hotel for In- 
valids — Tract Depository — Benevolent Societies — Temperance Socie- 
ties — Masonic — Odd Fellows — Public Halls — Hotels — Bathhouses — 
Fire Department 149 

XIII. MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.— Table of 

Values, and Number of Hands Employed in each Pursuit — Per Cent- 
age of Raw Materials, Labor, etc 169 

XIV. COMMERCE.— Tables of Imports— Of Exports— Commission Busi- 

ness 262 

XV. MISCELLANEOUS.— Culture of the Grape— Suburbs— Biography, S. 
P. Chase — Farmers College — Markets and Market-Houses — Biography, 
A. Morrell, Jr. — Hog and its products — Biography, David T. Disney — 
Statistics of Strawberries — Biography, Geo. W. Coffin — Medical College 
of Ohio — Biography, J. D. Jones — The Electro Chronograph — Bio- 
graphy, 0. M. Mitchel — Cincinnati, its Destiny — Biography, George 
W. Neff— Ship Building on the Ohio — New Public Buildings — St. 
Peter's Cathedral — Ohio Female College — National Armory in the 
"West — Biography, Nicholas Longworth — Bowlder Pavement — Cin- 
cinnati Observatory — Coal — Glendale — Census of Ohio 266 



CINCINNATI IN 1851 



I. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. 



SITE. 

A well-defined circle of hills — three miles in its diameter, and 
of remarkable regularity of outline, bisected east and west by the 
river Ohio, and north and south by Mill creek and Licking river — 
marks the site of Cincinnati, as its precise centre. The Ohio, at this 
point, makes in its course a bold, abrupt sweep, in the immediate 
curve of which, and on its northern edge, lies the city, which is, 
therefore, when approached by water, hardly visible until its entire 
panorama bursts upon the eye. The territory it embraces, includ- 
ing its north-east suburb — Fulton — may be not inaptly compared, in 
shape, to the old-fashioned harp, the curved side of which is formed 
by the Ohio ; the upper edge, by Mill creek ; and the straight edge, 
by the northern line of the city, brought down at the north-east at 
an acute angle to the base of the instrument. 

Cincinnati is immediately opposite Covington and Newport, in 
Kentucky. — Its latitude was determined, by Colonel Jared Mans- 
field, in his topographical surveys, 39° 6' 30" north, and its longi- 
tude 7° 24' 45" west. It is nearly central between Pittsburgh, at 
the head of the Ohio, and Cairo, at the junction of that river with 
the Mississippi, being about 465 miles from each point. Its distance 
by land traveling is — from Columbus 115; Indianapolis 120; Lex- 
ington 90 ; Nashville 270, and Pittsburgh 290 miles. By steam- 
boat conveyance — from Louisville 138; St. Louis 655; Natchez 
1335, and New Orleans 1631 miles. By stage route it is 572 miles 
from Washington; 551 from Baltimore; 600 from Philadelphia, 
and, via Lake Erie and the Erie canal, 950 miles from New York. 
The upper plane of Cincinnati is 540 feet above tide water at 

(13) 



14 BOUNDARIES AND DIVISIONS. 

Albany, and 25 feet below the level of Lake Erie : low water-mark 
of the Ohio river here being 432 feet above tide water at Albany, 
or 133 feet below Lake Erie. The descent of the upper part of 
Cincinnati to low water-mark is therefore 108 feet. 

The platform of the city was originally formed of three levels or 
terraces, all sloping from the Ohio northwardly. The first of these 
extended from the bluff bank of the river to the base of the gravelly 
hill, which ranged nearly parallel with what is now Third street. 
The second of these terraces stretched to the hills immediately north 
of the old Corporation line ; and the third, embraced the yet higher 
elevations, which comprise the principal part of the Xlth and Xllth 
wards of Cincinnati, and form the city boundary at its northern edge 
or line. The grade of these terraces has been for years changing, 
to conform to the general improvement of the city, and now affords 
the regular and facile ascent and descent required for heavy draughts, 
as well as to permit the safe discharge of water from the upper 
table of Cincinnati. 

The best views of Cincinnati may be obtained from various points 
of the hills along its northern edge. Those whose residence on the 
immediate coast of the Atlantic renders the dashing of its billows 
along the shore a familiar sound, will recognize at once, while stand- 
ing on one of these hills, in the sounds of city life blended and har- 
monized by distance, the peculiar and well known music of ocean 
waves bursting on the shore, — one of the grandest, and at the same 
time of the sweetest, among the harmonies of nature. 



BOUOAKIES AND DIVISIONS 

Cincinnati is bounded — north and north-east by Mill creek and 
Fulton townships; the Ohio river forms its southern and eastern 
boundaries; and Mill creek lies on its west. It is divided into 
sixteen Wards, whose limits and boundary lines are as follows : 

I. — Beginning at the intersection of Main and Third streets ; run- 
ning thence eastwardly, along Third to Symmes street; thence 
north-eastwardly, along Symmes and High streets, to the old Cor- 
poration line ; thence due west, along said Corporation line, as far 
as the point of intersection of East Sixth street; thence south- 
westwardly, along East Sixth street, to Main street ; thence south- 
wardly, along Main street, to the place of beginning. 

II. — Beginning at the intersection of Race and Third streets; 



BOUNDARIES AND DIVISIONS. 15 

running thence eastwardly, along Third street, to Walnut street ; 
thence southwardly, along Walnut street, to Pearl street; thence east- 
wardly, along Pearl street to Main street; thence northwardly, 
along Main street to Seventh street; thence westwardly, along 
Seventh street to Race street; thence southwardly, along Race 
street, to the place of beginning. 

III. — Beginning at the intersection of Main and Third streets ; 
running thence eastwardly, along Third street to Symmes street ; 
thence north-eastwardly along Symmes and High streets, to the old 
Corporation line; thence east, along said line to the Ohio river; 
thence down the Ohio river, with the meanders thereof, to the foot 
of Main street ; thence northwardly, along Main street, to the place 
of beginning. 

IV. — Beginning at the intersection of John and Third streets; 
running thence, eastwardly, along Third street to Walnut street; 
thence southwardly, along Walnut street to Pearl street; thence 
eastwardly, along Pearl street to Main street ; thence southwardly, 
along Main street, to the Ohio river ; thence down the Ohio river, 
with the meanders thereof, to the foot of John street ; thence north- 
wardly, along John street, to the place of beginning. 

V. — Beginning at the intersection of Western Row and Seventh 
street; running thence, eastwardly, along Seventh street to Main 
street ; thence northwardly, along Main street, to the Miami canal ; 
thence westwardly, along said Miami canal to Plum street ; thence 
westwardly, along the continuation of South Canal, or Grandin street, 
to Western Row ; thence southwardly, along Western Row, to the 
place of beginning. 

VI. — Beginning at the intersection of Fifth and Smith streets ; 
running thence, southwardly, along Smith street, to Third street ; 
thence eastwardly, along Third street, to John street ; thence south- 
wardly, along John street, to the Ohio river ; thence down the Ohio 
river, with the meanders thereof, to the foot of Fifth street ; thence 
eastwardly, along Fifth street, to the place of beginning. 

VII. — Beginning at the intersection of Western Row and Liberty 
street, or the old Corporation line ; running thence east, along said 
Liberty street, or old Corporation line, to Race street ; thence south- 
wardly, along Race street, to the Miami canal; thence westwardly, along 
and across the Miami canal to Plum street ; thence westwardly along 
the continuation of South Canal or Grandin street, to Western Row ; 
thence northwardly, along Western Row, to the place of beginning. 



16 BOUNDARIES AND DIVISIONS. 

VIII. — Beginning at the intersection of Baymiller and Catharine 
streets ; running thence eastwardly, along Catharine street, to West- 
ern Row; thence northwardly, along Western Row, to Liberty 
street, or the old Corporation line ; thence east, along the said 
Liberty street, or old Corporation line, to Piatt street ; thence south- 
wardly, along Piatt street to Clark street ; thence eastwardly, along 
Clark street, to Baymiller street; thence southwardly along Bay- 
miller street, to the place of beginning. 

IX. — Bea-innino- at the intersection of Main and Hunt streets; 
running thence eastwardly, along Hunt street, to the Lebanon turn- 
pike road ; thence north-eastwardly, along the Lebanon turnpike 
road, to Liberty street, or the old Corporation line ; thence east, 
along Liberty street, or the old Corporation line, to Main street ; 
thence southwardly, along Main street, to the place of beginning. 

X. — Beginning at Race street, where it intersects the Miami 
canal ; running thence eastwardly, along the said Miami canal to 
Main street ; thence northwardly, along Main street, to Liberty street, 
or the old Corporation line ; thence east, along the said Liberty 
street, or the old Corporation line, to Race street; thence south- 
wardly, along Race street, to the place of beginning. 

XL — Beginning at the intersection of Vine street and Liberty 
street, or the old Corporation line ; running thence east, along said 
line, to the point where the same is intersected by the west line of 
Fulton township ; thence north-eastwardly, along the said line, to 
the northern boundary of the city; thence west, along the said 
northern boundary line, to the Vine street road : thence southwardly, 
along the Vine street road, to the place of beginning. 

XII. — Beginning at the intersection of Vine street and Liberty 
street, or the old Corporation line; running thence west, along said 
line to Mill creek ; thence up Mill creek, with the meanders thereof, 
to the northern boundary of the city ; thence east, along the said 
northern boundary line, to the Vine street road ; thence southwardly, 
along the said road, to the place of beginning. 

XIII. — Beginning at the intersection of Main and Sixth streets ; 
running thence eastwardly and north-eastwardly, along Sixth street, 
to the old Corporation line ; thence west, along the said old Corpora- 
tion line, to the Lebanon turnpike road ; thence south-westwardly, 
along the said Lebanon turnpike road, to a point where it intersects 
Hunt street ; thence eastwardly, along Hunt street, to Main street ; 
thence southwardly, along Main street, to the place of beginning. 



GEOLOGY. 17 

XIV. — Beginning at the intersection of Smith and Third streets ; 
running thence eastwardly, along Third street, to Race street; thence 
northwardly, along Race street, to Seventh street; thence westwardly, 
along Seventh street to John street ; thence southwardly, along John 
street, to Sixth street; thence westwardly, along Sixth street, to 
Smith street ; thence southwardly, along Smith street, to the place 
of beginning. 

XV. — Beginning at the intersection of Catharine street and Bay- 
miller street ; running thence southwardly, along Baymiller street, 
to George street ; thence south from George street to Sixth street ; 
thence westwardly, along Sixth street, to the Whitewater canal ; 
thence southwardly, along the Whitewater canal, to the crossing of 
Fifth street ; thence eastwardly, along Fifth street to Smith street ; 
thence northwardly, along Smith street, to Sixth street; thence 
eastwardly, along Sixth street, to John street ; thence northwardly, 
along John street to Seventh street ; thence eastwardly, along 
Seventh street, to Western Row ; thence northwardly, along West- 
ern Row, to Catharine street ; thence westwardly, along Catharine 
street, to the place of beginning. 

XVI. — Beginning at the foot of Fifth street ; running thence east- 
wardly, along Fifth street to the Whitewater canal ; thence north- 
wardly, along the said Whitewater canal, to Sixth street ; thence 
eastwardly, along Sixth street, to a point south of Baymiller street, 
where it intersects George street ; thence north to George street ; 
thence northwardly, along Baymiller street, to Clark street; thence 
westwardly, along Clark street, to Piatt street ; thence northwardly, 
along Piatt street, to the old Corporation line ; thence west, along 
said line, to Mill creek ; thence down Mill creek, with the meanders 
thereof, to the Ohio river ; thence up the Ohio river, with the mean- 
ders thereof, to the place of beginning. 

GEOLOGY. 

Cincinnati is situated in that part of the f* geological column" of 
rocks commonly known, among the learned, under the name of the 
" Lower Silurian Formation," a place in general below, but nearly 
contiguous to, the coal-measures, but in particular at Cincinnati, 
considerably removed from the coal by the interposition of several 
layers of different sorts of rocks. Our blue limestone at Cincinnati 
is, however, very different in its character from the Silurian Forma- 



18 GEOLOGY. 

tion of England, being infinitely more abundant in fossils, most of 
which are of a different species. The country in the immediate 
vicinity of Cincinnati seems, in a remote period of geological history, 
to have been a level terrace about 600 feet above low water of the 
Ohio, and nearly 1200 feet above the Atlantic ocean. This terrace, 
now modified by the valleys or channels excavated by the streams, 
is composed of alternate layers of blue clay-marl, and a blue or lead- 
colored fossiliferous limestone. The stone is nearly pure carbonate 
,of lime, but sometimes passing more or less into a soft shale or slate. 
The marl contains lime and is effervescent with acids, but still 
exhibits the external characters of a tough clay somewhat indurated. 
Through these strata the streams appear to have worn their present 
channels to the depth of five to six hundred feet, having left, at 
various heights above their present beds, their ancient alluvion of 
clay, sand, and gravel, often inclosing logs of wood and not unfre- 
quently the remains of elephants and mastodons. The larger streams 
are now found meandering through alluvial plains called ''bottom 
lands," extending from half of a mile to four miles in width. These 
alluvions present at the surface a rich, black, fertile mold, from six 
inches to two or three feet deep, well wrought in the native condi- 
tion, by the natural cultivators, the earth-worm and the mole. 
Beneath this mold are several feet, eight to twelve, perhaps, of 
amber-colored clay-loam, supported often by a substratum of clay, 
sand, or granitic gravel. The black mold and amber loam above 
described, extend over the high terrace, but often with a diminished 
thickness, and without the gravelly substratum, resting immediately 
on the limestone in situ. It constitutes a soil of proverbial fertility, 
but from the quantity of clay which it contains, it is adhesive when 
too wet, and stiff and impenetrable when too dry. This amber- 
colored loam imparts its tinge to the waters of the Ohio during its 
floods, and has given origin to the poetical name of the "Amber 
Stream." The descents into the valleys, although steep, are gener- 
ally rounded and covered with fertile soil. As the rocks, although 
they sometimes " crop out," never form high cliffs, the waved and 
hilly outline seen from below is rather beautiful than picturesque. 

Cincinnati itself is built on an ancient alluvial plain, lying in two 
levels called the " upper and lower bottoms." The lower level, 
fifty to sixty feet above extreme low water of the Ohio, presents a 
deep loam ; the upper level, seventy or eighty feet higher than the 
lower one, beside the black mold and amber loam, has a substratum 



GEOLOOV. 19 

of sharp quartzose sand and coarse granitic gravel, intermingled with 
limestone pebbles. Imbedded in this gravel have been found - 
bones and teeth of elephants. Wells and deep pits, either in the 
upper or lower level, are often filled with ''choke damp" or car- 
bonic acid, so as to prove fatal to the incautious laborer who attempts 
to descend ; this is especially apt to be the case, after such places 
have remained covered during the night. 

The layers of blue limestone are from the thinnest possible to 
twenty-two inches or possibly two feet in thickness, compact or 
somewhat granular, semicrystalline, strong and durable and well 
calculated for many economical purposes, such as affording lime for 
mortar, "metal" for roads, stones for pavements, and for founda- 
tions, and even a handsome dark marble for interior architecture. 
They are often literally filled with marine fossils, such as corallines, 
trilobites, encrinites, orthocerites and various univalve and bivalve 
shells. People ordinarily mistake these for petrifactions of objects 
now found in the country, but they are all the products of a primi- 
tive ocean. The blue limestone of Cincinnati is the lowest rock 
which occurs within several hundred miles, and occupies a space at 
1 feet in thickness. Although its layers lie apparently 
in an exact level, yet they decline both to the east and to the west 
so as ultimately to disappear under other strata, and finallv with 
those strata, under the two great coal-fields which commence between 
one and two hundred miles on both sides of the city. The strata 
intervening between the blue limestone and the coal formation, begin 
to be found at the surface between forty and one hundred miles 
from our city, concealing that limestone from view. Proceeding 
upward, they are, in thickness, as follows : — 

1st. Blue fossiliferous limestone of Cincinnati,. . . . 1000 ft. 

2d. Cliff-limestone, 200 

3d. Bituminous shale, 250 

4th. Fine-grained sandstone used for building in Cin- 
cinnati, 350 

5th. A coarse pebbly or conglomerate sandstone which 

includes shale, limestone, iron, salt, and coal, . 2000 

;>e limits of this article do not permit a separate description 
of these formations, the reader is referred to Professor Locke's 
report to the legislature of Ohio on the geology of the south-western 
part of the state, and to Dr. Owen's report, including Dr Locke's 



20 GEOLOGY. 

also, to the Congress of the United States, on the geology of the 
mineral lands of Iowa, Wisconsin and Illinois. It was stated in the 
survey of the last named region, that its rocks, including the im- 
mense treasures of iron, zinc, lead, and copper, were identical with 
the cliff-limestone of Ohio, showing itself at the Yellow Springs, at 
Dayton, Columbus, and West Union in Ohio, and at Madison in 
Indiana, at all of which places it is more or less metalliferous. 

The blue fossiliferous limestone of Cincinnati, after plunging under 
the great coal-field of Illinois in company with the cliff-limestone, 
reappears at Dubuque, where it is diminished to a few feet in thick- 
ness, while the superincumbent cliff-stone, filled with veins of lead 
ore, is developed into a stratum of six hundred feet in height. The 
blue limestone extends to Prairie du Chien, to the falls of St. 
Anthony and some distance up the river St. Peter's, but in a layer 
of only twenty feet or less. At Prairie du Chien it is raised some 
hundreds of feet above the water of the Mississippi, and exhibits 
underneath it a renewal of the cliff rock, but with fewer fossils. 
From this brief sketch every geologist would anticipate our local 
advantages. Situated in the centre of the inexhaustibly fertile 
region of the blue limestone with its alternations of enriching marl, 
midway between the two largest and most easily wrought coal-fields 
in the world, and also betAveen inexhaustible beds of excellent iron 
ore, with every facility of natural water communication, so that even 
the treasures of the Mississippi mines come to our doors almost 
spontaneously ; with a fine climate and with every material for the 
foundation and the superstructure of a city, it must be from a wan- 
ton abuse of the benevolent munificence of our Creator if we fail to 
continue to be prosperous and happy. 

The natural waters of the vicinity of Cincinnati, are such as might 
be anticipated from the geology. The wells and springs afford 
clear, cool, " limestone water," viz. : water holding carbonate of 
lime in solution. The waters of the Miamis, especially when low, 
contain lime to such an extent as to be too hard for washing. This 
might be expected, as they have their origin and course through 
limestone rocks. The proper cliff-limestone is often magnesian, and 
sulphate of magnesia is not an uncommon ingredient in waters from 
particular localities, as at Pace's wells. The waters of the Ohio, 
flowing chiefly over the sandstone and shales of the coal-measures, 
until within seventy or eighty miles of our city, are but slightly 
impregnated with mineral matter, and are so soft as scarcely to 



MAGNETISM. 21 

coagulate a solution of soap. Although rather bland in taste, the 
"hydrant water" of our city, raised from the Ohio, is reputed to 
he healthy, and less liable to disagree with strangers accustomed 
only to soft water, than that of springs or wells. 



MAGNETISM. 

POPULAR ELEMENTARY DEFINITIONS. 

The elements of terrestrial magnetism consist simply of the force, 
power, or intensity with which the earth attracts the magnetized 
needle, and of the direction in which that force acts ; but from the 
vast importance of the horizontal or compass-needle, both in naviga- 
tion and surveying, and from the facility of suspending and experi- 
menting with the same, it is customary to estimate certain elements 
of the needle in that position, although it is seldom the direction — 
never in our latitude — in which, if allowed to move freely in all 
directions, it would place itself. The quantities sought to be mea- 
sured are usually four : 

First. The declination " variation," or direction of the horizontal 
needle, as it respects the true astronomical north or south points. 

Second. The force or intensity with which the horizontal needle is 
attracted by the earth, and held in its direction : this is called the 
horizontal intensity. 

Third. The dip, or true course in which a needle, perfectly free 
to move in all directions, would finally rest and be held by the 
earth's attraction. 

Fourth. The force or intensity with which the needle, in the direction 
of the dip, is attracted by the earth : this is called the total intensity* 

MAGNETICAL DECLINATION OR VARIATION. 

Most persons are aware that the compass-needle does not every- 
where point to the true north, but varies in its direction in different 
places on the earth's surface, in such a manner that it either points 
east of it, directly toward it, or west of it. The force with which 
the earth attracts or pulls such a needle, so as to hold it in its direc- 
tion, and cause it to vibrate if it be moved out of that direction and 
be suffered freely to return, is called the horizontal intensity, and is 



* To avoid a circumlocution of language, the earth's attraction is named 
without expressing particularly the mutual attraction between the earth and 
needle. 



99 



MAGNETISM. 



measured by the quickness of the vibrations. Thus, when there are 
a greater number of vibrations of the same needle, in the same time, 
the horizontal intensity is greater, being as the squares of the num- 
bers of such vibrations. A vibrating needle used for determining 
the intensity, is a "magnetical pendulum," acted upon by magnet- 
ism as a clock pendulum is by gravitation. 

MAGNETICAL DIP. 

Make a needle of tempered steel, with pivots at the sides, so that 
it can turn like a cannon, and point up or down ; balance it so nicely 
that it will stay in any position in which you place it : this must be 
done while the steel has no magnetism. Next, magnetize that 
needle by "touching" it with magnets, as directed in the books on 
magnetism. Lastly, place the pivots in proper supports, exactly 
crosswise of the line in which the compass-needle points : it will no 
longer remain balanced, especially in the horizontal position, but, in 
the latitude of the United States, the north end will turn down, 
nearer to a perpendicular than to a level. This turning down, or out 
of the level, is called the dip; it is measured by the number of de- 
grees which the north end descends from a level line. The dip 
increases as we travel northward, until at a point north of the west- 
ern part of Hudson's Bay, it points directly downward. At or near 
the equator there is no dip, or the dipping-needle lies level ; and 
south of that point, the south end of the needle descends, as does 
the north end in the northern hemisphere. 

Now, whatever direction the dipping-needle takes, it is held there 
by a magnetical force of the earth, which when it is moved out of 
that direction, draws it back again, and causes it to vibrate like a 
pendulum, and finally, to settle at the proper dip. If the force be 
greater, the vibrations will be quicker : this force is called the total 
intensity, and is not usually ascertained by the vibrations of the 
dipping-needle, but is deduced by calculations from the horizontal 
intensity, and the dip at any locality. This force, on the whole, in- 
creases as we proceed northwardly ; but the horizontal intensity, in 
consequence of the increase of the dip, diminishes in the same direction. 
At the magnetic pole, where the dip would be 90 degrees (viz. : the 
dipping-needle perpendicular) the horizontal intensity would be 
nothing, and the common compass-needle would point in one direction 
as soon as in another — the magnetical force of the earth pulling it, 
at all points, directly downward upon the supporting pivot. 



MAGNETISM. 23 

Now, to measure these four quantities, in different localities, as 
accurately as possible, has been a part of my labors in the late brief 
survey of a part of our territories. 

Some sorts of iron ores have an influence on the magnetic needle, 
and change either its direction or its intensity. The effect of such 
ore increases directly as the quantity or mass, and diminishes as the 
squares of the distance increase ; and although the mass may be 
large, yet, from the effect of depth or distance, the indication may be 
too slight to be observed, unless by the most delicate instruments, 
skillfully used. By means of these, we may be guided to vast miner- 
alogical treasures ; for, however desirous we may be to discover gold 
and silver mines, iron is the more useful metal. In Iowa, one mag- 
netical node has been discovered, which may be produced by a "sub- 
terraneous iron mountain." Independently, however, of any econo- 
mical views, it will be a matter of gratification to the scientific world 
to receive a small contribution to their fund of magnetical knowledge ; 
for an effort is now making to collect and embody as many accurate 
magnetical observations as possible, in order the more fully to deter- 
mine the changes, distributions, and general laws of this wonderful 
force, and to make it still more subservient to the purposes of general 
utility. 

TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM AT CINCINNATI. 

MAGNETICAL DECLINATION OR VARIATION. 

In 1825, Mr. Gest, the city surveyor, and Dr. Locke, found the 
compass-needle to point 5° 15' east of due north. In 1840, the 
above quantity had diminished to 4° 46' east of due north. In 
1846, the variation had been reduced to 4° 01', and at the present 
time it is probably somewhat less. 

MAGNETICAL DIP. 

Since March, 1840, Dr. Locke has made monthly observations on 
the dip and horizontal intensity. The following table exhibits his 
results, as regards the dip, up to January, 1841. 

Each of the twelve observations on the following page, is the 
mean of sixteen single observations, including all of the possible 
reversals of the dipping apparatus with two needles 

LINE OF EQUAL DIP OF LONDON. 

This line, which, in 1837, was by observation 69° 23', passes more 
than a degree south of Cincinnati, and advancing westward, passes 



24 



MAGNETISM. 



through Princeton, in Indiana, lat. 38° 23' north, long. 87° 30' west, 
and crosses the Mississippi river about fifteen miles south of St. 
Louis, in Missouri. 

This line of equal dip had an adventitious interest, from the fact, 
that the lines of equal magnetic dip, are also lines of equal mean 
temperature. Thus the mean temperature of Princeton, Indiana, 
•would be presumed to be nearly equal to that of London. 

TABLE OF MAGNETICAL DIP OBSERVED MONTHLY AT CINCINNATI. 





Day. 


Hour. 


Dip by needle 
No. 1. 


Dip bv needle 
No. 2. 


Mean. 
O ' 


1840. 


b. m. I), in. 




O ' 


O ' 


March 6, 


2 30 to 3 30 P. 


M. 


70 27.250 


70 27.562 


70 27.812 


April 21, 


9 46 to 10 40 A. 


M. 


70 29.687 


70 28.000 


70 28.844 


May 21, 


10 35 to 11 35 A. 


M. 


70 24.450 


70 24.937 


70 24.694 


June 22, 


11 34 to 12 30 


M. 


70 28.062 


70 27.437 


70 27.750 


July 18, 


5 30 to 6 30 P. 


M. 


70 29.062 


70 27.937 


70 28.500 


July 19, 


11 30 to 12 30 


M. 


70 25.625 


70 25.812 


70 25.718 


August 18, 


10 00 to 11 00 A. 


M. 


70 27.375 


70 27.500 


70 27.437 


Septr. 24, 


9 00 to 10 45 A. 


M. 


70 29.200 


70 29.200 


70 29.200 


October 22, 


9 30 to 10 30 A. 


M. 


70 29.000 


70 28.375 


70 28.687 


Novem. 20, 


10 15 to 11 15 A. 


M. 


70 25.187 


70 25.437 


70 25.313 


Decern. 23, 


11 00 to 12 00 


M. 


70 27.250 


70 26.812 


70 27.031 


Jan. 23, 1841, 


11 00 to 12 00 


M. 


70 24.937 


70 24.750 


70 24.844 



Mean of 192 observations 70° 27'. 152. 



MAGNETIC INTENSITY. 

CINCINNATI AS THE BASE OF REFERENCE OF A MAGNETICAL 
SURVEY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Beside the determinations of magnetical dip made at Cincinnati, 
and quoted above, Dr. Locke has made a survey of the magnetism 
of a large portion of the United States. His labors were continued 
for about ten years, viz. : from 1838 to 1848 ; and were extended 
from the south part of Kentucky to the north side of Lake Superior ; 
and from the State of Maine to some distance beyond the Mississippi. 
During the progress of the work, he made the garden of Nicholas 
Longworth, Esq., of Cincinnati, the base or standard of comparison 
of the magnetic forces. The magnetic force of the earth at Cincin- 
nati, he called 1000 ; and proceeded to compare the force at all 
other places with that assumed quantity. 

Finally, Dr. Locke, at the request of Col. Sabine, R. A., Secretary 
of the Royal Society, extended his researches to the magnetical 
observatory of the British Government at Toronto in Canada. By 



MAGNETISM. Zb 

these, and by observations made by Capt. Lefroy, R. A., at several 
places in the U. S., where Dr. Locke had observed, the force at Cin- 
cinnati and throughout Dr. Locke's whole survey has been compared 
with that of all the similar surveys throughout the world. The 
following table exhibits a comparison of the horizontal force, or the 
magnetical force with which a compass-needle is held and also the 
total magnetical force with which the needle of the dipping compass 
is held at the several places named. 

This epitome of Dr. Locke's survey is abstracted from Col. Sabine's 
work in the Philosophical Transactions, Part III, for 1846. London. 
The results are arranged in three parts : — 

1st. A general line of observations from Lexington, Ky., through 
Cincinnati to Isle Royale, on the north side of Lake Superior. 

2d. A line along the Atlantic coast, from Washington city to the 
State of Maine. 

3d. A line along the Mississippi from St. Louis in Missouri, to 
Prairie du Chieji in Wisconsin. 

The first of the numerical columns refers to the horizontal mag- 
netic force at Cincinnati, assumed as 1000; the second, to the total 
force at Cincinnati, also assumed as 1000. 



FIRST LINE. LEXINGTON TO ISLE ROYALE. 

LOCALITY. HOB,. FORCE. 
CINCINNATI 1000 , 

Lexington, Ky 1012 , 

Columbus, 966 , 

Cleveland, 880 , 

Detroit 816 , 

Mackinaw 716 

Sault St. Mary 669 

Ontonagon R 686 

Lapointe 705 

Isle Royale 646 



TOTAL FORCE 



1000 
985 
996 
1016 
1011 
1039 
1037 
1039 
1044 
1052 



SECOND OR ATLANTIC LINE. 

Washington 948 .... 

Baltimore 932 .... 

Philadelphia 917 ... . 

New York 883 .... 

New Haven 839 .... 



- 



988 
991 
995 
994 
988 



26 MAGNETISM. 

LOCALITY. HOR. FORCE. TOTAL FORCE. 

Portland 753 989 

Mt. Washington 729 991 

Bethel, Me 727 996 

THIRD OR MISSISSIPPI LINE. 

St. Louis 1042 997 

Davenport 939 1012 

Dubuque 881 1013 

Prairie du Chien 876 1019 

In the preceding table, the horizontal and total forces at Cincin- 
nati are arbitrarily assumed as 1000. The absolute ratio of the 
horizontal force at Cincinnati to the total force, is near 1 to 3, being 
on August 21, 1843, 1000 to 2986. 

It will be seen by inspecting this table, that in general, as we are 
proceeding northwardly, the horizontal magnetic force by which a 
compass-needle is held in its direction, is diminishing, while the 
total force by which the dipping-needle is held in its direction, is 
increasing. Thus the compass force at Isle Royale, would be less 
than two-thirds ; 646 to 1000, of what it is at Cincinnati ; while the 
whole force in the dip or true magnetic direction, would be greater than 
at Cincinnati : as 1052 to 1000. 

This diminution of the horizontal or compass force, is caused by 
the distance to which the horizontal-needle is forced out of the na- 
tural magnetic direction — the dip — until, when the dip should be 
perpendicular the horizontal force would be nothing, and the sur- 
veyor's and the mariner's compass would be useless ; the needle 
pointing in one direction as readily as in another. 

Though there have been other laborers in the field of terrestrial 
magnetism in the U. S., yet none have approached so near to a 
general survey of the country, in this particular, as Dr. Locke of 
our own city. The scientific magnetic chart of the U. S., as filled 
up by Col. Sabine in the work to which reference has been made, is 
almost entirely based on his observations. 

The last series of the labors of Professor Locke in this depart- 
ment, has been lately published as a part of Dr. Jackson's survey 
of the geology of Lake Superior, by the Department of the Interior, 
under Hon. Secretary Ewing. 

Baron Humboldt made observations near the equator in South 



MAGNETISM. 27 

America, and assumed the magnetic force at his station to be one 
(1.) Other observations have since been compared very extensively 
with his, until we have reached a station where the total magnetism 
of the earth is near twice as much as that assumed unit. The inten- 
sify of the total magnetic force at Cincinnati, according to Humboldt's 
unit, is 1.796; and the greatest intensity known on the earth is by 
the same scale 1.878. Dr. Locke found the total intensity at Isle 
Royale in Lake Superior, to be 1.876, scarcely differing at all from 
the highest magnetic force yet found, being little over 1 in 1000 less. 
It is interesting to observe the coincidence of the results obtained 
by Captain Lefroy and Dr. Locke, where they happened to observe 
at the same places. These gentlemen have never seen each other ; 
they used different instruments, and observed at different times, 
noting, each, the various equations required for temperature, &c. ; 
nor was it known by anybody what the results would be, until the 
observations were finally reduced by Col. Sabine in England. The 
following are some of them : — 



Detroit 

Cleveland . . . 
Toronto . . . . 
Princeton, N. J. 

Albany 

New Haven . . 
Cambridge . . . 



TOTAL INTENSITY OF OBSERVER. 

MAGNETIC FORCE. 

(1814 Lefroy 

(1815 Locke 



(1828 Lefroy 

(1824 Locke 

(1836 Lefroy 

(1836 Locke 

(1783 Lefroy 

(1783 Locke 

(1797 Lefroy 

(1792 Locke 

(1773 Lefroy 

(1774 Locke 

(1774 Lefroy 

(1777 Locke 

It is worthy of notice that the stronger magnetic pole is north of 
the U. S., and about 20° this side of the true astronomical pole. 
This spot has been examined by Capt. Henry Ross, nephew of Sir 
James, who there found the direction of the dipping needle to be 
perpendicular. This point is also the convergent point of compass- 
needles, and causes the variation to be toward the west in eastern 



28 



MAGNETISM. 



situations ; and toward the east in situations in general westward of 
the meridian of this pole of convergence. The pole of greatest force 
is still further southward, lying in general between Lake Superior 
and Hudson's Bay, varying very little from one of these points to 
the other. 

Thus, in general, on the meridian of 90° west, and, of course, lying 
N. of the U. S., there are three great poles: 1st. The pole of mag- 
netic intensity of forces, about 50° N. lat. 2d. The pole of magnetic 
dip and convergence, or the pole of declination, about 70° N. lat. 
3d. The astronomical pole, at 90° NT. lat. The singular fact, that 
the point of greatest magnetic attraction of the earth is not near the 
pole of magnetic dip and convergence, was first ascertained by Col. 
Sabine, who ventured to predict its situation. In 1844, Dr. Locke 
made experiments within the limits of this region of high magnetism, 
and communicated them to the American Philosophical Society. 

Some idea of the range of magnetic intensity from Lake Superior 
to Hudson's Bay, may be formed, from the observations of Capt. 
Lefroy, from the one point to the other. These observations com- 
mence within 16 miles of those of Dr. Locke on Lake Superior, and 
are here thrown into four groups. The mean of the four, com- 
pared with Dr. Locke's, at Isle Roy ale, may be thus stated : — 



PLACE. TOTAL INTENSITY. 

IsleRoyale 1889. . 

Lapointe, Lake Supr. . . .1875. . 

1st Group, N. L. Supr. . .1860. . 

2d " " 1867. . 

3d " " 1870. . 



1865. 



4th Group, reaching to) 
Hudson's Bay. . j 

Cincinnati 1796. 

Toronto 1836. 



. .Locke. . 

. .Locke. . 

. .Lefroy . 

. .Lefroy . 

. . Lefroy . 

. .Lefroy . 

. .Locke.) 

. .Locke.) 



Mean of 1 1 obs. 

.Mean of 13 obs. 
.Mean of 10 obs. 

. Mean of 5 obs. 

. Added for com 
parison. 



It seems from the above that there is a special magnetic intensity 
about Lake Superior, even exceeding that between the lake and 
Hudson's Bay ; still, the increase of the intensity generally, at dis- 
tant places, may point to a locality north of the lake, say lat. 52°, 
as the centre of greatest magnetic force. 







2/4, lVnlm" Sir fir, 



ST PETER'S CATHEDRAL 



MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY. 29 

MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY. 

On the 26th of December, 1788, when the third landing for the 
permanent settlement of Ohio was made, where Cincinnati now 
stands, there were already in the Interior Valley of North America — 
between New Orleans and Quebec — more than thirty towns. In 
sixty years, the encampment of twenty-six men, by the side of a 
beaver pond, beneath a dense forest of beech trees, has grown into 
a city, which has a more numerous stationary white population than 
any other within the Great Valley ; and, in permanent inhabitants, 
ranks as the fifth city of the United States. Such an unrivaled 
growth would, perhaps, justify an ample notice of its condition, even 
if the medical historian were not identified with it in feeling, interest, 
and early recollections. 

The site of the city, on the right bank of the Ohio river, consists 
of two plains or bottoms ; one near the river, comparatively narrow, 
and composed of argillaceous alluvion ; the other in its rear, six or 
eight times as broad, diluvial, and made up, like the higher or 
second terraces generally, of pebbles, gravel, and sand, with a cover- 
ing of loam and soil. The lower plain widens as it stretches down 
the river, and its back part, on the settlement of the town, was a 
narrow, shallow, and heavily-timbered pond or swamp, overflowed 
by ordinary spring floods of the river, which ascended upon it along 
the marshy rivulets by which that tract was partially drained into 
the Ohio, below the town. In 1793 the whole of the lower plain 
was submerged ; and in 1832 and 1848 the inundation was repeated, 
upon every part which had not been raised, with materials washed 
by the rains, or hauled from the adjacent higher terrace. For many 
years after the settlement of the village, the drainage of both ter- 
races was into the low grounds of this bottom, where it accumulated 
in part upon the surface, and partly in the numerous pits, formed 
by the manufacture of brick. From these foul accumulations, in 
summer and early autumn, a constant escape of gas through the 
superincumbent water could be perceived. The extent of this tract, 
lying to the west or windward of the village, was sufficient to gener- 
ate a great many cases of autumnal fever, chiefly of the remittent 
type, not a few of which every year prove fatal.* Had its surface 
been buv a few feet lower, so that it could not have been reclaimed, 

* Drake: Notices concerning Cincinnati, 1810. 



30 MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY. 

the nuisances in which it abounded must have exerted a retarding 
influence on the progress of the city. But for the last twenty years 
the work of transformation by draining, filling up, and building over, 
has been steadily advancing, and with it a corresponding improve- 
ment of autumnal health. 

From the lower plain to the upper and older, the ascent is between 
fifty and sixty feet. With the groAvth of the town, the front margin 
of the latter, which was originally a bluff bank, has been graded to 
a gentle declivity, and the removed material used, as already inti- 
mated, to raise the back part of the lower bottom ; so that the drain- 
age of the city is now chiefly by the streets directly into the river. 

The upper terrace, as was the case with the lower, slopes gently 
back from its southern or river margin, and at the average distance 
of a mile, terminates against the base of the Mount Auburn range of 
blue Silurian limestone hills, whence, during rains, there descend 
upon it several torrents, which coalesce and flow nearly in the same 
direction with the river. To the east this terrace is terminated by 
the narrow valley of a hill-torrent, called Deer creek. Up this valley, 
in early times, the back-water of the river, when in flood, ascended 
for half a mile ; and on its recess left a deposit of silt, which, how- 
ever, was to the summer-leeward of the town, and therefore never 
produced much effect on the health of the people. Beyond this ra- 
vine stands Mount Adams, between the base of which and the eastern 
margin of the city terrace the low ground has been raised above the 
highest river floods, a culvert has been formed for the creek, with 
streets extended across it, and the new surface built upon. The 
ravine, higher up, has a rocky bed and no bottom-lands. 

The Western canal from Lake Erie, generally called the Miami 
canal traverses the back part of the upper terrace, from north-west 
to south-east, and descends into the Ohio by a series of locks through 
this valley, but does not seem to have generated fever. 

We must iioav turn to the western margin of the terraces. In 
stretching off in that direction down the river, both become wider 
and sink lower, until they are lost in the broad alluvial valley of Mill 
creek, which stream, once a great river, joins the Ohio one mile and 
a half below the centre of the city. Its banks are of mud, and por- 
tions of them are overflowed by river freshets. The work of eleva- 
tion, by the transfer of gravel and pebbles from the upper terrace, is, 
however, going on with the rapid extension of the city in that direc- 
tion ; so that the time seems to be at hand when the whole tract 



MEDICAL TOPOGRArilT. 31 

will be redeemed from all but the extraordinary floods which hap- 
pen at distant periods, and of which there have been but three since 
the first settlement of the city. From that date down to the present 
time, the inhabitants of this locality have been subject to autumnal 
fever, while those farther east remained exempt. 

The Whitewater canal, from Indiana, which is conducted up the 
river bank, crosses Mill creek by an aqueduct, and traversing the 
lower terrace, terminates in a basin of stagnant water in the south- 
western part of the city, contributing, no doubt, to the prevalence 
of fever in that quarter. 

The river shore, from the mouth of Deer creek to the mouth of 
Mill creek, a distance of two miles and a half, presents but few nui- 
sances. At the former point the stream has thrown out a quantity 
of silt, which, in low water, is laid bare to a limited extent ; from 
that spot to the other, the shore is free from natural sources of insa- 
lubrity, much of it being sloped and graveled down to low water. 
In front of the mouth of Mill creek there is a deposit of silt, envelop- 
ing the trunks and limbs of trees, of which a considerable extent is 
exposed in summer and autumn, and, lying to the windward of the 
city, may be regarded as the most permanent nuisance around it. 
Below the embouchure of Mill creek, for two miles, and above that 
of Deer creek for four miles, there is no alluvial bottom, and the 
river presses against the base of the limestone hills. 

Let us now contemplate, as a whole, the locality we have been 
surveying in detail. First : As a general fact, where a tributary 
enters the Ohio, there is much low bottom; but here, two join it, 
on opposite sides, and the extent of drowned land is very little. It 
has elsewhere been intimated that Mill creek, during the diluvial 
period, was a great river ; and then it was, that an immense quantity 
of drift, in the form of sand, gravel, pebbles, and bowlders, was 
heaped up in this locality to such a height that nearly all the terraces 
are above the ordinary freshets of the Ohio. Second : The area of 
these terraces, including both sides of the river, is about six square 
miles ; and their extent, taken in connection with their elevation above 
the river gives this locality an advantage over every other, from the 
sources to the mouth of the river. Third : As a consequence of this 
topography, there is no other spot on the banks of the Ohio, where 
so great a number of persons could reside with as little exposure to 
the causes of intermittent and remittent fever. Fourth : From obser- 
vations continued through forty-eight years, it may be stated, that 



32 MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY. 

while, in early times, autumnal fever, occurring- every year, was sel- 
dom, except in some very limited spots, a violent and frequent dis- 
ease, it has regularly diminished ; and that parts once infested have 
become exempt. So true is this of the central portions of the city, 
in latter years, that when a case of intermittent fever happens there, 
it is generally found that the patient had sojourned in the country. 
Of remittent fever, so much cannot be said, as occasional cases still 
appear on streets which are entirely exempt from the other variety. 
Fifth : The estimated population, within a circle having a radius of 
a mile and a half, is about one hundred and twenty thousand ; and 
the extraordinary growth, which has assembled such a number in 
so short a time, must undoubtedly be ascribed, in part, to the slight 
prevalence of autumnal fever; by which we are instructed, that 
medical topography has an intimate connection with the progress of 
population and civil improvement. 

Cincinnati has extended (chiefly by a single street), nearly foui 
miles up the Ohio, with the river close on one side and the hills as 
close on the other ; the bank rising above high water. This exten- 
sion comprehends the villages of Fulton, Lewistown, and Pendleton. 
Beyond the last to the mouth of the Little Miami river, two miles 
further up, there is a broad, alluvial plain, on which once stood the 
village of Columbia, the second settlement in the State of Ohio, 
made November 18th, 1788. Much of this bottom, especially that 
nearest the Miami, is subject to inundation in the spring of the year, 
and the inhabitants, chiefly agriculturists, are subject to autumnal 
fever ; which, however, is much less prevalent and violent than it 
existed in 1803, and for many years afterward, when the locality 
was in transitu from dense woods to cultivated fields. 

Up the valley of Mill creek, which is equal in width to that of 
the Ohio (although in summer there is scarcely the feeblest current 
of water), autumnal fever is an annual endemio-epidemic. This 
valley is not without second, and even third bottoms or terraces, 
which are elevated and dry ; but it has also broad and low alluvions, 
on which the overflows of the stream and the spring rains leave 
sloughs filled with the decaying vegetation of its deep and fertile soil. 
To these surfaces we should ascribe the fever, which, limited to them 
in its origin, extends far beyond them in its spread ; as it frequently 
reaches, not only to those who reside on the older terraces, but, also, 
the inhabitants of the neighboring bluffs. The malignant intermit- 
tents of the south are not, however, often met with in this locality, 



MEDICAL TOPOGRAPIir. 33 

nor ever have been ; and the chief mortality is from the remittent 
type, in its progress becoming typhous. 

The hill-lands around Cincinnati are, in all directions, of the same 
height and character. In some places there are gently undulating 
table lands ; but in general the country is rolling, and presents a 
countless number of knobs or tuberosities, covered with rich soil, 
resting on a clay or loam bed, embellished with numerous country 
seats. Permanent springs are scarce, and much of the well-water 
is of an inferior quality. Ponds, swales and swamps are of course, 
unknown; yet autumnal remitting fever, tending to a continued 
type, occurs more or less every year, and sometimes proves fatal. 

For many years after the first settlement of Cincinnati, the people 
supplied themselves with water from wells, and also from the river, 
as is still the case in Newport and Covington. But to these methods 
succeeded the present hydraulic system. The water is thrown by a 
forcing -pump into reservoirs, exposed to the sun and rains, whence 
it is distributed, through iron and lead pipes, over the city. It often 
comes to the consumers turbid. The silt which it deposits in the 
reservoirs, a portion of which remains in suspension and is swallowed 
with the water, no doubt varies considerably in its composition. A 
single analysis, of a specimen thrown out of the reservoir in the 
spring of the year, was made by Dr. Raymond, and gave the fol- 
lowing results in one hundred parts : 

Alumina 49.84 

Silex 38.30 

Carbonate of lime 2.00 

Do. iron 1.15 

Phosphates of alumina and iron 0.52 

Carbonate of magnesia, a trace 0.00 

Vegetable mold (humus) 3.50 

Other organic matter 4.69 

100.00 

In general, during every flood, the water when distributed is 
turbid. 

For a long time after the settlement of Cincinnati, its only fuel 
was wood, but this, to a great extent, has been superseded by bitu- 
minous coal, from the Apalachian Basin. At present, the amount 
consumed is greater than in any other locality in the Interior Yal- 



34 MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY. 

ley, save Pittsburgh, perhaps. This results, not merely from tho 
great number of inhabitants, but also from the multiplication of 
their manufacturing establishments. From the better ventilation of 
this locality, its atmosphere is, however, much less laden with the 
fumes of burning coal, than that of Pittsburgh. 

Cincinnati stands in Lat. 39° 6' K, and Long. 84° 29' 30" W. 
The elevation of the surface of the river at low water, above the level 
of the sea, is four hundred and thirty-one feet; that of the lower 
plain about four hundred and ninety ; that of the upper five hundred 
and forty -three ; that of the surrounding hills, on an average, not 
far from eight hundred and fifty feet. 

The population of the city presents many varieties of physiology. 
The original settlers were from various states of the Union ; and the 
armies of Harmar, St. Clair, and Wayne, during the Indian wars, 
left behind them a still greater variety of persons. The subsequent 
immigration, although largely from the Middle and Northern Atlantic 
States, has been, in part, from the more Southern. In latter years 
it has been composed, still more than from either, of Europeans. 
The most numerous of these are Germans, next Irish, then English, 
Scotch and Welsh. Very few French, Italians, or Spaniards have 
sought it out. Lastly, its African population, chiefly emancipated 
slaves and their offspring, from Kentucky and Virginia, is large : 
and although intermarriages with the whites are unknown, the 
streets present as many mulatto, griffe, and quadroon complexions, 
as those of New Orleans. Thus the varieties of national physiology 
are very great. 

A comparative view of the facility or otherwise with which these 
heterogeneous elements become swallowed up in the absorbing and 
fusing process, now and for the future in progress, which is destined 
to render the Anglo-American race paramount throughout this great 
continent, would be sufficiently curious, although too extensive a sub- 
ject to be brought into discussion here. It may suffice to say, that 
of all classes of foreigners, the German soonest assimilates to the 
great mass. It takes but one generation to obliterate all the dis- 
tinctive marks of this race — even of its language, usually a most 
tenacious feature. On the contrary, the Irishman, whose dialect 
does not differ much, except in accent and tone, from ours, retains 
his family identity for several generations. So, also, but in a less 
degree, with the English and Scotch. 



METEOROLOGY. 



35 



METEOROLOGY. 
In the following article, it is proposed to give a summary of the 
meteorological observations made at Woodward College in this city 
(Lat. 39° 6' N., Long. 84° 22' W.) during the sixteen years begin- 
ning with 1835 and ending with 1850. It is most conveniently 
presented under the following divisions : temperature, wind, rain, 

WEATHER, and HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER. 



TEMPERATURE. 

The first of the following Tables is deduced from observations 
made at least three times daily, viz. : at or a little before sunrise, at 
2 p.m., and at 9p.m. In meteorological reckoning the day com- 
mences at sunrise, and terminates at sunrise of the following morn- 
ing ; the mean temperature of each day is the average temperature 
of the whole 24 hours, and is found by adding together the tempera- 
tures of the two extreme periods of the day, twice the temperature 
at 2. p. m., and twice the temperature at 9 p. m., and dividing the 
sum by 6. Supposing the temperature to increase or decrease gra- 
dually between each observation, the result is mathematically accur- 
ate, and is more worthy of confidence than the common method of 
taking the mean of the greatest and least temperature. This rule 
is commonly called De Witt's Rule, and is used by the academies in 
the State of New York. 

TABLE I. 

MEAN TEMPERATURE OF CINCINNATI FOR 16 YEARS. 



Yrs. 


Jan. 

o 


Feb. 
O 


Mar. 
o 


Aprl. 

o 


May. 

o 


June. 

o 


July. 

O 


Aug. 

o 


Sept. 

o 


Oct. 

o 


Nov. 
o 


Dec. 

o 


Whole 
Year. 


O 


183b 


34.6 


24.5 


40.1 


50.5 


65.3 


71.2 


71.7 


69.1 


59.1 


55.8 


43.3 


31.4 


51.3 


1836 


30.6 


28.8 


36.1 


55.6 


65.8 


70.4 


75.8 


71.6 


69.3 


46.2 


38.7 


30.6 


51.6 


1837 


30.1 


36.6 


41.8 


48.3 


62.5 


70.1 


75.3 


72.4 


64.9 


55.8 


48.1 


35.5 


53.5 


1838 


36.4 


20.9 


48.4 


50.5 


56.7 


73.1 


79.2 


77.7 


66.3 


50.6 


39.0 


28.2 


52.2 


1839 


38.0 


37.0 


44.9 


60.2 


66.0 


69.5 


76.2 


73.5 


61.1 


60.3 


37.3 


30.6 


54.5 


1840 


25.7 


42.0 


47.7 


57.4 


63.2 


70.8 


75.4 


74.7 


61.8 


54.3 


40.9 


32.4 


53.9 


1841 


32.0 


32.5 


44.7 


51.2 


62.1 


75.1 


79.1 


76.4 


67.8 


51.2 


44.2 


36.3 


54.4 


1842 


36.7 


36.4 


52.4 


57.7 


60.8 


69.0 


75.6 


71.4 


i^.d 


52.2 


35.1 


33.8 


54.0 


1843 


35.8 


26.6 


28.8 


51.3 


62.8 


70.4 


73.8 


70.3 


69.3 


47.7 


40.6 


36.2 


51.1 


1844 


31.7 


37.4 


44.4 


64.1 


66.8 


71.6 


78.5 


72.6 


65.7 


49.5 


44.2 


36.3 


55.2 


1845 37.9 


40.1 


44.5 


59.9 


61.6 


7-J.6 


73.4 


73.0 


64.1 


50.2 


40.3 


24.8 


53.5 


1846 35.2 


31.5 


44.2 


57.1 


67.0 


68.2 


75.9 


76.4 


70.7 


52.8 


45.7 


39.8 


55.4 


1847 30.8 


36.8 


40.2 


55.7 


62.7 


69.2 


74.4 


70.5 


64.1 


53.2 


44.9 


34.3 


53.1 


1848 36.7 


36.9 


42.3 


53.7 


66.5 


71.8 


73.8 


74.6 


62.2 


54.0 


39.8 


41.1 


54.4 


1849 32.3 


32.2 


46.5 


52.6 


63.9 


73.9 


73.7 


73.5 


65.3 


53.3 


49.9 


31.6 


54.1 


1850 36.6 

i 


35.6 
33.5 


41.2 
43.0 


49.0 
54.7 


58.9 
63.3 


73.3 

71.2 


81.6 
73.5 


78.3 
73.5 


66.0 
65.3 


53.4 
52.6 


46.4 
42.4 


34.6 
33.6 


54.6 





33.8 


53 5 



36 



METEOROLOGY. 



From this table we deduce the mean temperature of the lour 
seasons as follows : — 
Winter — Dec. Jan. Feb. 33°. 6. Summer — June, July, Aug. 73°. 5. 
Spring — Mar. Apl. May, 53°.7. Autumn — Sept. Oct. Nov. 53°.4. 

An inspection of the above table also shows the following, among 
other particulars : — 

1st. February, on the average, is the coldest month of the year.* 
It is not, however, always the coldest of the winter months. 

2d. July is always the warmest month of the year. 

3d. June is the least variable month of the year, in regard to its 
mean temperature, the range being 6°. 9; therefore its general 
character in regard to temperature, can be predicted with more cer- 
tainty than that of either of the other months. 

4th. March is the most variable month of the year, in regard to 
its mean temperature, the range being 23° .6 ; its general character, 
therefore, in regard to temperature, can be predicted with less cer- 
tainty than that of any other month. 

5th. The mean temperature of October is nearly the same as that 
of the entire year. 

6th. The range of the mean temperature of the year is about 3°.5. 
In regard to the four seasons, we notice further ; that the coldest 
winter in the above period was in 1845-6, of which, the mean tem- 
perature was 30°. 5; and, that the warmest winter was that of 
1844-5, of which, the mean temperature was 38° .1. This gives for 
the range of the mean temperature of winter, 7° .6. 

The coldest spring was that of 1843, of which, the mean tempera- 
ture was 47°. 7; the warmest spring was that of 1844, of which, 
the mean temperature was 58° . 4. This gives for the range of the 
mean temperature of spring, 10° .4. 

The coldest summer was that of 1847, of which, the mean tem- 
perature was 71°. 4; the Avarmest summer was that of 1850, of 
which, the mean temperature was 77° .7. This gives 6° .3, for the 
range of the mean temperature of summer. 

The coldest autumn was that of 1 842, of which, the mean tempera- 
ture was 51°. 3; the warmest autumn was that of 1846, of which, the 

* Of the 54 military posts of the United States, embracing various latitudes 
from 24° 20' to 47° 15' N., at 8 posts, December was the coldest month of the 
year; at 30 posts, January; and in 16 posts, February. At 5 posts, June was 
the wannest month of the year; at 43 posts, July; and at 6 posts, August. — 
See Army Reports. 



METEOROLOGY. 



37 



mean temperature was 56°. 4. This gives 5° .1 for the range of the 
mean temperature of autumn. 

A comparison of these results shows, that of the four seasons, 
autumn is the most stable, and spring the most variable in its tem- 
perature. 

TABLE II. 

MINIMUM TEMPERATURE OF EACH MONTH IN 16 YEARS, AT CINCINNATI. 



Years. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


A. 


M. 


June, 


July. 

48 


Aug. 
46 


s. 
33 


0. 

29 


N. 
3 


Dec. 


Whole Year. 


1835 


30 


—17 


1 


21 


40 


45 


9 


—17 Feb. 8th. 


1836 





— 7 


—4 


25 


38 


52 


55 


48 


40 27 15 


3 


— 7 Feb. 3d. 


1837 


5 


8 


20 


26 


39 


52 


57 


52 


42 26122 


7 


+ 5 Jan. 3d. 


1838 


8 


—10 


11 


28 


36 


53 


59 


62 


39 


30 14 


—4 


—10 Feb. 22d. 


1839 


13 


5 


2 


32 


36 


46 


54 


47 


31 


32 


2 


8 


-j- 2 March 4th. 


1840 


— 1 





21 


27 


42 


47 


50 


7 


41 


19 18 


7 


— 1 Jan. 2d, 19th. 


1841 


—7 


4 


18 


30 


37 


53 


59 


9 


42 


25125 


18 '— 7 Jan. 18th. 


1842 


9 


— 5 


25 


27 


30 


45 


56 


53 


40 


27 8 


0—5 Feb. 17th. 


1843 


2 


— 2 


1 


26 


41 


38 


50 


53 


4* 


19|22 


15 


— 2 Feb. 7th, 16th. 


1844 


— 1 


15 


20 


28 


45 


54 


65 


56 


38 


2615 


8 


— 1 Jan. 29th. 


1845 


19 


8 


18 


20 


34 


51 


49 


50 


40 


25 11 


—6 


— 6 Dec. 20th. 


1846 


10 





20 


27 


43 


46 


57 


64 


44 


28 15 


19 


Feb. 26th. 


1847 


—3 


5 


14 


20 


36 


47 


54 


52 


38 


27 19 


2 


— 3 Jan. 8th. 


1848 


—4 


17 


5 


31 


40 


50 


58 


61 


40 


3625 


24 


— 4 Jan. 10th. 


1849 


16 


3 


2828 


45 


57 


59 


57 


43 


34! 24 


2 


-f- 2 Dec. 31st. 


1850 


7 





22 25 


36 


44 


65 


60 


44 


31 J25 


11 


Feb. 4th. 


Least. 


—7 


—17 


—4 20 


34 


38 


48 


46 131 


19| 2 


—6 —17 



TABLE III. 
MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE OF EACH MONTH IN 16 YEARS, AT CINCINNATI. 



Years. 


Jan. 


F. 


M. A. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


S. 


0. 


N. 


Dec. 


Whole Year. 


1835 


660 


56 70 83 


91 


95 


93 


89 86 


82 


70 


63 


950 June 13th. 


1836 


61 


62 71 91 


89 


95 


99 


95 93 


80 


0s 


55 


99 July 23d. 


1837 


53 


66 73 89 


95 


95 


96 


94 90 


so 


75 


73 


96 July 15th. 


1838 


69 


51 : 85 85 


87 


93 


97 


100 91 


84 


05 


54 


100 Aug. 9th. 


1839 


66 


70 79 83 


94 


94 


96 


95 88 


88 


61 


48 


96 July 25th. 


1840 


55 


75,75 91 


89 


93 


96 


93 85 


82 


71 


58 


96 July 16th. 


1841 


54 


58i83 82 


93 


99 


98 


96 93 


70 


72 


64 


99 June 12th. 


1842 


65 


69!85 90 


88 


95 


92 


9.3 94 


84 


77 


69 


95 June 22d. 


1843 


67 


58 59 88 


93 


97 


98 


92 92 


77 


OS 


60 


98 J'y 1st, 16th, 27th. 


1844 


56 


70 72 89 


89 


90 


94 


93 89 


70 


75 


64 


94 July 6th, 14th. 


1845 


62 


70 77 93 


91 


94 


95 


92 86 


76 


68 


51 


95 July 21st. 


1846 


67 


55 69 88 


91 


91 


96 


92 92 


81 


7i] 


66 


96 July 10th. 


1847 


67 


60 72 86 


88 


92 


92 


90 89 


83 


75 


60 


92 July 18th. 
92 Aug. 14th. - 


1848 


60 


60 86 84 


90 


91 


90 


92 86 


75 


59 


73 


1849 


60 


69 73:88 


87 


92 


92 


92 91 


7-1 


Sll 


60 


92J'e22,J'yl3,A.5. 


1850 


61 


7271 


86 


89 


95 


96 

99 


93 90 83 


77 

SO 


65 
73 


96 July 6th. 


Gr'tst. 


69 


72 86 


93 


95 


99 


100 


94 


88 


100O 



An examination of tables II and III, shows that the extreme range 
of the thermometer at Cincinnati is 117°: and that the greatest 
range in any one year is 100°. 



38 



METEOROLOGY. 



That in 16 years the least temperature has occurred seven times in 
February, six times in January, twice in December, and once in March. 

That in the same period, the greatest temperature has occurred 
eleven times in July, four times in June, and three times in August. 
TABLE IV. 

MONTHLY RANGE OF TEMPERATURE AT CINCINNATI IN 16 YEARS. 



Years. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Wh. Yr. 


1835 


630 


730 


69o 


62° 


51° 


50° 


45° 


43° 


53° 


53° 


73° 


540 


112° 


1836 


60 


69 


75 


66 


51 


43 


44 


47 


53 


53 


53 


52 


106 


1837 


48 


58 


53 


63 


56 


43 


38 


42 


48 


54 


53 


66 


90 


1838 


61 


61 


74 


57 


51 


40 


38 


38 


52 


54 


51 


58 


110 


1839 


53 


65 


77 


51 


58 


48 


42 


48 


57 


56 


59 


40 


94 


1840 


56 


75 


54 


64 


47 


46 


46 


36 


44 


63 


53 


51 


97 


1841 


61 


54 


65 


52 


56 


46 


39 


37 


51 


51 


47 


46 


106 


1842 


56 


74 


60 


63 


52 


50 


36 


35 


54 


57 


69 


69 


100 


1843 


65 


60 


58 


62 


52 


59 


48 


39 


44 


58 


46 


45 


99 


1844 


57 


55 


52 


61 


44 


36 


29 


37 


51 


50 


60 


56 


91 


1845 


43 


62 


59 


73 


57 


43 


46 


42 


46 


51 


57 


57 


101 


1846 


57 


55 


49 


61 


48 


45 


39 


28 


48 


53 


58 


47 


96 


1847 


70 


55 


58 


60 


52 


45 


38 


38 


51 


56 


56 


58 


95 


1848 


64 


43 


81 


53 


50 


41 


32 


31 


46 


59 


34 


49 


96 


1849 


44 


66 


45 


60 


42 


35 


33 


35 


48 


40 


56 


58 


90 


1850 


54 


72 


49 


61 


53 


54 


31 


33 


46 


52 


52 


54 


96 


Mean. 


57 


62 


61 


61 


51 


45 


39 


38 


49 


54 


55 


54| 



From this table, we discover that the months having the greatest 
range of temperature, are February, March, and April ; and those 
having the least range, are August, July, and June. 
TABLE V. 

GREATEST CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE WITHIN 24 HOURS, IN EACH 
MONTH AT CINCINNATI, FOR 16 YEARS. 



Years. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. (Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Wh. Yr. 


1835 


33° 


37° 


37° 37° 


35° 


31° 


32o 


30° 


33° 


31° 


30° 


28° 


37° 


1836 


27 


35 


32 


43 


46 


33 


38 


28 


30 


32 


36 


30 


46 


1837 


27 


25 


32 


40 


42 


31 


30 


35 


22 


31 


32 


31 


42 


1838 


29 


31 


30 


37 


38 


31 


28 


28 


37 


35 


34 


36 


38 


1839 


25 


35 


31 


38 


35 


35 


39 


33 


35 


40 


29 


19 


40 


1840 


31 


38 


41 


38 


33 


30 


25 


27 


32 


35 


40 


33 


41 


1841 


21 


30 


30 


37 


36 


33 


30 


28 


30 


35 


31 


21 


37 


1842 


35 


30 


43 


43 


43 


34 


28 


29 


34 


41 


44 


34 


44 


1843 


31 


31 


32 


34 


36 


38 


34 


32 


29 


38 


28 


26 


38 


1844 


28 


31 


33 


37 


33 


28 


25 


26 


32 


31 


35 


27 


37 


1845 


32 


38 


39 


43 


42 


32 


30 


33 


31 


39 


35 


32 


43 


1846 


29 


29 


35 


40 


32 


30 


24 


23 


27 


33 


32 


25 


40 


1847 


22 


27 


33 


42 


38 


30 


25 


25 


29 


7 


29 


30 


42 


1848 


28 


27 


40 


40 


38 


30 


23 


20 


27 


29 


22 


29 


40 


1849 


21 


28 


32 


32 


34 


30 


24 


30 


34 


34 


34 


21 


34 


1850 


30 


29 


31 


36 


36 


35 


21 


22 


27 


34 


32 


22 


36 


Mean. 


35 


38 


43 


43 


46 


38 


39 


35 


37 


41 


44 


36 


46 



METEOROLOGY. 



39 



The greatest changes, and those felt most sensibly, take place 
from noon or afternoon of one day to sunrise next morning — the 
thermometer falling. 

The least changes generally occur in the summer and autumnal 
months ; and the greatest in the winter and spring. 

TABLE VI. 

WIND 

The following table contains the average course of the wind for 
each month in the year, the wind or breeze denoted as being from 
that one of the principal points to which its origin most nearly ap- 
proaches. 



Jan. 


N. 


N. E. 


E. 


S. E. 


s. 


s. w. 


w. 


N. W. 


2.0 


1.7 


2.0 


0.3 


1.1 


8.0 


12.0 


3.9 


Feb. 


1.5 


1.6 


1.8 


0.6 


1.4 


6.1 


9.6 


5.6 


March 


3.1 


2.8 


2.7 


1.0 


2.1 


6.3 


6.8 


6.2 


April 


2.8 


2.8 


2.6 


0.8 


2.0 


6.3 


8.1 


4.6 


May- 


3.5 


3.0 


2.8 


0.4 


1.7 


5.7 


8.4 


5.5 


June 


1.5 


1.5 


2.3 


0.8 


2.0 


7.5 


9.0 


5.4 


July 


2.9 


3.8 


1.6 


2.0 


3.4 


5.9 


7.0 


4.4 


August 


2.2 


4.1 


4.0 


1.0 


2.6 


7.5 


4.8 


4.8 


Septr. 


2.5 


3.4 


2.8 


0.5 


1.6 


7.8 


5.4 


6.0 


October 


2.5 


3.0 


1.1 


0.6 


1.6 


6.8 


9.4 


6.0 


Novem. 


1.7 


3.0 


0.8 


0.2 


1.7 


7.5 


9.8 


5.3 


Decern. 


1.6 


2.0 


2.6 


0.5 


13 


7.8 


10.5 


4.7 


27.8 


32.7 


27.1 


8.7 


22.5 


83.2 


100.8 


62.4 



From the above table it will be seen that westerly winds prevail 
annually, on an average, about 246 days, or two-thirds of the year ; 
that easterly winds prevail about 68 days, or less than one-fifth of 
the year ; that the wind is from the north about 28 days, or one- 
tenth of the year ; and from the south, about 22 days, or one-six- 
teenth of the year. 

The above table is deduced from the observations of the 10 years* 
ending with 1850, and is the result of about 7000 separate observa- 
tions. It coincides very nearly with the result of the six years' 
observations terminating with 1840. 



* Except in regard to July and August. I was occasionally absent from the 
city during these months, and could not supply the course of the wind from 
the tables of other observers in the city, as I frequently did that of the tem- 
peratures from the tables of my friend, John Lea, Esq. 



40 



METEOROLOGY. 



TABLE VII. 
AMOUNT OF RAIN AND MELTED SNOW AT CINCINNATI FOR 16 YEARS. 



Year. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug.. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Year. 




IN. 


IN. 


IN. 


IN- 


IN. 


IN. 


IN. 


IN. 


IN. 


IN. 


IN. 


IN. 


IN. 


1835 


3.82 


1.75 


1.86 


3.37 


7.57 


7.34 


2.46 


6.54 


3.23 


4.35 


6.66 


3.20 


52.15 


1836 


2.97 


4.34 


4.18 


4.54 


9.01 


2.14 


7.42 


5.54 


4.77 


3.71 


4.41 


4.36 


57.39 


1837 


0.80 


3.43 


3.70 


2.00 


3.79 


4.38 


3.83 


5.91 


3.14 


4.16 


2.52 


5.05 


42.71 


1838 


1.90 


1.64 


0.56 


4.77 


8.57 


7.55 


2.47 


3.76 


0.71 


3.55 


3.12 


0.85 


39.45 


1839 


4.56 


2.75 


2.69 


2.38 


4.46 


1.96 


2.97 


0.56 


3.24 


0.13 


2.20 


1.72 


30.62 


1840 


1.13 


4.68 


3.65 


4.78 


6.08 


6.84 


4.45 


3.73 


1.56 


4.74 


2.50 


3.20 


47.34 


1841 


5.55 


0.82 


2.34 


4.75 


2.16 


1.51 


5.33 


2.71 


2.94 


2.46 


4.92 


5.56 


41.05 


1842 


2.75 


6.09 


3.02 2.97 


3.04 


5.67 


2.35 


4.22 


2.95 


1.90 


3.76 


2.57 


41.29 


1843 


3.51 


3.54 


2.97 


6.15 


3.54 


4.52 


2.92 5.89 


6.73 


4.16 


4.26 


3.00 


51.19 


1844 


3.10 


1.04 


4.50 


3.13 


7.00 


6.16 


3.50 13.65 


1.26 


4.32 


3.18 


1.10 


43.65 


1845 


3.03 


1.66 


5.46 


1.08 


1.89 


11.50 


3.06 


6.88 


7.51 


2.03 


1.68 


0.60 


46.38 


1846 


3.59 


3.23 


2.26 


3.51 


5.17 


7.53 


3.93 


6.10 


2.50 


2.19 


4.26 


9.25 


53.52 


1847 


4.71 


4.06 


5.37 


2.12 


4.30 


7.63 


8.25 


3.20 


3.87 


9.57 


3.95 


8.15 


65.18 


1848 


4.58 


2.81 


6.72 


0.55 


5.13 


1.86 


6.95 3.90 


1.53 


3.62 


2.60 


9.43 


49.68 


1849 


6.48 


2.04 


4.70 


3.65 


3.61 


4.90 


8.90 !4.41 


2.68 


3.86 


2.42 


5.32 


52.97 


1850 


5.20 


6.28 


6.62 


4.27 


1.86 


5.00 


6.30 7.20 


2.22 


1.05 


2.54 


6.22 


54.76 


Mean. 


3.60 


3.14 


3.79 


3.38J4.82| 5.41 


4.69 14.64 


3.18 


3.49 


3.50 


4.35 


48.02 



The above gives for the quantity of fluid in the four seasons, the 
following results : — 

Winter Dec, Jan., Feb 11.09 inches. 

Spring Mar., April, May 12.00 " 

Summer June, July. Aug 14.74 " 

Autumn Sept., Oct., Nov 10.17 " 

This shows that summer is the wettest, and autumn the driest 
season of the year. 

A further inspection of the table, shows that the wettest month of 
the year is June, and the driest September (taking into account that 
it is two days longer than February). 

The greatest quantity of rain in any month was 11.5 inches, in 
June, 1845; the least quantity in any month was one-eighth of an 
inch, in Oct., 1839. 

The most marked drouth in the above period, was in 1850. From 
September 18th to November 26th — 68 days, only 1.6 inches of 
rain fell. 

The greatest quantity of rain in any one year, was in 1 847 ; the 
amount being 65.18 inches, which was about 17 inches above the 
mean; the smallest quantity in any one year was 30.62 inches, 
which was about 1 7 inches less than the mean. 



METEOROLOGY. 



41 



TABLE VIII. 
DEPTH OF UNMELTED SNOW AT CINCINNATI, FOR 11 WINTERS. 



Winter. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


April. 


Total. 




IN. 


IN. 


IN. 


IN. 


IN. 


IN. 


IN. 


1839-40 


0.0 


7.0 


6.3 


0.0 


0.0 


0.0 


13.3 


1840- 1 


1.0 


10.4 


8.0 


2.0 


3.0 


0.0 


24.4 


1841- 2 


].0 


0.0 


0.0 


7.8 


0.0 


0.0 


8.8 


1842- 3 


1.5 


3.1 


12.1 


7.6 


2.7 


1.3 


28.3 


1843- 4 


1.0 


2.8 


3.8 


1.5 


1.2 


0.0 


10.3 


1844- 5 


1.0 


1.9 


2.5 


4.6 


0.0 


0.0 


9.0 


1845- 6 


4.3 


0.5 


2.6 


15.7 


0.5 


0.0 


23.6 


1846- 7 


7.2 


0.8 


8.4 


3.1 


8.6 


0.0 


28.1 


1847- 8 


0.0 


20.6 


7.0 


0.0 


2.5 


0.0 


30.1 


1848- 9 


1.5 


4.0 


1.0 


7.4 


0.0 


0.0 


13.9 


1849-50 


0.0 


18.0 


10.0 


19.0 


3.0 


0.0 


50.0 


Mean. 


1.7 


6.3 


5.6 


6.2 


2.0 


0.1 


21.8 



This table shows that the amount of snow during the year, is a 
very variable quantity, ranging from 9 to 50 inches. It also shows, 
that frequently November and March, and sometimes both, are 
without snow ; and that only once in ten years, has any snow fallen 
in April. 

WEATHER. 

We have divided the days into three classes. Those that were 
clear, or of which the greater part was fair, are denominated clear 
and fair days; those partly clear, but of which the greater portion 
was cloudy, are denominated variable days; and those that were 
nearly or entirely cloudy, are denominated cloudy days. The follow- 
ing is the average number of days of each kind in a year, deduced 
from the observations from 1840 to 1850, except that the average 
number for July and August are deduced from the observations 
alone of 1841,— 43,— 45,— 49, and 50. 

Clear and fair days 146.3 

Variable days 140.6 

Cloudy days 78.3 

This result is the same for the number of clear and fair days as 
the average from 1835 to 1840. 

The least number of clear and fair days in any one of the last 
sixteen years was 107; this was in 1843, and the mean temperature 
of this year was only 51° .1 ; or more than 2° below the annual 
mean. In 1850 the number of cloudy days was only 62, and the 



42 



METEOROLOGY. 



mean temperature of this year was more than 1° above the annual 
mean. 

The following table contains the average number of days of each 
kind of weather, for the several months of the year, according 
to the preceding classification. 

TABLE IX. 

Clear and Fair Days. Variable Days. 

January 10.7 7.8 

February 10.0 9.2 

March ... 10.8 11.2 

April 12.4 12.6 

May 13.0 14.4 

June 11.9 15.3 

July 14.6 13.6 

August 12.8 15.8 

September 15.9 11.2 

October 14.7 10.8 

November 10.8 9.8 

December 8.7 8.9 

According to this table the greatest amount of clear and fair 
weather occurs in June, July, August, September, and October; and 
the greatest number of cloudy days in December and January. 



Cloudy Days. 

... 12.5 

... 9.0 

. . . 9.0 

... 5.0 

. . 3.6 

. . . 2.8 

... 2.8 

, . . 2.4 

. . . 2.9 

... 5.5 

,.. 9.4 

, .. 13.4 



BAROMETER. 

TABLE X. 



Year. 


Mean height 


Min. height 


Max. height 


Range. 




Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 




1835 


29 .353 


28.70 


29.89 


1.19 


1836 


29 .345 


28.66 


29 .82 


1.16 


1837 


29 .291 


28.54 


29.81 


1 .27 


1838 


29 .347 


28.72 


29.91 


1.19 


1839 


29 .357 


28.66 


30.04 


1.38 


1840 


29 .348 


28 .53 


29.86 


1.33 


1841 


29.314 


28.42 


29.96 


1.54 


1842 


29 .326 


28.61 


29.84 


1 .23 


1843 


29 .302 


28.48 


29.92 


1.44 


1844 


29 .309 


28.71 


29.78 


1.07 


1845 


29 .32S 


28 .83 


29.85 


1.02 


1846 


29 .297 


28 .64 


29.94 


1.30 


1847 


29 .294 


28.57 


29.91 


1.34 


1P48 


29 .291 


28.47 


29.86 


1.39 


1849 


29 .519 


28.65 


30 .05 


1.40 


1850 


29 .273 


28.50 


29.92 


1.42 




29.318 


28.42 


30.05 


1.63 



The above table contains the mean height, the minimum and 
maximum height, and the range of the barometer at Woodward col- 



METEOROLOGY. 



43 



lege, which is situated about 150 feet above low water of the Ohio, 
and about 17 feet above the level of Lake Erie. 

From the table it will also be seen, 1st. that the mean height in 
any given year, differs but little from the annual mean height ; 2d. 
that the range of the minimum height for different years is .41 of 
an unit ; that the range of the maximum height for different years 
is .27 of an inch; and 3d. that the extreme range is 1.63 inches. 

The following table presents the mean height of the barometer for 
each month, during the preceding period ; also the minimum and 
maximum heights that have occurred in each month, in the same 
period. 

TABLE XI. 



Months. 


Mean height. 
Inches. 


Min. height. 
Inches. 


Max. height. 
Inches. 


Mean height for the Seasons. 


Jan. 


29.344 


28.57 


30.05 






Feb. 


29.312 


28.50 


30.01 


Winter. . . 


..29.335 inches. 


Mar. 


29.310 


28.48 


29.94 






Apr. 
May 


29.289 
29.243 


28.42 
28.59 


29.76 
29.63 


Spring .. . 


..29.281 " 






June. 


29.271 


28.84 


29.59 


Summer . 


..29.316 « 


July. 


29.329 


28.91 


29.61 






Aug. 


29.348 


29.05 


29.62 


Autumn.. 


. .29.348 " 


Sept. 


29.341 


28.73 


29.72 






Oct. 


29.362 


28.66 


29.91 






Nov. 


29.342 


28.61 


30.04 






Dec. 


29.350 


28.47 


30.04 







An examination of this table gives the following results : The 
mean height of the barometer is the lowest in May, and the highest 
in October; the former being .075 below, and the latter .044 above 
the mean for the year; the range being .119. The minimum height 
of the barometer occurs when the sun is north ; and the maximum 
height when it is south of the equator. The month nearest to the 
mean height, is July. Of the four seasons, autumn and winter are 
above, and spring and summer below the mean height for the year. 
Spring is the lowest, and autumn the highest of the whole ; the 
difference between them being .067. The mean height for the 
summer is nearly the same as the mean height for the year. 

The barometric heights were corrected for capillarity and reduced 
to the temperature of freezing water. 



44 POPULATION CENSUS OF 1850. 



II. PERSONAL STATISTICS 



POPULATION — CENSUS OF 1850. 

CINCINNATI. 
WHITE. COLORED. TOTAL 

1 6411 434 6845 

2 8026 187 8213 

3 7567 101 7668 

4 10,394 563 10,957 

5 5122 161 5283 

6 9229 401 9630 

7 9167 178 9345 

8 14,328 96 14,424 

9 9889 816 10,705 

10 12,887 145 13,032 



12) 



19,246 90 19,336 



112,266 3172 115,438 



TOWNSHIPS. HAMILTON COUNTY. 

Fulton 3323 — 3323 

Spencer 1655 1 1656 

Columbia 2411 5 2416 

Anderson .... 3014 36 3050 

Mill creek .... 6180 107 6287 

Storrs 1666 9 1675 

Green 3947 1 3951 

Delhi 1942 — 1942 

Sycamore .... 3727 4 3731 

Symmes 1115 — 1115 

Colerain 3105 20 3125 

Miami 1513 44 1557 

Whitewater. . . . 1514 53 1567 

Crosby 2480 8 2488 

Springfield .... 3598 34 3632 

153,356 3494 156,850 



■ 



■-.:^f 


j# i 




r ) . 




r i 




■f\ r ■ 




,-/ 




AJ 




h 




| 


-$ 






>•' . . .;■-.>;■■■,.•■■. , 



n^ 'Re 

:f^ HI'" 





^•S^&fc, 




«^^»*^ 



POPULATION CENSUS OF 1850. 45 

As the population of Cincinnati in 1840 was 46,338, the census 
returns for 1850, manifest an increase, for the last ten years, of one 
hundred and fifty per cent. The increase from 1830 to 1840, was 
ninety per cent. Our city may therefore be ranked among those 
cities of the United States, whose growth is not exhausting their 
elements of progress. It would be doing injustice to the actual 
increase in population of Cincinnati, to omit the fact, that the recent 
national census was taken at a period when the cholera was raging 
in the midst of us. Not only did we sustain a loss of 4832 deaths 
on this score, but the population returns were farther reduced from 
the still greater numbers put to flight by the approach and arrival 
of that pestilence. For weeks every vehicle of conveyance was filled 
with these fugitives, who, in most cases, did not return in time to 
be included in the enumeration of inhabitants. There can be no 
just reason to doubt, that but for these drawbacks, Cincinnati would 
have yielded within its corporate limits alone, the population of 
130,000 inhabitants, which it now comprehends, by including that 
of its suburbs and immediate adjacencies. 

The following comparative table will afford a contrast of the pro- 
gress in the population of Cincinnati, with that of other cities in the 
Ohio and Mississippi valley. 







CINCINNATI. 


PITTSBURGH. 


LOUISV. 


NEW ORLEANS. 


Census of 1800. 


. . 750. 


. . 1565 . . 


. 600. 


. . 9650 


it 


1810. 


. . 2540. 


. . 4768 . . 


. 1350. 


. . 17,242 


« 


1820. 


. . 9602. 


. . 7243 . . 


. 4012. 


. . 27,176 


it 


1830. 


. . 24,831. 


. .21,412*. . 


.10,306. 


. . 46,310 


it 


1840. 


. . 46,338. 


. .36,478*. . 


.21,214. 


. .102,296 


<t 


1850. 


. .115,438. 


. .67,871*. . 


.43,277. 


. .120,951 



These successive census returns for Cincinnati, embrace its corpor- 
ate limits merely. If we include Covington, Newport, Fulton, Storrs, 
and other adjacencies, which may with as much propriety be reckoned 
with Cincinnati, as suburbs and adjacent villages are included with 
Philadelphia, our population will reach 150,000 souls. 

At the same time, it must be observed, that Cincinnati derives less 
from its immediate neighborhoods, on the score of population, propor- 
tionally, than most other cities. While we have hardly more than 
one-fourth of the population put down to Philadelphia, the number of 
inhabitants within our corporate limits, is little less than that of 

* Including Alleghany city. 



46 



NATIVITIES UNITED STATES. 



those within that city; and, while the adjacencies included with Pitts- 
burgh swell her population to 80,000, our inhabitants number one 
hundred and fifty percent, more than hers, computing city limits alone. 

The colored population, in 1826, amounted to 690 persons — the 
white inhabitants being at that date, 15,540. They were, therefore, 
as one in twenty-four of the entire population. In 1840, they had 
so far increased as to form one in twenty, or more exactly 2258, of the 
46,382 persons returned in the census of Cincinnati of that period. 
They are now 3172 in 1 15,438, or one in thirty-six of the population. 
It is a significant fact, that in Columbus, the colored race form 1233 
out of 17,867 inhabitants; or one in fourteen, although our city 
must afford a greater variety, as well as a greater extent of employ- 
ment congenial to the habits and qualifications of the race. 

It will be found on comparing the population progress of Cincin- 
nati with that of other places, for the last ten years, as exhibited by 
a view of the census of 1840 and 1850, that there is noplace of equal 
or greater magnitude in the United States, whose ratio of increase has 
been as large. Nor is there any whose absolute increase is so great, 
except Philadelphia and New York cities, — the one concentrating 
the most extensive mining and manufacturing operations in the 
United States, and the other being the great receptacle of its foreign 
commerce, as well as one of its most important manufacturing points. 



NATIVITIES — U 

Ohio 33,258 

Pennsylvania 5005 

New York 3331 

Virginia 2370 

Kentucky 2223 

Maryland 1663 

New Jersey 1 546 

Indiana 1256 

Massachusetts 1166 

Connecticut 500 

Louisiana 406 

Vermont 316 

Maine 255 

Tennessee 251 

Delaware 220 

New Hampshire ... 217 



NITED STATES. 

Mississippi 201 

North Carolina 178 

Illinois 166 

Rhode Island 147 

District of Columbia ... 138 

South Carolina 131 

Georgia 128 

Missouri 107 

Michigan 97 

Alabama 63 

Arkansas 32 

Iowa 28 

Texas 10 

Wisconsin 8 

Florida _- 1 

55,468 



NATIVITIES 



FOREIGNERS. 



47 



NATIVITIES— FOREIGNERS. 



Germany 30,628 

Ireland 13,616 

England 3690 



France . . . 
Scotland . . 
Wales . . . . 
Canada. . . 
Italy .... 
Switzerland. 
Prussia . . . 
Holland . . 
Poland . . . 
At Sea . . . 
Nova Scotia 
West Indies 
Sweden . . . 
Denmark . . 
Belgium . . 
Mexico . . . 



820 

771 

444 

338 

171 

154 

130 

94 

77 

38 

29 

27 

20 

18 

16 

15 



Russia 12 

Norway 11 

Spain 10 

Isle of Jersey 7 

" Man 6 

Greece 5 

Brazil 4 

Africa 4 

Portugal 3 

New Brunswick 2 

China 2 

Guatimala 2 

Isle of Wight 2 



" Guernsey 
" France. . 

Newfoundland . 

Turkey 

Australia . . . . 



51,171 

Unknown, principally natives of the United States. . . . 8799 
The proportion of natives of the United States to foreigners, in 
the respective wards of Cincinnati, may be thus stated ; 

I. II. III. IV. V. VI. 



Foreigners . 


. 2693 . 


. 3058 


. 3879 


. . 4513 . . 1584 


. 3383 


Natives. . . 


. 3804 . 


. 4499 


. . 3294 


. . 5840 . . 3313 


. 5860 


Unknown. . 


. 343 . 
6845 


. 656 
8213 


. 495 
7668 


. . (j04 . . 386 


. 387 




10,957 5283 


9630 




VII. 


VIII. 


IX. 


X. XL XII. 


Total. 


Foreigners . 


. 3471 . 


.4610. 


.5504. . 


5569. .12,935. . 


.51,171 


Natives . . . 


. 5526 . 


.9516. 


.4571. 


4875. . 4339. . 


.55,468 


Unknown . . 


. 350. 


. 298. 


. 630. 


2588. . 2069. . 


. 8799 



9345 14,424 10,705 13,032 19,336 115,438 

The Irish constitute the largest share of foreigners in the First, 
Third, Fourth, and Seventh Wards, as the Germans do in the Fifth, 
Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Wards of the 



48 NATIVITIES FOREIGNERS. 

city. These two classes of foreigners are nearly balanced as respects 
numbers, in the Second Ward. The residue of our foreign popula- 
tion is, to a considerable extent, distributed equally throughout the 
city. The central wards contain the larger proportions of native 
population ; while, as a general rule, the Irish reside contiguous to 
the river, and the Germans occupy our northern territory. These 
last, to a great degree, own the property they occupy, and the high 
price of ground in the active business regions, together with its pre- 
occupation for other purposes than sites for dwellings, has concen- 
trated them along the northern line of Cincinnati. 

In 1841, the elements of population stood, by estimate : — 

Americans 54 per cent. 

Germans 28 

Great Britain 16 " 

Other foreigners 2 " 

100 

It will be seen that the present constituent proportions of the com- 
munity, as determined by the recent census, correspond exactly to 
the estimate of 1841. 

The additions to the native column since 1840, by births here, do 
not, therefore, more than counterbalance the foreign immigration 
during the same space of time. 

Although the nativities under the division " Unknown," if ascer- 
tained, would render the number of natives of the United States 
greater than that of foreigners, yet the proportion of these last to 
the mass of population, is greater here than in any large city of the 
United States, except Boston among the atlantic, and St. Louis of 
the western cities. 

To the industry of foreigners, Cincinnati is indebted in a great 
degree, for its rapid growth. Their presence here has accelerated 
the execution of our public improvements, and given an impulse to 
our immense manufacturing operations, without which, they could 
not have reached their present extent and importance. 



OCCUPATIONS, TRADES, AND PURSUITS. 



49 



OCCUPATIONS, TRADES, AND PURSUITS. 



Agents 94 

Apple-butter makers 3 

Architects 10 

Artists 25 

Artific. fiowr. makers 4 

Attorneys at law. . . 176 

Auctioneers 19 

Auditor 1 

Author 1 

Awning makers .... 9 

Astronomer 1 

Bakers 421 

Bandbox makers ... 2 

Basket " ... 37 

Barkeepers 189 

Bedstead makers. . . 7 

Bellows " ... 3 

Barbers 227 

Beef curers 4 

Billiard-table keep- 
ers 2 

Billiard-table maker. 1 

Billposters 2 

Bishop 1 

Blacksmiths 713 

Blacking makers ... 2 
Blind " ... 17 
Block " ... 3 
Boardinghouse keep- 
ers 127 

Bonnet pressers. ... 5 

Boatmen 950 

Boat builders 4 

Bookbinders 13G 

Bookfolder 1 

Bookkeepers 90 

Booksellers 43 

Boot & shoe makers. 1569 

Box makers 24 

Brass founders 7 

Brass finishers 4 

Brewers 126 

Boiler makers 69 

Brush " 67 

Brick " 143 



Britannia ware mer- 
chants 8 

Bricklayers & plas- 
terers 809 

Brokers and bankers. 61 
Bristle dressers.... 7 

Broom makers 1 

Bucket " 5 

Builders 7 

Butchers 672 

Cabinet makers 485 

Carpenters 2318 

Carmen 17 

Carters 54 

Carders 8 

Carriage drivers. ... 42 

Capmakers 15 

Caulkers 8 

Chandlers 82 

Carriage makers. . . 51 

Card maker 1 

Carvers 23 

Candy manufactur- 
ers 7 

Chair makers 303 

" painters 4 

Chocolate maker ... 1 

Chemists 9 

China manufacturers 2 

City Gauger 1 

" Criers 4 

" Weigher 1 

" Marshal 1 

Civil engineers .... 5 
Cistern builders. .. . 6 

Cigar makers 170 

Circus riders 2 

Clerks 1583 

Club-room keepers. 3 

Clergymen 97 

Clothiers 22 

Coopers 868 

Coffee-house keepers 327 

Coffee roasters 2 

Copper smiths 56 



Collectors 27 

Cooks 142 

Confectioners 136 

Coroner 1 

Coke maker 1 

Corkmakers 2 

Composition roofers. 14 

Coach makers 95 

" painters.... 3 

" trimmers ... 29 

Constables 16 

Cellar diggers 20 

Congressmen 2 

Comb makers 8 

Coal merchants.... 13 

Contractors 3 

Coffin makers 3 

Clock " 10 

Colporteurs 4 

Cotton spinners. ... 12 

Cutlers 13 

Dairymen 5 

Daguerreotypists ... 40 

Dancing masters. . . 2 

Dentists 32 

Deputy marshal .... 1 

" auditor .... 1 

sheriffs .... 7 

Draughtsmen 6 

Draymen 482 

Druggists 153 

Distillers 18 

Dyers 19 

Dress makers 23 

Drovers 3 

Editors 26 

Edge tool makers . . 41 

" " grinders. 9 

Engineers 240 

Engravers 55 

Engine builders. ... 3 

Express messengers. 2 

Farmers 61 

Feed store keepers. 8 

Flour dealers 4 



50 



OCCUPATIONS, TRADES, AND PURSUITS. 



Fruiterers 4 

File cutters 8 

Figure maker 1 

Finishers 264 

Farriers 7 

Fishermen 2 

Founchymen 162 

Furniture dealer. ... 1 

Fur dealer 1 

Flouring millers... 2 

Florists 2 

Faucet makers 2 

Ferryman 1 

Fringe makers 6 

Fortune tellers 2 

Forgeman 1 

Furnacemen 29 

Gardeners 88 

Gasfitters 8 

Gas pipe makers... 2 

Gas maker 1 

Gilders 11 

Gentlemen 11 

Glass makers 2 

" stainer 1 

" cutter 1 

" blowers 8 

Glove makers 6 

Glue " 3 

Grate " 1 

Grocers 533 

Gaugers and mea- 
surers 8 

Gold pen makers ... 2 

Goldbeaters 3 

Goldsmiths 18 

Gold hunter 1 

Gunsmiths 21 

Hackmen 3 

Ham curers 12 

Harness makers .... 22 

Hat-box maker.... 1 

Hair spinners 6 

Hatters 184 

Hostlers 26 

Horse dealers 8 

" shoer 1 

Hucksters 53 



Hotel keepers 79 

House movers 2 

Hod carrier 1 

Hose & belt makers. 4 

Inspectors 8 

Iron workers 3 

Ironmonger 1 

Ice dealers 4 

Ink makers 3 

Iron founders 13 

" rollers 12 

" safe makers. . . 6 

Jackscrew maker. . 1 

Japaners 9 

Judges 2 

Jewelers 37 

Laborers 7864 

Loafer 1 

Last makers 6 

Linseed oil makers . 5 

Lard " " 34 

Lamp makers 3 

Letter carriers 4 

Locksmiths 110 

Livery stable keepers 45 
Lightning rod mak- 
ers 3 

Landlords 69 

Leather dressers. .. . 8 
Looking-glass frame 

makers 4 

Lumber merchants. 10 

Lithographers 10 

Lath maker 1 

Molders 512 

Merchants and tra- 
ders ,1550 

Marble workers. ... 6 

Machinists 255 

Miniature painters. . 2 

Millers 53 

Milliners 8 

Mill-stone makers. . 9 
Mustard " .. 1 
Mineral water mak- 
ers 9 

Magistrates 6 

Mayor 1 



Maltsters 3 

Millwrights 30 

Musicians 82 

Match makers 6 

Music dealers 2 

Musical instrument 

makers 6 

Math, and astr. inst. 

makers 23 

Morocco dressers ... 9 

Museum keeper. ... 1 

Milkmen 5 

Metal roofer 1 

Mattress makers. ... 5 

Market-masters 3 

Nurses 9 

Nailers 13 

Nail cutters 4 

Nail makers 8 

Naval officers 4 

Nine-pin alley keep- 
ers 2 

Newspaper publish- 
ers 9 

Newspaper carriers. 23 

Oilcloth makers... 14 

Overseers 4 

Organist 1 

Organ builders.... 12 

Opticians 4 

Oil makers 3 

Optical inst. maker. 1 

Plumbers 39 

Plaster Paris worker 1 

Pattern makers.... 92 

Paper " .... 3 

Paper box makers . . 2 

Paper bag " ... 1 

Plane " ... 43 

Pencil " ... 1 

Plow " ... 14 

Piano " ... 15 

Pocket-book makers 3 

Penny postmen.... 4 

Physicians 278 

Printers 298 

Painters & glaziers. 589 

Peddlers 311 



OCCUPATIONS, TRADES, AND PURSUITS. 



51 



Pilots 130 

Paper hangers 45 

Pavers 51 

Porters 129 

Publishers 6 

Perfumers 4 

Potters 37 

Polishers 7 

Portrait painters ... 11 

Professors 11 

" Languages 8 

" Chemistry 2 

" Math'ics. . 1 

Pump makers 5 

Pork packers 13 

President Gas Co. . . 1 

Produce dealers ... . 10 

Paper stainer 1 

Pyrotechnist 1 

Patent medicine ma- 
kers 4 

Pleasure garden 

keepers 1 

Picture frame maker 1 

Press maker 1 

Priests 25 

Parlor grate maker . 1 

Policemen 28 

Eope makers 57 

Recorder 1 

Rectifier 1 

Reporter 1 

Rigger 1 

Silver platers 4 

Silversmiths 54 

Soap and candle 

makers 11 

Scale makers 21 

Sash " 12 

Stove " 28 

Starch " 10 

Saw " 3 

Spectacle makers. . . 1 

Ship carpenters .... 22 

Stereotypists 4 

Surveyors 8 

Stewards 83 

Saddlers 176 



Stone masons 428 

Stone cutters 229 

Stone polishers. ... 2 

Stone molder 1 

Stone quarriers. . . . 15 

Students 162 

Sextons 41 

Servants 294 

Street commissioners 2 

Stocking makers. . . 5 
Saddletree " ..7 

Speculators 2 

Stock makers 2 

Saw millers 2 

Slaters 2 

Scissors grinders. . . 2 

Saw filer 1 

Scene painter 1 

Stucco workers.... 2 

Straw bonnet dealer. 1 

Secretary Gas Co... 1 

Steel plate printers. 2 

Steamboat captains. 11 
Superintend't water 

works 2 

Square makers 4 

Secretary Ins. Co.. . 1 

Stove dealer 1 

Shopkeepers 35 

Stencil cutter 1 

Smelter 1 

Surgeon 1 

Sail maker 1 

Sailors 4 

Sugar refiners 2 

Stage drivers 5 

Surgical inst. makers 2 

Salve maker 1 

Spice & coffee grind- 
ers 6 

Silk manufacturer. . 1 

Sergeant-at-arms ... 2 

Spirit gas makers. . 2 

Spindle maker 1 

Shoe blacks 6 

Stamp cutters 2 

Sheet ironworkers. 11 

Tobacconists 219 



Tailors 1676 

Type founders 23 

Tinners 197 

Turners 143 

Teachers 146 

Teamsters 141 

Tanners and cur- 
riers 298 

Trunk makers 49 

Township trustees. 4 
Theatre managers.. 3 
Theatrical perform- 
ers 42 

Tiler 1 

Tollgate keepers. . . 2 

Telegraphers 7 

Tin-plate workers. . 7 

Thieves 42 

Translators 2 

Type case maker . . 1 

Upholsterers 45 

Undertakers 14 

Umbrella makers ... 7 

Varnishers 32 

Varnish makers 3 

Vinegar " .... 4 

Vermicelli " .... 2 

Whitewashers 45 

Whip sawyer 1 

"Wire workers 19 

Watchmen 23 

Watch makers 40 

Wagon " 93 

Wig " 5 

Whisky " 4 

Wood sawyers 22 

" dealer 1 

Weavers 54 

Waiters 74 

Whitesmiths 3 

White lead manuf 'rs. 6 

Wheelwrights 14 

Wool dressers 7 

" picker 1 

Wagoners 29 

Wharf masters. .... 2 

Wood type cutters. . 4 

Wine manufacturers. 2 



52 EDUCATION- 



III. EDUCATION 



Public Instruction in the United States, is divided generally into 
three kinds: that of Schools, — so called — that of Academies, or 
more recently called High Schools ; and lastly, that of Colleges, or 
when Professional Education is added, Universities. The objects 
of these three classes of institutions is to convey three different kinds 
or gradations of education, according to the time and means which 
the pupils or students have to spare. The Primary Schools, whether 
public or private, simply teach the elements of knowledge, such as 
reading, writing, grammar, arithmetic, and geography. The object 
of Academies or High Schools, is to give some knowledge of higher 
studies ; such as mathematics, history, or the classics. The object 
of Colleges is to afford, what is termed, a thorough classical educa- 
tion, being a course of instruction in the Sciences, the Classics, — 
Philosophy, and Belles Lettres. To this course, is generally added 
a supplementary one — in Law, Medicine, and Theology — open to 
volunteer students for professional life. When a college has classes 
in these subjects, it is termed a University ; an institution in which 
it is presumed, that instruction is given in all branches of human 
knowledge. In addition to these means of instruction, there are in 
all large cities, societies and rooms established for popular lectures, 
or popular reading; such as Lyceums, Mechanics' Institutes, and 
Mercantile Libraries. The means of education, whether public or 
private, are thus diffused in the United States, through all classes of 
people ; and there are none, who cannot, if they choose, find access 
to useful instruction, in almost any department of knowledge. 

Before Cincinnati had attained half its present magnitude, and 
before it had reached middle age in an individual, all these modes 
of education had been established in the midst of its population, and 
were in successful and prosperous operation. Her schools have been 
visited by gentlemen of the highest intelligence, both in Europe 
and America, and thought not inferior to the same class of institu- 
tions in the most civilized states. That the reader may understand 
clearly the means and system of Education adopted in Cincinnati, 



EDUCATION. 53 

the following brief review of its Schools, Colleges, and Institutions 
of education is given : 

I. Primary Schools. — Of these, there are in Cincinnati, three 
different kinds, viz.: 1. The Public or City Schools: 2. The Pa- 
rochial, or Church Schools: and 3. The Private, or Individual 
Schools. 

The Public Schools of Cincinnati arose out of a general principle, 
adopted in the first legislation — not only for the State of Ohio ; but 
for the north-western territory. In the ordinance of 1787 — for the 
north-western territory — Article 3, of the compact between the 
original States and the people and States in said territory ; it is 
declared, that 

" Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good 
government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means 
of education shall forever be encouraged.." 

This positive compact and injunction has been carried out practi- 
cally, both in the legislation of Ohio, and of Congress. The 
latter has reserved one thirty-sixth part of all the public lands for the 
support of Education in the States in which the public lands lie ; 
and to this munificent grant, has added endowments for numerous 
universities, of which twc, thus endowed, are in Ohio; those of 
Miami and Athens. 

The system of Public Schools, thus founded in the original com- 
pact of Government, and sustained by liberal grants of public pro- 
perty, was carried into effect by the Legislature of Ohio, in 1824, 
and established in Cincinnati, 1830-31. In these "colleges of the 
people,"* as they are termed, the children of the masses of the 
people, of all conditions, are educated. There they acquire in the 
short time most of them can spare for education, those simple ele- 
ments of knowledge, which are most useful in common life. The 
majority of children who enter these schools, probably acquire little 
other knowledge than that of reading, writing, and arithmetic ; 
but the instruction afforded by the schools is not confined to these 
elementary branches. On the contrary, the studies of the elder and 
higher classes exhibit ample proof, that a wide range of study and 
acquisition is included in the scheme of Public Education. To this 
may be added, that these Public Schools are literally free ; those 



* Remarks of E. D. Mansfield ; reported in the transactions of the College of 
Teachers. 
5 



54 



FUNDS ORGANIZATION. 



attending them having all the advantages which the best course of 
elementary instruction can confer, without price, charge, or special 
tax. 

To describe accurately, the system of Public Education in Cincin- 
nati, we shall arrange the facts under the following heads, viz. : 
Funds, Organization, Buildings, Teachers, Course of Study, Sta- 
tistics. 

I. OF FUNDS. 

The Funds by which the Public Schools of Cincinnati are sus- 
tained, are derived from two sources : first, the city's portion of the 
State School Fund; and secondly, by a direct tax on the property of 
the city in proportion to the wants of the schools. The State has 
granted 8200,000 per annum, heretofore, to the Public Schools — and 
it is probable will increase that sum in future — in addition to the 
tax, which the several school districts pay, or the other funds they 
have. Cincinnati has her portion of this general fund ; then, she 
taxes herself, to the additional amount required, for the support of 
the schools. In the last few years, the city has paid seven-eighths 
of the whole. Of the city school tax, about one-fourth or one-third, is 
called the Building Fund, and is permanently appropriated to the 
repair, furnishing, and erection of buildings. The total amount of 
school revenue in Cincinnati, for the fiscal year 1848-9, was 
865,103 ; of which, $7204 was derived from the State School Fund. 

II. ORGANIZATION. 

The Public Schools of Cincinnati are managed and controlled by 
three distinct sets of officers, each of which has distinct duties, and 
all of which result in a very simple and easily controlled system. 
These are the Board of Trustees ; the Board of Examiners, and the 
Corps of Teachers. These are entirely separate bodies, but are 
harmonious and efficient in the school government of the great body 
of youth committed to their care. 

1 . The Board of trustees are elected by the people at the annual 
municipal elections, two for each ward, and have charge exclusively 
of what may be termed the business arrangements of the schools. 
Their duties are to make the necessary appropriations of money ; 
to furnish, repair, and arrange the buildings ; to appoint teachers 
and make rules for their government, with all such powers as are 
incidental to the immediate government of the schools. 2. The 
Board of Examiners are appointed by the city council, are seven in 



BUILDINGS CORPS OF TEACHERS. 55 

number, and their duties are to examine the teachers, in respect to 
their qualifications and their pupils, whenever it seems to them 
proper. Without their certificate no teacher can be appointed. To 
perform this duty with due regard to the various capacities of the 
teachers, the Board of Examiners have divided their certificates into: 
first, that he is qualified, as male 'principal ; second, that he is quali- 
fied as male assistant; third, that she is qualified as female principal ; 
and, fourth, that she is qualified as female assistant. These classes 
of certificates are a sufficient division for the different merits of those 
who are examined, and are. found in practice greatly to stimulate 
the ambition of the teachers. The Board of Examiners have hereto- 
fore exercised great discrimination in the performance of this part 
of their duties, and none have received their first class certificate 
who have not in fact been very superior teachers. 3. The corps of 
teachers. — This body, one hundred and twenty-five, performs its 
duties of instruction and government, under, and in conformity to 
rules prescribed by the trustees ; so also the kinds and order of 
books taught in the schools are prescribed by the trustees. 

III. BUILDINGS. 

The school buildings of the Public Schools are thirteen in num- 
ber, constructed on a uniform plan, and conveniently arranged for 
the objects in view. They are capable of accommodating — including 
both day and night schools — full eight hundred pupils each. In 
addition, there are two other buildings used for the purposes of 
Public Instruction : one is used for the Central School, and the 
other is the Orphan Asylum, where pupils are under the care of 
the Common School Instructors. 

IV. CORPS OF TEACHERS. 

The Public Teachers now number about one hundred and thirty- 
eight, being more than double the number employed in 1840, and 
thus indicating very clearly, the progress of the Public Schools, in 
numbers and property. Each of the school districts, occupying a 
School Building, has a Male Principal and a Female Principal, with 
such number of assistants for each, as may be necessary to the pro- 
per instruction of the pupils attending in that district. The number 
of teachers in each district varies from seven to fifteen ; thus the 1st 
district has ten Teachers, and the 10th district has fifteen. 

A difference is made in the age, qualifications, and salary of 



00 COURSE OF STUDIES. 

teachers, in proportion to the age and standing of the classes they 
are required to teach. For small children, young girls are fre- 
quently employed ; while for the higher classes of boys, men of in- 
telligence and reputation are required. 

The qualifications of the Teachers are generally amply suffi- 
cient for all the instructions they are required to give. The exami- 
nation for a Male Principal, is, in spelling and definitions ; reading, 
writing ; English grammar, including composition ; geography; 
United States history; mental arithmetic, written arithmetic; natural 
history, elements of natural philosophy; American history; elements 
of algebra ; the Constitution of the United States ; the Constitution 
of the State of Ohio ; the elements of geometry ; plane trigonometry, 
mensuration, and surveying. 

The examination in all these studies, beyond, and higher than 
those of geography and English grammar, has been introduced 
within the last ten years; illustrating the fact, that the schools have 
advanced not merely in numbers, but in the standard of education. 

V. THE COURSE OF STUDIES. 

Some idea of the course of studies pursued in the Public Schools, 
may be gathered from the subjects above enumerated, upon which 
the principal teachers are examined. In fact, the schools contain 
all varieties of mind, at all ages, between four and twenty-one years ; 
and, therefore, require instruction from the very simplest elements, 
up to the higher branches of science. It has never been intended 
by the trustees of Public Schools in Cincinnati, to limit the amount 
of knowledge to be acquired in the schools. As there are, however, 
but few of the pupils who can spare the time required for a study 
of general science, the trustees have provided for those who need 
such studies, and are willing to pursue them, a Central School, of 
which we shall speak separately. The general course of studies, 
as arranged by the Board of Trustees, is divided into nine sections, 
adapted to the ages and standing of so many classes of scholars. 

The Bible, without note or comment, is read in all the schools, 
and by all classes capable of reading. 

The Ninth, or lowest section, is taught the alphabet on cards, spell- 
ing, and the primer. 

The Eighth, the same, — First Reader and oral arithmetic. 

The Seventh, — Second Reader ; outline geography ; mental arith- 
metic. 



STATISTICS. " 



The Sixth,— Second Reader; oral denning; outline geography, 
and elements of drawing. 

The Fifth,— Third Reader ; written arithmetic ; local geography ; 

elements of drawing. 

The Fourth,— The same; geography of the Western Continent; 

penmanship. 

The Third— Fourth Reader; arithmetic; history; geography; 



orammar ; music ; linear drawing. 

° The Second,— Arithmetic; algebra; grammar; geography, and 

analysis of language. _ 

The First, — Algebra; grammar; history; composition; decla- 
mation; music; drawing. 

It will be seen, from this course of studies in the Public Schools, 
that without even entering the Central Schools, pupils who remain 
a sufficient length of time, may acquire a very good common edu- 
cation, practical and useful. 

STATISTICS. 

The following figures will show what proportion of the youth of 
Cincinnati are taught in Public Schools, and what proportion of 
teachers are allowed them. They are taken from the 20th annual 
report, published in 1850. 

White vouth enumerated, between 4 and 21 35,004 

« , i xt, 1069 

Colored youth 

Number of pupils enrolled in the year 12,240 

Number in daily attendance 5557 

1 SR 

Number of teachers 

Number of pupils in daily attendance on each teacher. 40 

In 1840, the number enrolled was 5121 

a "in attendance, about 4000 

« " of teachers 64 

« « of pupils to a teacher 62 

It seems that the number of teachers employed in proportion to 
the pupils, is much increased; so that, in fact, much better instruc- 
tion is given. It is found that very few children are in the schools, 
beyond twelve years of age; but as that number is continually 
changing, so that, for example, in the eight years in which those 
who are under twelve, and above four, are passing beyond twelve, 



58 COST OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS. 

there are about ten or twelve thousand others passing into their 
places, — it may fairly be presumed, that, at least, two-thirds of all 
the youth of Cincinnati, — say 35,000 — within the school age, receive 
some instruction in the Public Schools. If, to these, we add those 
taught in parochial and private schools, it is probable, that at least, 
nineteen-twentieths of the youth of Cincinnati receive some elemen- 
tary education. 

COST OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

Total expenditure in the years 1848-9 $67,884 

Average cost of each teacher 492 

Average cost of each pupil 550 

In the above, is included the expenses of buildings as well as 
schools they being necessary to the school establishment. 

I. CENTRAL SCHOOL. 

Two or three years since, the trustees established a Central 
School, for those youth who have time to pursue a higher course of 
studies than can be afforded by the common schools. In this school, 
mathematics, natural philosophy, astronomy, natural history; the 
ancient languages, the science of government, and moral science 
are taught. In fine, it is a college of high order, and of very su- 
perior instruction. The youth of the common schools have thus a 
free college, without cost, and open to all who possess talent and 
merit. This institution has one great advantage over ordinary col- 
leges ; for it receives only the best talent from the whole mass of 
youth in the common schools. 

We conclude this notice of the Public Schools, by stating the 
general fact, that the Public Schools of Cincinnati now furnish as 
good and complete a course of American education, as can be ob- 
tained anywhere, except in the purely professional studies. 

II. PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS. 

The Catholic Schools are the only ones which are strictly paro- 
chial, although there are schools under the special care of the Metho- 
dists, and perhaps of other denominations. The following are the 
statistics of the Catholic Parochial Schools, as stated on the author- 
ity of this society. 

The number of children attending the Catholic Parochial Schools, 
is 4494, as appears by the following list: — 



ACADEMIES AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS. 59 

1." St. Aloysius Orphan Asylum 100 

2. St. Peter's Orphan Asylum 162 

3. Schools of the Nuns of Notre Dame 647 

4. Schools of the Jesuits 600 

5. Cathedral School 400 

6. Christ School, Fulton 60 

7. St. Philomena's School 300 

8. Holy Trinity School 310 

9. St. Michael's School 75 

10. St. Joseph's School 275 

11. St Mary's School 500 

12. St. Paul's School 275 

13. St. John's School 790 

4494 

All these children are taught by 48 teachers, giving- thus 93 2-3 
children to each teacher, and the entire annual cost of these schools 
is $13,000. 

III. ACADEMIES AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS. 

Schools of this class are all private, except the Central, described 
above. Of these, there are a great number and variety. The fol- 
lowing are a few of the most conspicuous. 

I. — The Catholic High Schools : 

1. Young Ladies' Literary Institute and Boarding-School, 
Sixth Street. This school is under the charge of the Sisters of Notre 
Dame, and its pupils are enumerated in the Catholic Schools 
above. (3) 

2. — Ursultne Academy, Cincinnati. 

The boys' Catholic Schools are included, either in St. Xavier Col- 
lege, or the Parochial Schools. 

II. — Private Academies. 

Wesleyan Female College, Vine street : — 

Teachers 15 

College department 77 pupils. 

Preparatory and primary 360 " 

This institution is, in regard to both numbers and course of in- 
struction, of a high grade of American female education. 



60 colleges. 

Cincinnati Female Seminary: 

Teachers 5 

Pupils 100 

This also is an institution of high rank. 

Herron's Seminary for Boys : 

Teachers 11 

Pupils 242 

St. John's College. — Dr. Colton. — This institution is chartered 
as a college, but has not, we believe, yet formed college classes. It 
has a large number of pupils in course of classical education. 

Lyman Harding's Seminary for Girls. 

Mrs. Lhoyd's " " 

E. S. Brooks' Classical School for Boys. 

R. & H. H. Young's 

The whole number of Private Academies and Schools in Cincin- 
nati, probably amount to fifty, and number at least, two thousand 
five hundred pupils. 

TV. COLLEGES. 

There are in Cincinnati, three colleges, properly so called : 

1. The Cincinnati College. — This is the oldest collegiate insti- 
tution in the city ; but its instructions are now entirely suspended, 
except the Law School. It was twice in academic operation for 
many years, but has been twice suspended, and its fine building is 
now occupied only for mercantile and municipal purposes. The 
Young Men's Mercantile Library Association occupy rooms in one 
part ; the Chamber of Commerce in another, and the City Council 
in another. As the property of the institution is quite large, it is 
supposed that it will, before many years, be applied to its legitimate 
purposes. 

2. Woodward College. — This institution was founded by the 
liberal bequest of the late William Woodward. It is amply en- 
dowed, and gives instruction in a regular course of college studies. 
The catalogue enumerates : 

Teachers 5 

Pupils 161 

3. St. Xavier College. — This is a regular college, under the 
charge of the Roman Catholics. It has a large and valuable library 
and ample buildings and accommodations. 



MEDICAL COLLEGES THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS. 61 

V. MEDICAL COLLEGES. 

There are in Cincinnati, four Medical Colleges, corresponding to 
four different kinds of medical education. There are : 

1. Ohio Medical College. 

2. Eclectic Medical College. 

3. Physo-Medical College. 

4. College of Dental Surgery. 

The first is the school of the regular medical practitioners. The 
second is that of what is called the Eclectic School of Medicine. The 
third is that of the Botanic School ; and the fourth is a College for 
the instruction of those who intend practicing Dentistry. The whole 
number of medical students in the city during the winter is probably 
four hundred and fifty. 

VI. LAW SCHOOL. 

There is but one Law School in the city ; the Law department of 
Cincinnati College, and generally numbers about thirty students. 
There are, however, many more law students in private offices, pre- 
paring for the practice of the Law. 

VII. MERCANTILE SCHOOLS. 

Not to refer to a number of schools here, some in high repute, in 
which penmanship is made a preparatory exercise for mercantile 
employment, there are several schools, three of which are incorpor- 
ated mercantile colleges, in which book-keeping in all its various 
branches, is systematically taught, together with mercantile law, 
or so much of the law as ordinarily bears upon commercial pursuits: 
not less than 250 pupils are at an average receiving education in 
this line. 

VIII. THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS. 

There are five regularly established Theological Schools. These 
are : 

1. Lane Seminary (Presbyterian, New). 

2. Presbyterian Theological Seminary (Old). 

3. Seminary of St. Francis Xavier (Catholic). 

4. Roman Catholic Theological Seminary. 

5. Baptist Theological Seminary. 

Neither of the last three have formed classes yet; but all have 



62 



GENERAL VIEW OF EDUCATION IN CINCINNATI. 



secured a large amount of property, which places them on a secure 
foundation. The whole number of Theological students (Presby- 
terian and Catholic), now in the city, probably does not exceed 
sixty. 

IX. GENERAL VIEW OF EDUCATION IN CINCINNATI. 

The previous review of various kinds of institutions for education 
in this city, exhibits the general fact, that Cincinnati is provided 
with the means of education in all the branches of human knowledge. 
If the circle of instruction were confined to the Public Schools alone, 
ascending from the Primary classes to those of the Central School, 
it is found to embrace nearly all the substantial and useful parts of 
a public education. If we go beyond these, to the numerous Aca- 
demies and Colleges, we find the whole round of science, of lan- 
guages, of history, and many of the accomplishments taught by com- 
petent and enlightened instructors. Indeed, we do not know that 
even the oldest, and richest cities of our country afford, in their 
schools of education, a wider range of knowledge, although the con- 
veniences, libraries, and number of teachers are greater. 

The following table of the results furnished above, will exhibit a 
general view of the number of institutions, teachers, and pupils in 
Cincinnati : 



Public Schools*. . 
Parochial Schools . 
Private Schools . . 

Colleges 

Medical Colleges. . 
Mercantile Colleges 
Law School .... 
Theological Schools 
Colored Schools f . 

Totals. 



. 19 . 
. 13 . 
. 50 . 
. 3 . 
. 4 . 
. 4 . 
. 1 . 
. 5 . 
. 3 . 
102 



TEACHERS. PUPILS. 

.138 12,240 



48 

100 

15 

20 

12 

3 

7 

__9 

357 




This table exhibits the fact, that there are twenty thousand youth, 
of different ages, instructed annually in more or less branches of 



* The whole number enrolled during a year, are here enumerated ; for all who 
are enrolled, have received more or less instruction. 

+ The Colored Schools are separated from the others. The total number of 
colored youth returned, is 1069 ; between the ages of 4 and 21. 



FAIRMOUNT THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 63 

useful knowledge in this city. This is about one-half of all who are 
of suitable age for education ; and when we take into view, that 
this period contains sixteen years, can we doubt, that in one form 
or other, nearly all the youth of the city are brought within the 
aids of education. 

FAIRMOUNT THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 

The Fairmount Theological Seminary was established by, and 
will be under the control of, the Western Baptist Education Society; 
a society organized by a Baptist convention, held in Cincinnati, Nov. 
1834, and incorporated by the Ohio Legislature, March 1835. Its 
aims were to embrace within the sphere of its operations and in- 
fluence the whole Mississippi Valley, and to increase the number, 
and to improve the qualifications of the Christian ministry. Its 
object, as declared by the constitution, was " the education of those 
who give evidence to the churches of which they are members, 
that God designed them for the ministry;" and its first effort, to 
provide an institution for this purpose, resulted in the establishment 
of what is now the Western Baptist Theological Institute, located in 
Covington, Ky. The assumption of the exclusive control of the 
institute by Kentucky, in 1G48, and the insuperable difficulties that 
appeared to forbid the hope of the co-operation of the north-west and 
the south-west, in an enterprise of this character, together with the 
large extent of country and the numerous body of churches that 
would otherwise be unprovided for, determined the society at its 
annual meeting, June 1848, to enter upon measures preliminary to 
the establishment of a new seminary for the north-western States. 
Early in the ensuing year, an offer was made to the society by the 
Fairmount Land Company, on certain conditions, of thirty acres of 
land, estimated to be worth 835,000, as the site, and for the use of 
the proposed seminary. A large convention of delegates and indi- 
viduals, chiefly from Ohio and Indiana, held in Cincinnati, Oct. 
1849, recommended the establishment of the seminary on the offered 
site at Fairmount, and the raising by voluntary subscriptions and 
donations, in addition to the thirty acres of land granted by the said 
company, of the sum of 850,000, as an endowment, and for the pur- 
pose of erecting suitable buildings. The society is now engaged in 
carrying their propositions into effect. 

The site is on the principal elevation of Fairmount, about a quar- 
ter of a mile west of the point at which the northern boundary of 



64 



LANE SEMINARY. 



the city intersects Mill creek, and nearly two miles north-west of the 
Cincinnati court-house. It is a spot of great natural beauty, com- 
manding a full view of the Mill creek valley, from the Ohio river to 
Cumminsville ; of the entire city of Cincinnati, as it spreads out to- 
ward the south-east ; and of the elevated lands environing the city 
for many miles around. The principal seminary edifice, now (May 
1851), in process of erection, is of brick, 112 feet in length; 50 feet 
in breadth, and four stories high above the basement. It will con- 
tain a chapel, library, lecture-rooms, dormitories, rooms for study, 
&c. This seminary, called into being by the voice, and relying, as 
it does, on the combined strength of the Baptist denomination in 
Ohio, Indiana, and adjoining States in the north-west, cannot fail of 
eminent success. 

LANE SEMINARY. 

This is a Theological institution, connected by its charter with the 
Presbyterian Church, and since the division of that church in 1 838, 
under the patronage of that branch of it known as the New School. 
It is well endowed, having beside its buildings and library, which 
cost about 850,000, a considerable permanent fund safely invested, 
and one hundred and eleven acres of land adjoining the city, sixty 
acres of which were donated by Rev. James Kemper and sons. 

The buildings are a seminary edifice, four stories high ; one hun- 
dred feet in length, and containing eighty-four rooms for students : 
a boarding-house ; a chapel, seventy-five feet by fifty-five, con- 
taining a room for public worship, fifty-five feet by fifty ; a library 
room, capable of receiving thirty thousand volumes ; three lecture 
rooms, and a reading-room. The name was given in honor of 
Ebenezer Lane, Esq., of Oxford, who, with his brother Andrew, 
made the first considerable donation in money. The institution 
went into operation in 1833. Nearly four hundred students have 
been connected with it, most of whom are in the ministry, of different 
denominations, throughout the United States and in foreign lands. The 
privileges of the institution are open to all members of Christian 
Churches, who have pursued studies equivalent to the common col- 
lege course, and desire to prepare to preach the Gospel. The course 
of study occupies three years, having but one term in each year, 
which opens on the third Wednesday of September, and closes at the 
anniversary, which is on the second Tuesday of June. 

Library and .Reading Room. — The library contains ten thousand 
volumes, carefully selected. It is the intention of the Board to 



LANE SEMINARY. C5 

appropriate five hundred dollars per annum for its increase. The 
reading room furnishes for the use of the students, the leading liter- 
ary and theological periodicals of this and foreign lands, and about 
twenty newspapers. 

Expenses. — There is no charge for tuition. The annual term bill 
for room rent, use of the library, and incidental expenses is ten 
dollars; board, $1.25 per week. 

BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 

Nathaniel Wright, Esq President. 

John H. Groesbeck, Esq 1st Vice President. 

Henry Starr, Esq %d do. do. 

Robert Boal, Esq 3d do. do. 

Rev. Samuel "W. Fisher Corresponding Secretary. 

Rev. Thornton A. Mills Recording Secretary. 

Gabriel Tichenor, Esq Treasurer. 

Rev. Benjamin Graves Reading, 0. 

Robert "Wallace Covington, Ky. 

"William Schillinger Cincinnati. 

John Baker " 

Augustus Moore " 

John Melindy " 

Daniel Corwin " 

Ezekiel Ross " 

Rev T. J. Biggs, D.D 

Henry Van Bergen " 

Edward D. Mansfield, Esq w 

Rev. John H. Hall, D. D Dayton. 

Rev. Harvey Curtis Chicago, Illinois 

Rev. Henry L. Hitchcock Columbus, O. 

FACULTY. 

Rev. Lyman Beecher, D. D., President, and Emeritus Professor of Theology 

Rev. D. H. Allen, D. D., Professor of Theology. 

Rev. George E. Day, A. M., Professor of Biblical Literature, and Lecturer 
on Church History. 

Rev. J. B. Condit, D. D., Professor of Sacred Rhetoric and Pastoral Theo- 
logy, and Lecturer on Church Polity. 

D. H. Allen, Superintendent, Cincinnati. 

CINCINNATI THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, OLD SCHOOL PRESBYTERIAN. 

This Seminary was organized, May 1850, by the appointment as 
Professor of Church Polity and Ecclesiastical History, of James 
Hoge, D.D. ; and as Professor of Didactic and Polemic Theology, 
of N. L. Rice, D. D. 



66 SCHOOLS COLLEGES. 

It is designed to afford students in Theology, who are preparing 
for the Christian ministry in the west, a sound and practical edu- 
cation in the largest sense. It has had twelve students during the 
session of 1850-51, and will doubtless receive large accessions as 
soon as its operations become familiarly known to the churches which 
it represents. 

A third Professor — that of Oriental and Biblical Literature, and 
an assistant Teacher of the Greek and Hebrew languages, will, it 
is expected, be added to the seminary at the ensuing session. 

The students have access, free of expense, to the extensive and 
valuable library and reading-rooms of the Young Men's Mercantile 
Library Association. 

The session opens annually on the first Monday of September. 

If the progress of this institution shall correspond with its com- 
mencement, it will become one of the most flourishing in the U. S. 

One feature peculiar to this theological seminary is novel, no 
buildings being contemplated to be erected, either as lodging-rooms 
to the students, or lecture-rooms for the professors. The professors 
who all hold pastoral charges, will lecture and hear recitations in 
their own church lecture-rooms ; and the students will be boarded 
in the community at large. 

This will enable them to acquire that knowledge of human nature 
which is one great requisite to their future usefulness, and still 
preserve them within the pure safeguards and salutary restraints of 
the family circle. 

St. Xavier Seminary is an edifice recently erected upon the hill 
west of Cincinnati, and commands one of the best views of the city. 
The edifice is completed, but the classes of students have not been 
organized as yet. 

Law School: 

The Law School of the Cincinnati College was founded in 1 833 
by John C. Wright, Edward King, and Timothy Walker. In 1835, 
it was made a department of the college. The number of students 
each year, has ranged from 17 to 34. The present faculty consists 
of Charles P. James, late Judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati; 
M. H. Tilden, late President Judge of the 13th Judicial Circuit of 
Ohio, and M. E. Curwen of the Cincinnati Bar. The course em- 
braces a period of eight months ; from the 23d of September to the 
1st of June. A certificate from the institution, entitles the holder 
to admission to the bar in Ohio, without the usual examination. 



COLLEGES ACADEMIES. 



67 



Students can have access, for the purpose of reference, to several 
thousand volumes of law books, sufficient for all practical purposes, 
free of charge. 

Cincinnati Mercantile College, south-east corner of Walnut 
and Fifth Streets ; R. S. Bacon, Principal. 

This is an academy chartered by the Ohio Legislature in 1851, in 
which the pupils are taught book-keeping, penmanship, the prin- 
ciples of commercial law, and are thus prepared to engage as account- 
ants, in mercantile or general business. 

The system under which these students are instructed, is both 
analytic and synthetic. It is the taking in pieces, as a study, a com- 
plicated but exact machine, to contemplate and learn the relations 
of the several parts to each other, and to the entire machine, and 
the putting it together to make it operate accurately, and without 
impediment. 

This school enrolls 130 pupils. E. F. Burk, T. T. Ingalls, 
Assistants ; H. Snow, lecturer on Commercial Law. 

St* Xavier College — Sycamore, between Fifth and Sixth Streets. 

This is an incorporated institution, belonging to the Roman 
Catholics, with extensive library, museum, and philosophical and 
chemical apparatus. 

There are from fifteen to twenty teachers engaged in the instruc- 
tion of two hundred and forty-two scholars ; of these scholars, one 
hundred and four are boarders, principally from distant places. The 
officers and teachers of the college are : — 

TRUSTEES. 

Most Rev. Dr. Purcell President. 

Rev. J. De Blieck Vice President. 

J. D. Johnston Secretary. 

Rev. F. Santois Treasurer 

" E. Purcell. 

" D. Kenny. 

" C. H. Driscol. 

FACULTY. 

Rev. J. De Blieck, President ; Professor of Natural Law and Spanish Litera- 
ture. 

Rev. Xav. "Whippern, Vice President ; Prefect of Studies, and Professor of 
Mental and Moral Philosophy. 

Rev. J. Ashwanden, Professor of Hebrew and Sacred Scripture. 

F. P. Garesche, Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. 



68 COLLEGES. 

J. D. Johnston, Professor ot Rhetoric and Belles Lettres 

J. E. Keller, Professor of Ancient Languages. 

B. Masselis, Professor of French Literature. 

H. Schmidt, Professor of German Literature. 

F. Boudreau, Professor of Chemistry. 

Rev. J. De Leeuw, Chaplain. 

ASSISTANT PROFESSORS. 

Joseph Caredda; F. Stuntebeck; D. Shepperd; L. Heylen; J. M'Mahon. 
Wesleyan Female College, Vine, bet. Sixth and Seventh Streets. 
This institution has been in successful operation more than eight 
years past. The fact that it has 437 pupils, in a city so well sup- 
plied with public schools as this, is testimony to its merits, that ren- 
ders any other notice superfluous. 

The officers and trustees of the college are : — 
BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 

Rev. Bishop T. A. Morris, D. D President of the Board. 

John Reeves, Esq First Vice President. 

Rev. William Herr Second 

Eden B. Reeder Treasurer. 

William Wood Secretary. 

Wm. Wood, John Dubois, 

John Whetstone, Henry Price, 

John Elstner, Joseph Herron, 

Harvey De Camp, Richard Ashcraft, 

Hon. Henry E. Spencer, Burton Hazen, 

William Woodruff, John W. Dunham, M. D., 

Moses Brooks, Rev. J. A. Reeder, 

Rev. J. P. Kilbreth, Thomas Fox, 

Rev. B. P. Aydelott, D. D., James T. Williams, 

John Horton, Abram Inglis, 

John F. Forbus, George Allen. 

BOARD OF INSTRUCTION". 
Rev. P. B. Wilber, M. A., President and Professor of Mental Science. 
Mrs. Mary C. Wilber, Governess and Teacher of Physiology. 
Rev. John Miley, M. A. Professor of Ancient Languages and Moral Science. 
Edward S. Lippitt, A. B., Professor of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 
and Teacher of Linear and Perspective Drawing and Painting. 

Misses Mary A. De Forrest; Emilie K. Tompkins; Charlotte Davis; 
Electa V. Mitchell; Rachel L. Bodley; Amanda A. Hodgman; Susan C. 
Conner, Teachers of Classes. 
James W. Bowers, Professor of Penmanship. 
H. Augustus Pond, Professor of Vocal and Instrumental Music. 
Edward Thomas, Professor of the Guitar. 

Miss Louisa Fingland, Instructress in Vocal and Instrumental Music. 
" Cornelia E. Doisy, Instructress in French. 
" Charlotte Cadwell, Instructress in Germaa 



colleges seminaries. 69 

Woodward College and High School: — 

BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 

Samuel Lewis, Esq President. 

W. Y. Gholson, Esq Secretary. 

Oliver Lovell. 
Elam P. Langdon. 
Daniel Vanmatre, Esq. 

Dr. Joseph Ray Treasurer. 

FACULTY. 
Rev. Thomas J. Biggs, D. D., President, and Professor of Intellectual and 
Moral Science and Greek Literature. 

Joseph Ray, M. D., Professor of Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, and 
Chemistry. 
Charles E. Matthews, A. M., Adjunct Professor of Mathematics. 
"William G. W. Lewis, A. M., Adjunct Professor of Languages. 
D. Molony, A. M., Professor of Modern Languages. 

Secretary of the Faculty Charles E. Matthews. 

The Classes in the course of study in the Preparatory Depart- 
ment, are divided among the Adjunct Professors of Mathematics 
and Languages and the Professor of Modern Languages. 

Herron's Seminary, on Seventh Street, between Walnut and Vine 
Street has been in existence for several years, with increasing repu- 
tation and widening influence. It has a suitable and extensive 
library ; philosophical and chemical apparatus ; a cabinet and various 
other illustrative aids for lecturing and teaching. 

The Teachers are : — 

Joseph Herron, A. M., Principal — Instructor in Natural Philosophy, Phy- 
siology, Anatomy, Rhetoric, Elocution, and Moral Science. 

Rev. Charles Aiken, A. M., Professor of Latin and Greek Languages, and 
Natural Science. 

Rev. Erwin House, A. M., Professor of Mathematics and English Litera- 
ture. 

Paul M. Schuster, Professor of Modern Languages. 

Miss Lucy E. Herron, Assistant. 

Miss Elizabeth Jones, Assistant. 

William Thompson, Instructor in Penmanship. 

William A. King, Teacher of Book-keeping. 

C. Aiken, Professor of Vocal Music. 

Edward S. Lippett, A. B., Lecturer on Chemistry. 

The number of pupils is 242. This school has always enjoyed a 
high character. 
6 



70 SEMINARIES. 

Cincinnati Female Seminary — M. Coxe and J. C. Zachos, 
Principals. 

This institution was established in this city, in the spring of 
1843, by Miss M. Coxe. It steadily increased in strength and num- 
bers until, in 1850, it had one hundred and twenty pupils, and ten 
teachers in employment. 

This institution has maintained, ever since it commenced, a higher 
tone and more liberal scope in its range of study and mental disci- 
pline, than most others. The methods of instruction are chiefly oral, 
making use of text-books as auxiliaries to an elaborate and well 
digested system of lectures. Of these, as well as of their text-books, 
the pupils take notes, and reproduce subjects from time to time in 
extempore lectures or elaborate compositions. The pupil is required 
to study, pen in hand, all the time, and thus exhibit tangible evi- 
dence of progress. 

In this system appropriate facilities are afforded for all characters 
and capacities. It encourages the timid, stimulates the indolent, 
and gives full scope to the strong and willing in the same class, and 
at the same time. It repudiates the common-place routine, with its 
feeble results, which prevails in ordinary schools, and infuses a new 
spirit into both teacher and pupils. 

The grand principle which pervades this mode of education, is, 
that the pupils are not so much learning a lesson, as mastering a 
subject. 

R. & H. H. Young's Academy. 

This is a High School in a very flourishing condition, which is 
kept on Plum, between Seventh and Eighth Streets, on the second 
and third floors of a building erected for the purpose, and of rare 
adaptation to its objects, as regards ventilation and light. It num- 
bers sixty pupils. 

The range of studies in this academy is comprehensive, embracing 
ancient and modern languages, mathematics, and the more import- 
ant of the English branches. The Bible is a text-book in daily use, 
and its precepts and truths are inculcated as the only system of 
sound morals. 



DWELLING-HOUSES AND STORES. 71 



IV. SOCIAL STATISTICS. . 

DWELLING-HOUSES AND STORES. 
The first recorded enumeration of the buildings of Cincinnati, wa? 
made in July, 1816, when they were found to number 1070: of 
stone, 20 ; of wood, 800 ; and of brick, 250. Of these, 660 were 
tenanted by families; 410 public buildings, shops, warehouses, and 
offices, making up the residue. 

In March, 1819, the dwellings and warehouses of the city were 
again numbered, and found to be : 

Of brick and stone, two, three, and four stories 387 

Do. do. one story 45 

Of wood, two or more stories 615 

Do. one story 843 

1890 

Of these were dwelling-houses 1003 

Shops, warehouses, and public buildings 887 

The next enumeration of houses was made by Messrs. Drake and 
Mansfield, for their publication, " Cincinnati in 1826," toward the 
close of that year, when there were found 18 stone, 936 brick, and 
1541 frame buildings. Of these, 650 were one story, 1682 two 
stories, and 163 three and four stories in height; making an aggre- 
gate of 2495 tenements, being all places of abode or business. In 
all these statements, every description of out-building is excluded, 
and no additions to houses previously erected are taken into ac- 
count. 

The following list, transcribed from official reports, furnishes the 
buildings of 1827 and 1828: 

Brick, of one story 8 

" two stories 131 

" three do 77 

" four do 1-217 

Frame, of one story 29 

" two stories 250-279 

496 



72 



DWELLING -HOUSES AND STORES. 



From this period, the enumeration of buildings was taken annu- 
ally, with the following results : 



1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 
1833 
1834 
1835 
1836 
1837 
1838 
1839 



270 
205 
250 
300 
321 
300 
340 
365 
305 
334 
394 



1840 
1841 
1842 
1843 
1844 
1845 
1846 
1847 
1848 
1849 



406 

462 

537 

621 

735 

853 

980 

1140 

1305 

1454 



1850 1418 



Prior to 1827 . 
1827 and 1828 




Total buildings in 1850, 16,286 
which are distributed among the different wards, as follows : — 



I,. • 

II, ■ 
III,. 
IV,. 

v, ■ 

VI,. 

VII, 

VIII, 

IX,. 

X, . 

XI,. 

XII, 



BRICK. 

690 
1142 
858 
771 
602 
985 
790 
1056 
883 
685 
419 
479 

9360 



FRAME. 








STONE. 






TOTAL 


486 — 1176 


160 . 








1 








. 1303 


489 . 








. 








. 1347 


410 . 








. 3 








. . 1184 


114 . 








, 4 








. . 720 


729 . 








1 








. 1715 


645 . 








3 








. 1438 


1024 . 








2 








. 2082 


763 . 








4 








. 1650 


683 . . 








2 








. 1370 


562 . 








3 








. 984 


821 . 








17 








. 1317 



6886 



40 



16,286 



Of the buildings put up in 1850, 939 were of brick; 5 of stone, 
and 464 were frames. 

Of these last, only 50 were put up in the central wards. 

The following table points out at a glance our progress in 
buildings. 



DWELLING-HOUSES AND STORES. 73 

Dwellings, shops, public buildings, warehouses, and offices in 
1815 1819 1826 1832 1838 1844 1850 

1070 1890 2495 4016 5981 9136 16,286 

This statement shows that Cincinnati has been increasing for the 
past twenty-five years, at an average rate, which doubles its build- 
ings every nine years. At the same time, the private dwellings and 
public buildings, in value, convenience, and style of finish, and the 
warehouses in the space they occupy in the ground, as well as in 
their increased number of stories, if we survey those erected during 
the last five years, surpass their predecessors in a far greater 

ratio. 

The buildings constructed in New York during the last ten years, 
are officially stated at 16,409. Those of Cincinnati, for the same 
period of time, number 9505. In view of the relative population of 
these cities, the progress of improvement in Cincinnati, is three 
times that of the great atlantic metropolis. 

It may be also remarked, that, though there appears a slight fall- 
ing off in the buildings of 1850, from those of 1849, there have been 
ten percent, more bricks laid here in 1850, than in 1849; and 
nearly twenty per cent, more than in any year previous. This is 
owing to the greater number of churches, extensive warehouses and 
business offices on a large scale, which have entered into the erec- 
tions of 1850. 

It is worthy of notice, also, that while in 1815 the brick buildings 
were but 22 per cent, of the whole, they now form three-fifths, or 
60 per cent, of all the buildings in Cincinnati. 

There is no city in the world of equal or greater size to ours, in 
which so large a share of the community are property holders. 

The number of individuals, in Cincinnati, who own the houses they 
occupy, is 5360, who, therefore, constitute more than one-third of 
the voters. This important fact, is at once the cause and the con- 
sequence of the progress and prosperity of Cincinnati. 

The hope and prospect of securing a permanent home, is a most 
important stimulus to industry and frugality, as its possession is to 
the maintenance of family happiness and the culture of public spirit, 
and the tendency here is constantly to the division, rather than to 
the accumulation of city estates. 



74 PERIODICALS. 

PERIODICALS. 

1. Cincinnati Gazette and Liberty Hall — daily, tri-weekly, and 
weekly. Proprietors and publishers, Wright, Ferris, & Co. Edi- 
tors, J. C. Wright, L. C. Turner, and C. J. Wright. 

2. Chronicle and Atlas — daily and weekly. Foster & Corwine, 
publishers and proprietors. 

3. Enquirer — daily and weekly. Faran & Robinson, editors, 
publishers, and proprietors. 

4. Times — daily and weekly. Calvin W. Starbuck, proprietor 
and publisher; James D. Taylor, editor. 

5. Commercial — daily and weekly. J. W. S. Browne & Co., 
publishers; L. G-. Curtiss, editor. 

6. Nonpareil — daily and weekly. C. S. Abbott, editor; Abbott 
& Co., proprietors, printers, and publishers. 

7. Volksblatt — daily and weekly. S. Molitor, publisher, proprie- 
tor, and editor. 

8. Republikaner — daily and weekly. Schmidt & Storch, pro- 
prietors and publishers ; Emil Klauprech, editor. 

9. Volksfreund — daily. Jos. A. Hemann, publisher and editor; 
Wright, Ferris, & Co., printers. 

10. Democratische Tageblatt — daily and weekly. Henry Rcedter, 
editor and publisher. 

These are all dailies, tri-weeklies, and weekly reissues of dailies, 
in folio, devoted to politics and the publication of current news. 
The Gazette, Chronicle and Atlas and Republikaner are Whig, as 
the Enquirer, Volksblatt, and Tageblatt, are Democratic in politics. 
The Times, Commercial and Nonpareil claim to be neutral. The 
last is professedly the champion of the working classes. Four of 
this entire list, are, as may be inferred from their titles, in the Ger- 
man language. 

Of the weeklies, properly so called, there are the 

11. Western Christian Advocate. M. Simpson, D. D., editor; 
Revs. Leroy Swormstedt and J. H. Power, publishers. — Episcopal 
Methodist. 

12. Presbyterian of the West. — N. L. Rice, D. D., editor; John 
D. Thorpe, proprietor and publisher. — Old School Presbyterian. 

13. Central Christian Herald. — Rev. Thornton A. Mills, editor, 
proprietor, and publisher. — New School Presbyterian. 



PERIODICALS. 75 

14. Journal and Messenger. — Rev. J. L. Batchelder, editor and 
proprietor. — Baptist. 

15. Catholic Telegraph. — Rev. Edward Purcell, editor; James 
McCormick, proprietor and publisher. — Roman Catholic. 

16. Star in the West. — Rev. J. A. Gurley, editor, proprietor, 
and publisher. — Universalist. All these weeklies are religious papers, 
and all folios except the Telegraph, which is a quarto. 

17. Western Fountain. — Gen. S. F. Cary, editor; William Mit- 
chell, publisher and proprietor. — Temperance Cause. 

There are four weeklies published in German : 

18. Wahrheits freund. — Rev. P. Kroeger, editor ; J. A. Hemann, 
publisher. — Roman Catholic. 

19. Christliche Apologete. — Rev. Wm. Nast, editor; Revs. L. 
Swormstedt and J. H. Power, publishers. — Methodist. 

20. Protestantische Zeitblaetter. — Revs. Suhr, Kroell, Goebel and 
Grassow, editors ; Mrs. Stahl, publisher. — Rationalist. 

21. Hochwsechter. — Fred. Hassaurek, editor; William Wachs- 
muth, publisher. — Socialist and infidel of the deepest dye. 

The first and third of these are quarto ; the other two folios. 
There are also of weekly issues, the 

22. Columbian and Great West. — W. B. Shattuck, editor and pro- 
prietor ; E. P. Jones, publisher. — Literary and Family. 

23. Cist's Advertiser. — Charles Cist, editor, printer, publisher, 
and proprietor. — Family, Historical, Statistical, and Literary. 

24. Wscli Fonetic Advocet. — Longley & Brother, publishers 
and printers. — Advocacy of Phonotypy and Phonography. 

25. Price Current. — Richard Smith, editor and publisher. — Com- 
mercial. These are all folio sheets. 

26. Youths' Friend. — Rev. H. Jewell, editor; Longley & 
Brother, printers. — Sabbath School and Universalist. 

27. Dye's Counterfeit Detector. — John S. Dye, editor and pro- 
prietor. — Mercantile . 

These are semi-monthlies. Of monthlies, there are the 

28. Western Lancet. — Drs. Lawson and Mendenhall, editors ; T. 
Wrightson, printer and publisher. 

29. Journal of Homeopathy. — B. Ehrmann, M. D., Adam 
Miller, M. D., and Geo. Bigler, M. D., editors; Marshall & Lang- 
try, printers. 

30. Physo-Medical and Surgical Journal. — E. H. Stockwell, M. D., 
editor and publisher ; Marshall & Langtry, printers. 



76 PERIODICALS. 

31. Eclectic Medical Journal. — J. R. Buchanan, M. D., editor; 
I. Hart & Co, printers. 

These four are medical periodicals, and the organs of the several 
schools. 

32. Journal of Man. — J. R. Buchanan, M. D., editor and proprie- 
tor. — Phrenological and Anthropological. 

33. Western Law Journal. — T. Walker and M. E. Curwen, edi- 
tors; Wright, Ferris & Co., printers; H. W. Derby & Co., 
publishers. 

34. Goodman's Counterfeit Detector. — Chs. Goodman, publisher 
and proprietor. 

35. Bradley's Counterfeit Detector. — T. W. Lord, editor and pro- 
prietor ; Wright, Ferris, & Co., printers. 

36. Golden Rule. — Rev. D. F. Newton, editor. — Disciples' Church 
Doctrines. 

37. United Presbyterian and Evangelical Guardian. — J. Clay- 
baugh, D. D., and Rev. J. Prestley, editors. 

38. Pulpit of the A. R. Presbyterian Church. — Rev. Jas. Prestley, 
editor. 

These two last are from the press of J. A. & XJ. P. James, and 
advocate Associate Reformed Presbyterian principles. 

39. Ladies' Repository and Gatherings of the West. — Rev. B. F. 
Tefft, editor ; Revs. L. Swormstedt and J. W. Power, publishers. 
Religious and Literary. 

40. Masonic Review. — Rev. C. Moore, editor ; J. Ernst, publisher. 

41. Templars' Magazine. — J. Wadsworth, M. D., editor; Mar- 
shall & Langtry, printers. — Temperance Cause. 

42. Western Horticultural Review. — J. A. Warder, M. D., editor ; 
Morgan & Overend, printers. — Horticultural. 

These are all octavos, and in magazine form. There are in sheets, 
octavo, quarto, and folio monthlies, as follows : — 

43. Magazin fuer Nord Amerika.— M. Gross, publisher.— Agri- 
cultural. 

44. Ohio Teacher.— J. Rainey, editor and proprietor; Wright, 
Ferris, & Co., printers. 

45. School Friend and Ohio School Journal.— W. B. Smith & Co., 
publishers ; Dr. A. D. Lord, H. W. Barney, and C. Knowles, editors. 

The two last, as their names import, are Educational. 

46. Young Reaper. — H. S. Washburn, editor; D. Anderson, 
publisher. — Baptist Sabbath School. 



CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 77 

47. Sunday School Advocate. — Methodist. 

43. Williams' Western Pathfinder.— C. S. Williams, publisher; 
T. Wrightson, printer.— General Advertising sheet. 

49. Crisis.— Rev. W. H. Brisbane, editor; Wright, Ferris, & 
Co., printers. — Abolitionist. 

50. Illustrated Western World.— D. C. Hitchcock, proprietor. 

51. Oncken's Western Scenery.— Professor William Wells, editor; 
O. Oncken, proprietor. 

These two last are pictorials. 

52. Dental Register.— J. Taylor, D.D. S., editor; J. D. Thorpe, 
publisher. 

53. Chain of Sacred Wonders. — Rev. S. A. Latta, editor ; Mor- 
gan & Overend, printers. Scenes and Incidents of the Bible. 

The two last are quarterly magazines. 

In addition to these publications, the Congress-Halle, the only 
full report, in the German language, of the debates and speeches 
in Congress, published in the United States, and the Familien Bib- 
liothek, a reprint of current German light literature, both issued 
from the press of Henry Rcedter, make their monthly appearance. 



CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 
Roman Catholic. — 1. St. Peter's Cathedral, south-west corner 
of Plum and Eighth Streets. Most Rev. J. B. Purcell, D. D. ; Very 
Rev. E. T. Collins and Edward Purcell ; Revs. James F. Wood and 
David Whelan, officiate in the services of the Cathedral. 

2. St. Francis Xavier, Sycamore, west side, between Sixth and 
Seventh Streets. Revs. Charles Driscoll, D. Kenny and Florian 
Sautois, priests. 

3. St. Patrick's, north-east corner Third and Mill Streets. Revs. 
R. G. Lawrence and James Cahill, priests. 

4. St. Michael's, Mill creek, west side. Rev. Michael Deselaers, 
priest. 

5. Christ Church, Fulton. Rev. Timothy Farrell, priest. 

6. St. Paul's, Lebanon road, east of Broadway. Yery Rev. Jos. 
Ferneding, and Rev. Peter Kroeger, priests. 

7. Holy Trinity, south side Fifth, between Smith and Park Sts. 
Revs. William Schonat and J. H. Ridder, priests. 



78 CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 

8. St. Philomena's, north side Congress, between Pike and But- 
ler Streets. Revs. B. Hengehold and F. X. Weiniger, priests. 

9. St. Mary's, south-east corner Jackson and Thirteenth Streets. 
Revs. Clement Hammer and J. B. Eckmann, priests. 

10. St. Joseph's, south-east corner Linn and Laurel Streets. 
Revs. J. H. Luers and Andrew Stephan, priests. 

11. St. John Baptist, corner of New and Green Streets. Revs. 
William Unterthiener, Edward Etschmann and Sigismond Koch, 
priests. 

The last six are German Congregations. 

12. Chapel Sceurs Notre Dame, Sixth, between Broadway and 
Sycamore. Rev. J. B. Smedt, chaplain. 

13. Chapel Sisters of Charity, Third, between Plum and West- 
ern Row. Officiating priests, from the Cathedral and St. Xavier's. 

Cincinnati has been for several years an Episcopate of the Ro- 
man Catholic Church. It has recently become an Arch Diocese, 
the late Bishop, Dr. Purcell, having been invested with the office 
of Archbishop. His suffragan sees, are Detroit, Cleveland, Louis- 
ville, and Vincennes. 

14. Protestant Episcopal Churches. — Christ Church, north side 
Fourth Street, between Sycamore and Broadway. Rev. John T. 
Brooke, D.D., rector; Rev. Alfred Blake, assistant minister. 

15. St. Paul's, south side Fourth, between Main and Walnut 
Streets. Rev. Geo. D. Gillespie, rector. 

16. Trinity, corner Pendleton and Liberty Streets. Rev. Richard 
Gray, rector. 

17. St. John's, south-east corner Plum and Seventh Streets. Rev. 
William R. Nicholson, rector. 

18. St. Luke's, corner Wade and Western Row. Rev. George 
Thompson, rector. 

Right Rev. Charles P. M'llvaine, Bishop of the diocese of Ohio, 
resides at Clifton, one of the suburbs of Cincinnati. 

19. Presbyterian Old School. — First Church, corner Main and 
Fourth Streets. Saml. R. Wilson, pastor. 

20. Fifth Church, south-east corner Seventh and Elm Streets. 
Rev. William Hamilton, pastor. 

21. Seventh Church, west side of Broadway, between Fourth and 
Fifth Streets. A. T. M'Gill, D. D., pastor. 

22. Central Church, south side Fifth, between Plum and Western 
Row. N. L. Rice, D. D., paslor. 



CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 79 

23. Welsh Presbyterian Church. Rev. Hugh E. Reese, pastor. 

24. Presbyterian New School. — Second Church, south side 
Fourth, between Race and Vine Streets. Rev. Samuel W. Fisher, 
pastor. 

25. Third Church, south-west corner of Fourth and John Streets. 
Rev. J. B. Townsend, pastor. 

26. Eighth Church, north side Seventh, between Linn and Bay- 
miller. Rev. John M. Boal, pastor. 

27. Tabernacle Church, south-west corner of Clark and John 
Streets. Rev. D. D. Gregory, pastor. 

28. First German Presbyterian Church, north-east corner of 
Franklin and Sycamore Streets. Rev. Martin Schaad, pastor. 

29. Cumberland Presbyterian, north-east corner of Linn and Ban- 
Streets. Rev. F. G. Black, pastor. 

30. Reformed Presbyterian. — Church of the Covenanters, south 
side Kemble, between John and Fulton Streets. Rev. William 
Wilson, pastor. 

31. George Street Church, south side of George, between Race 
and Elm Street. Rev. Thomas Flavel, pastor. 

32. Associate Reformed Presbyterian, south side Sixth, between 
Race and Elm. Rev. James Prestley, pastor. 

33. Associate Presbyterian, north-east corner of Elm and Ninth 
Streets. Rev. R. H. Pollock, pastor. 

34. First Orthodox Congregationalist, north side Seventh, 
between Western Row and John. Willis Lord, D. D., pastor. 

35. Second Orthodox Congregationalist, east side Vine, between 
Eighth and Ninth Streets. Rev. Charles B. Boynton, pastor. 

36. Third Orthodox Congregationalist, south side Clinton be- 
tween Cutter and Linn Streets. Rev. Benjamin Franklin, pastor. 

37. Welsh Congregational Church, west side Lawrence, between 
Symmes and Fourth Streets. Rev. James Davis, pastor. 

38. First Baptist Church, north side Catharine, between Fulton 
and Cutter Streets. Rev. D. Shepardson, pastor. 

39. Ninth St. Baptist Church, south side Ninth, between Vine 
and Race. Rev. E. G. Robinson, pastor. 

40. Freeman St. Baptist Church. Rev. D. Bryant, pastor. 

41. High St. Baptist Church, east of city water-works' reservoir. 
Pastorship vacant. 

42. Welsh Baptist Church, north side and upper end of Harrison 
Street. Pastorship vacant. 



80 CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 

43. Baker St. Baptist Church, south side Baker Street. Rev. 
Henry Adams, pastor. 

44. Third Street Baptist Church, south side Third, between Race 
and Elm Streets. Rev. Wallace Shelton, pastor. 

The last two are congregations of colored people. 

45. Disciples' Churches. — Corner of Walnut and Eighth Streets. 
Rev. David S. Burnet, pastor. 

46. North side Clinton, between Western Row and John Streets. 
Rev. Benjamin Franklin, pastor. 

47. North side Sixth, between Smith and Mound. Pastorship 
vacant. 

48. Fulton. Rev. William Crippen, pastor. 

49. Colored, north side Harrison Street. Rev. Aaron Wallace, 
pastor. 

Methodist Episcopal Churches, East Cincinnati district. Jos. M. 
Trimble, presiding elder. 

50. Wesley Chapel, north side Fifth Street, between Sycamore 
and Broadway. Rev. John T. Mitchell, preacher in charge. 

51. Ninth Street, north side, between Race and Elm Streets. Rev. 
George C. Crum, preacher in charge ; Rev. W. H. Raper, superin- 
tendent. 

52. Asbury, south side Webster, between Main and Sycamore 
Streets. Rev William Simmons, preacher in charge. 

53. New Street — colored — east of Broadway, and East Cincinnati 
Mission. Rev. Samuel D. Clayton, preacher in charge. 

54. Bethel, south side Front, between Pike and Butler Streets. 
Rev. William Langarl, preacher in charge. 

55. M'Kendree, Fulton. Rev. Ansel Brooks, preacher in charge. 
West Cincinnati District. William I. Ellsworth, presiding elder. 

56. Morris Chapel, west side Western Row. Rev. John Miley, 
preacher in charge. 

57. Christie Chapel, north side Catharine, between Fulton and 
Cutter Streets. Rev. G. W. Walker, preacher in charge. 

58. Park Street Chapel, south-east corner Park and Longworth 
Streets. Rev. William Young, preacher in charge. 

59. York Street Chapel, south-west corner Piatt and York Streets 
and West Cincinnati Mission. Rev. Joseph Gassner, preacher in 
charge. 

60. Salem Chapel, corner Elm and Findlay Streets. Rev. Wm. 
J. Quarry, preacher in charge. 



CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 81 

61. First M. E. Chapel, east side Race, between Thirteenth and 
Fourteenth Streets. Rev. Jacob Frey, preacher in charge. 

62. Second M. E. Chapel, south side Everett, between Linn and 
John Streets. Rev. George Danker, preacher in charge. 

63. Third M. E. Chapel, Buckeye, head of Main Street. Rev. 
William Ahrens, preacher in charge. 

The last three are German Churches. 

Right Rev. Thomas A. Morris, one of the Bishops of the M. E. 
Church, resides in Cincinnati. 

64. Welsh Calvinistic Methodist, west side College Street. Rev. 
Edward Jones, pastor. 

65. First Wesleyan Church, North Street. Rev. R. Robinson, pastor. 

66. Methodist — colored — Sixth Street, east of Broadway. Rev. 
L. Gross, pastor. 

67. Methodist Episcopal, South. — Soule Chapel, west side Syca- 
more, between Fifth and Sixth Streets. Rev. Richard Deering, 
preacher in charge. 

68. Union Chapel, north side Seventh, between Plum and West- 
ern Row. Rev. C. Moore, preacher in charge. 

These last five societies are separated from the regular M. E. 
Church, on various accounts. The first on the list does not fully 
accord with it either in discipline or doctrine. 

The first Wesleyan Church is Anti-Slavery. 

The Colored Society on Sixth Street, are Independents. 

Soule Chapel is connected with the M. E. Church South ; and 
Union is a pewed chapel, from which fact, the Ohio Conference 
refuses to recognize it as one of their societies. 

69. Methodist Protestant Church, south side Sixth, between 
Race and Vine. Rev. Josiah Varden, pastor. 

70. Second Methodist Protestant Church, east side Elm, between 
Liberty and Fifteenth Streets. Rev. Simon P. Kezerta, pastor. 

71. George Street Church, north side George, between Cutter 
and Linn Streets. Rev. Joseph A. Waterman, pastor. 

72. United Brethren in Christ, south-west corner of Richmond 
and Fulton Streets. Rev. William B. Witt, preacher to the English, 
and Rev. William Longstreet, to the German Congregation. 

73. Lutheran United Evangelical, north side Sixth, between 
Walnut and Vine Streets. Rev. Augustus Kroell, pastor. 

74. United Evangelical, corner of Thirteenth and Walnut 
Streets. Rev. Frederick Hofzimmer, pastor. 



82 CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 

75. United Evangelical, east side Walnut, between Allison and 
Liberty Streets. Rev. Frederic Grassow, pastor. 

76. United Evangelical, corner of Race and Fifteenth Streets. 
Rev. Frederic Gcebel. 

77. United Evangelical, Storrs, on Delhi road. Rev. Frederic 
Eisenloh. 

78. Lutheran, west side Walnut, between Eighth and Ninth 
Streets. Rev. Henry W. Suhr. 

These are all Rationalist Churches. 

79. Lutheran, east side Race, between Fifteenth and Liberty 
Streets. Rev. J. A. Wiechmann. Puseyite. 

80. United Evangelical, east side Elm, between Twelfth and 
Thirteenth Streets. Rev. Maurice Raschig, pastor. 

81. German Reformed, north side Betts, between John and 
Cutter Streets. Rev. Hermann Rust, pastor. 

82. German Reformed, and French Protestant Church, north side 
Webster, between Main and Sycamore Streets. Rev. Hermann 
Bokum, missionary. 

83. Lutheran, west side Bremen, between Fifteenth and Liberty 
Streets. Rev. Frederic Schiedt, pastor. 

84. English Lutheran, east side Elm, between Ninth and Court 
Streets. Rev. Wm. H. Harrison, pastor. 

85. Friends, south side Fifth, between Western Row and John. 
Two congregations : one Orthodox, and one Hicksite ; and two 
houses of worship, one brick, the other frame. 

86. New Jerusalem, north side Longworth, between Race and 
Elm. Rev. J. P. Stuart, preacher. 

87. First Congregational Society, corner Race and Fourth Streets. 
Rev. A. A. Livermore, minister. Unitarian. 

88. First Christian Church, south-west corner Fourth and Stone. 
Rev. Nicholas Somerbell, preacher. Unitarian Baptist. 

89. First Universalist Society, south-west corner Walnut and 
Baker Streets. Rev. Henry Jewell, preacher. 

90. Second Universalist Society, south-west corner Sixth and 
Mound Streets. Rev. C. A. Bradley, preacher. 

91. Second Advent Church, south side Seventh, between Mound 
and Cutter. 

Jews' Synagogues : — 

Holy Congregation, Children of Israel. — Broadway Synagogue, 
corner Sixth and Broadway. Philip Heidelbach, Parnas, or Pre- 



CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 83 

sident; Rev. Hart Judah, reader. Founded in 1820. 

Members and families, residents, 910 

Members and families residing in the vicinity, ... 135 
Holy Congregation, Children of Jeshurun — Lodge St. 
Synagogue, between Fifth and Sixth Streets. Abraham 
Aub, Parnas ; Rev. H. A. Henry, reader and lecturer. 
Founded in 1845. Members and families, residents, . . 803 
Members and families residing in the vicinity, . . . 240 
Holy Congregation in Brotherly Love — Race Street 
Synagogue, between Fourteenth and Fifteenth Streets. 
Charles Kahn, Parnas. Founded in 1847. Members 

and families, residents, 320 

Members and families residing in the vicinity, ... 82 

Holy Congregation, Gate of Heaven — Vine Street, be- 
tween Fourth and Fifth. Founded in 1850. Members 

and families, residents, 136 

Members and families residing in the vicinity, ... 40 

Strangers, not belonging to either of the congregations, 

residing in the city, 630 

Recapitulation. — Residents in the city, 2849 

Residing in the vicinity, 497 

3346 
We have here the population of the Jews of Cincinnati, but no 
other religious society keeps a full register of its members, so that 
the number of each can only be a subject of estimate. The follow- 
ing table, which is taken from the registers of the Roman Catholic 
churches here, affords an inference of the numbers of their members : 

MARRIAGES. BAPTISMS. DEATHS. 

1846 699 1676 994 

1847 725 1829 1041 

1848 959 2674 1431 

1849 1154 3069 4018 

1850 1173 3397 2742 

1849 and 1850, were cholera years, which account for the dispro- 
portion of deaths during those periods. This table indicates the 
proportion of Roman Catholics to the community, as 35 to 65, and 
justifies as a fair estimate, 

Jews 3 per cent. 

Roman Catholics 35 « 

Protestants 62 " 



84 COURTS OF JUDICATURE. 



V. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. 

COURTS OF JUDICATURE. 
Beside the administration of township magistrates residing in Cin- 
cinnati, and of the Mayor, who derives his authority under the 
city charter, there are four courts held here : the Supreme Court of 
Ohio, the Court of Common Pleas, the Superior Court, and the 
Commercial Court of Cincinnati. 

1. The Supreme Court of Ohio holds its session here, in the month 
of March, annually. The constitution and laws of this State have 
conferred upon the Supreme Court, original jurisdiction, concurrent 
with that of the Common Pleas Court, in all civil cases at law where 
the cause or matter in dispute exceeds one thousand dollars ; and 
appellate jurisdiction from the Court of Common Pleas, the Superior 
Court, and the Commercial Court of Cincinnati, in all cases in which 
these courts have original jurisdiction. This court has also original 
jurisdiction, concurrent with that of the Court of Common Pleas, of 
all offenses, the punishment whereof is capital. It is also invested 
with authority to issue all writs which may be necessary to enforce 
the due administration of justice, and for the exercise of its jurisdic- 
tion, agreeably to the usages and principles of law. 

2. The Court of Common Pleas for Hamilton County holds three 
sessions annually for the transaction of civil business, — four for the 
trial of criminal causes. This court has original jurisdiction in all 
civil cases, both in law and equity, where the sum or matter in dis- 
pute exceeds the jurisdiction of justices of the peace. It has also 
exclusive cognizance of all crimes, offenses, and misdemeanors, the 
punishment whereof is not capital, and concurrent jurisdiction with 
the Supreme Court of all crimes, the punishment whereof is capital. 
It has exclusive jurisdiction likewise, of all matters of a probate and 
testamentary nature — though the new constitution formed by the 
Convention, but subject to the adoption or rejection of the people 
in the month of June ensuing, among other changes in the judicial 
system, directs the establishment of a new and distinct court, to 
which the sole jurisdiction of probate matters shall be confided. The 
Court of Common Pleas, upon appeal from the decisions of the 



COURTS OF JUDICATURE. 



85 



county commissioners, supervises the public economy of the county. 
It revises the proceedings of justices of the peace in civil matters 
upon certiorari and appeal, determines all contested elections of 
sheriffs and other county officers, grants licenses, fixes the rates of 
ferriage, and appoints inspectors of meat, flour, &c. 

3. The Superior Court was established in 1838, for the purpose 
of facilitating the dispatch of business on the civil docket of the 
Court of Common Pleas. It has concurrent jurisdiction with the 
Court of Common Pleas, in all civil causes at common law and in 
chancery, wherein the last mentioned court has original jurisdiction. 
The three sessions of this court commence in January, June, and 
October. 

4. The Commercial Court of Cincinnati Avas established in 1848, 
and for the same purpose as that for which the Superior Court was or- 
ganized, viz.: to expedite the administration of justice in civil causes. 
It has concurrent original jurisdiction with the Court of Common 
Pleas of all civil cases at law, founded on matter of contract, whether 
written or parol, expressed or implied. This court holds three 
terms in a year, commencing on the first Mondays in January, May, 
and October. 

5. The Mayor, in his judicial capacity, has exclusive authority in 
all causes for the violation of city ordinances, beside possessing such 
criminal jurisdiction and powers as are vested in Justices of the 
Peace. 

6. Justices of the Peace. — Of these, there are seven in the city. 
They are conservators of the peace ; their jurisdiction in civil cases, 
is, in general, limited to the townships in which they are elected and 
reside ; and under certain restrictions and limitations they have cog- 
nizance in all cases where the matter in dispute does not exceed one 
hundred dollars. Their jurisdiction, however, in criminal matters, 
and in the administering of oaths, the issuing of subpoenas for wit- 
nesses in causes pending before them, &c, is coextensive with the 
county in which they reside. Justices have no jurisdiction in actions 
of assault, and assault and battery, or in actions of ejectment, 
replevin, slander, verbal or written ; or in actions on contracts for 
real estate, or in which the title to lands and tenements may be 
drawn into question. 

Supreme Court. — Peter Hitchcock, Rufus P. Spalding, William 
B. Caldwell and Rufus P. Ranney, Judges. Isaac G. Burnet, 
Clerk; S. G. Burnet, Deputy. 



86 LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. 

Court of Common Pleas. — R. B. Warden, President Judge ; 
John A. Wiseman, Robert Moore, and James Saffin, Associate 
Judges; E. C. Roll, Clerk; J. M. McMaster, and W. W. Warden, 
Deputies. 

Superior Court. — George Hoadly, junr., Judge; Daniel Gano, 
Clerk ; John G. Jones, Deputy. 

Commercial Court of Cincinnati. — Thomas M. Key, Judge ; 
E. P. Cranch, Clerk. 

Master Commissioners in Chancery. — A. H. McGuffey, A. 
Paddack, A. H. Lewis, L. Mosher, S. Matthews, J. H. Jones, A. 
Todd. 

Justices of the Peace. — Ebenezer Harrison, Elias H. Pugh, 
David T. Snelbaker, John W. Reilly, Jacob H. Getzendanner, F. W. 
Rowekamp, and Peter Bell. 



LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. 

The fiscal and prudential concerns of the city, with the conduct, 
direction and government of its affairs, devolve on the mayor, and a 
board of trustees of three members from each ward, usually known 
by the name of the City Council. 

The Mayor is elected biennially, on the first Monday in April. 
It is made his duty by the charter, to cause the laws and ordinances 
of the city to be duly executed and enforced, to inspect the conduct 
of the subordinate officers of the city, and to bring to punishment all 
negligence, carelessness and violations of duty. He is the keeper of 
the public seal of the city, issues all licenses, commissions and per- 
mits, under the authority of the city council, has power to administer 
oaths, take and certify depositions, and to certify the proof and ac- 
knowledgment of deeds and other legal instruments. An appeal 
lies from his decisions to the court of common pleas for the county 
of Hamilton. 

The trustees, composing the city council, are elected annually on 
the first Monday of April. They must be freeholders, and residents 
of the city three years previous to the election. They determine 
the rules of their own proceedings, and it is made their duty to keep 
a journal thereof, open to the inspection of every citizen. They are 
required to take an oath of office, administered by the mayor, and 
to elect from their own body a president, who is to preside over its 
meetings, and, when necessary, act as its representative ; and a re- 



EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT CITY COUNCIL. 87 

corder, whose duty it is to keep in his custody the laws and ordin- 
ances of the city. They elect from the qualified voters, a city clerk, 
whose duty it is to keep a journal of their proceedings. They are 
empowered to appoint all collectors, assessors, surveyors, inspectors, 
street-commissioners, health-officers, weighers of hay, measurers 
of wood, lime and coal, &c. They have the control and manage- 
ment of all the real and personal estate of the city, but are expressly 
prohibited from banking, and restricted in borrowing, for city 
purposes, to an amount of not more than five thousand dollars in 
any current year. They have power to establish a board of health, 
to organize a city watch, establish and regulate markets, wharves 
and fire-companies, and to license and regulate public shows. They 
are authorized to abate nuisances, to appropriate ground for new 
streets or alleys, to open, straighten, widen or repair streets, to 
license and regulate wagons, drays, &c, and to levy and collect 
taxes for city purposes. It is made the duty of the council, annually 
to publish for the information of the citizens, a particular statement 
of the receipts and expenditure of the public moneys. For their ser- 
vices the members receive one dollar per day, which is lestricted to 
the actual meetings of the board. 

A city treasurer, and marshal, a wharf and three market masters, 
are elected biennially by the qualified voters of the city, on the first 
Monday in April. 

Mayor — Mark P. Taylor. — Marshal. — James L. Ruffin. 

CITY COUNCIL.— TRUSTEES. 

First Ward. — Wm. B. Cassilly, E. Underwood, M. B. Coombs. 
Second. — William Bromwell, John Whetstone, Jona. Spinning. 
Third. — Wm. J. Shultz, Ferguson Clements, Henry A. Gott. 
Fourth. — A. W. Anderson, John R. Johnston, J. M. Blundell. 
Fifth. — Chas. Anderson, Edward Woodruff, Saml. B. Findlay. 
Sixth. — Wm. H. Malone, George Graham. R. B. Moore. 
Seventh. — R. C. Hazelwood, J. H. Rothert, J. B. Anderson. 
Eighth.— P. C. Bonte, Wm. T. Barkalow, William Hand. 
Ninth. — John B. Warren, C. H. Vonseggern, Herman Klein. 
Tenth.— Jacob Diehl, And. Giffin, J. A. Stolz. 
Eleventh. — Charles Snyder, Benj. T. Dale, John Maholm. 
Twelfth.— Michl. Gcepper, F. J. Eichenlaub, D. S. Judd. 
Thirteenth. — J. W. Piatt, Benj. Loder, jr., John Ryan. 
Fourteenth. — Joseph Ross, Chs. F. Wilstach, Geo. W. Runyan. 



88 CITY COUNCIL BANKS AND BANKERS. 

Fifteenth. — Wm. P. Stratton, John H. Layman, Benj. V. Enos. 
Sixteenth. — Geo. W. Skaats, George George, William Sargent. 

Cur Clerk. — William G. Williams. 
City Treasurer. — James Johnston. 
City Civil Engineer. — A. W. Gilbert. 
City Surveyor. — Wm. G. Halpin. 
Port Wardens. — Joseph Pierce, Charles Ross. 
Wharf Master. — John W. Reily. 

Market Masters. — Stephen Jones, Henry Lowrey, Wm. Moody. 
Township Officers. — William Crossman, John Hudson, John 
Hauck, Trustees ; John Minshall, Clerk. 



VI. MONETARY. 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 

INCORPORATED. 

Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, south-west corner 
Main and Third Streets ; Charles Stetson, President ; William Greene, 
Secretary ; G. S. Coe, Cashier ; S. P. Bishop, Assistant Cashier ; 
Charles Stetson, Jacob Burnet, John C. Wright, Samuel Fosdick, D. 
B. Lawler, Timothy Walker, S. C. Parkhurst, A. M. Taylor, W. 
W. Scarborough, George Luckey, W. G. Breese, Cincinnati, D. 
Kilgore, Samuel Forrer, S. F. Vinton, in the State, Moses Taylor, 
Robert Bayard, New York, J. B. Hosmer, Ct., Trustees. 

Commercial Bank, 132 Main Street; Jacob Strader, President; 
James Hall, Cashier; Rufus King, Solicitor; Jacob Strader, James 
Hall, John McCormick, Rufus King, and David P. Strader, Di- 
rectors. 

Franklin Branch Bank, north side Third, between Main and 
Walnut Streets; J. H. Groesbeck, President; T. M. Jackson, 
Cashier ; W. S. Groesbeck, Solicitor ; J. H. Groesbeck, J. C. Cul- 
bertson, John B. Groesbeck, T. M. Jackson, John Kilgour, Directors. 

Lafayette Bank, north side Third, between Main and Walnut 
Streets ; George Carlisle, President ; W. G. W. Gano, Cashier ; G. 
Carlisle, E. S. Haines, S. Wiggins, Moses Brooks, G. K. Shoenber- 
ger, F. Lawson, R. W. Lee, S. S. L'Hommedieu, P. Wilson, Di- 
rectors. 

Mechanics' and Traders' Branch Bank, 100 Main Street; T. 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 89 

W. Bakewell, President; Stanhope S. Rowe, Cashier; T. W. Bake- 
well, D. A. James, John H. James, Samuel L'Hommedieu, and F. 
Eckstein, jr., Directors. 

City Bank, south side Third, between Walnut and Vine Streets ; 
E. M. Gregory, President ; J. P. Reznor, Cashier ; E. M. Gregory, 
L. D. Ingalsbe, J. P. Reznor, William Burnet, Thomas Heaton, J. 
K. Glenn, William S. Scarborough, Directors. 

These banks discount daily. 

PRIVATE BANKING 
From the limited amount of banking capital, heretofore allotted 
to Cincinnati by the Ohio Legislature, the business of Private Bank- 
ing has become an interesting feature in the growing commercial 
operations of our city. Among the most important Private Bank- 
ing institutions of Cincinnati, may be named, 

Ellis & Morton, 
Corner of Third and Walnut Streets. 

This Banking House has a large list of customers among the mer- 
chants of our city. Persons who keep accounts at this bank, are 
allowed six per cent, interest per annum on their accounts, and are 
charged at the rate of twelve, for discounts — thus if they do not bor- 
row more money in the aggregate, in the course of the season, than 
they have to their credit, the cost is less to them than though they 
borrowed at six per cent., and obtained nothing upon their balance. 

This house does not vary their rate of discount — it remains invari- 
ably the same, whether money be plenty or scarce ; but they do not 
buy paper of transient parties, confining themselves at all times, to 
those keeping accounts with the establishment. 

The sales by the firm, of exchanges on the eastern cities for the 
season past, were upward of ten millions of dollars — their average 
deposit account during that period, was about eight hundred thou- 
sand dollars — they draw bills and make collections on the principal 
cities, east, west, and south. Their bills discounted, range from 
five hundred thousand to eight hundred thousand dollars, according 
to the season of the year and demands for money. 

This Banking House pays a tax on capital used in business, to the 
amount of seventy thousand dollars, and holds real estate and 
other assets of the value of about eighty thousand dollars. It was 
established in April, 1838, and was about the first to introduce the 
general system of allowing interest on current accounts. 



90 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 



T. S. Goodman & Co., 
Main Street, just above Third. 
This is an old firm, that does a business similar to that of Ellis & 
Morton. Their list of depositors, however, does not include so large 
a portion of the active mercantile men of our city, but embraces 
many who have retired from business, whose accounts are probably 
more valuable to the banker on that account. 

George Milne & Co., 
Third Street, between Main and Walnut. 
This House deals very extensively in exchanges, domestic and 
sterling, and in time bills on N. Orleans and the eastern cities. 

They allow interest on deposits only, when there is a special 
agreement to that effect. 

Citizens' Bank — W. Smead & Co., 
Main, between Third and Fourth Streets. 
As this is the oldest of the Private Banks, so it is one of the most 
extensive in its operations. Its annual discounts are between five 
and six million dollars. On the 18th April last, when this sheet 
went to press, the deposits were $749,274, 7 cents ; discounted, 
$965,277, 57 cents, and assets $1,046,248, 58 cents, mostly of paper 
at short dates. The rate of discount varies with the ease or tight- 
ness of the money market. Six per cent, interest is allowed on de- 
posits. 

B. F. Sanford & Co., 
Corner of Fourth and Walnut Streets. 
This is a new Banking House, composed of the old and well- 
known firm of Sanford & Park. Its business is rapidly increasing, 
their policy of taking time deposits and allowing eight and ten per 
cent, interest on the same, having attracted public attention, and se- 
cured to it a large list of valuable depositors. Special deposits for 
twelve months, draw ten per cent, interest ; or eight per cent, for 
six months. 

Langdon & Hatch, 
Corner of Main and Court Streets. 
This Banking Office is also doing a good business. It enjoys the 
local advantage of being a convenient place of deposit for a large 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 91 

number of up-town customers ; discounts business notes, buys and 
sells city orders, and makes collections generally. Interest allowed 
on money deposited. 

S. 0. Almy's Bank, 
Third Street, near Walnut. 
This is also a new private Bank, conducted by Dr. S. 0. Almy, 
a well-known and distinguished physician, and enjoying a good 
reputation for integrity of character, business capacity, and cour- 
teous manners. He receives both current and special deposits, and 
confines his discounts to local paper. 

Western Bank — Scott & M'Kenzie, 
North-ioest corner Western Row and Fifth Streets. 
Discount notes, allow interest on deposits, deal in exchanges, make 
collections, and do a general banking business. 

The location of this bank, in an important section of Cincinnati, 
with the reputation of its proprietors for integrity and capacity, will 
insure a heavy business to this establishment, which has just com- 
menced operations. 



FIRE, MARINE, AND LIFE INSURANCE. 

Cincinnati Equitable Insurance Co. — Incorporated 1827. 

Griffin Taylor, President, J. K. Smith, Secretary and Treasurer. 

Griffin Taylor, Elam P. Langdon, S. S. Smith, Joseph Jones, John 
Baker, John Kilgour, George Crawford, George Carlisle, John 
Whetstone, H. H. Goodman, R. R. Springer, Charles Andress, 
Directors. 

Cincinnati Insurance Co. — Incorporated 1829. 
Office, 4 Front, between Main and Sycamore Streets. 
John Young, President ; George W. Williams, Secretary. 
John Young, Henry Lewis, T. S. Dugan, M. B. Ross, Thomas 
Sherlock, W. McL. White, Ebenezer Nye, Clement Dietrich, James 
P. Jack, Morgan Ewing, Wm. Laycock, George M'Cullough, C. 
G. Wayne, J. M. Dickson, Alexander McKenzie, Directors. 

Firemen's Insurance Co. of Cincinnati. — Incorporated 1832. 

Office, corner of Main and Front Streets. 
J.Lawrence, President; L. Clason, Secretary. 



92 INSURANCE COMPANIES. 

Washington Insurance Co. — Incorporated 1836. 
Office, 73 Main Street. 
William Goodman, President; E. Henry Carter, Secretary. 
Wm. Goodman, Calvin Fletcher, Lowell Fletcher, S. S. Smith, 
Charles Fisher, Henry Emerson, Robert Cohoon, John T. Martin, 
R. A. Little, S. C. Parkhurst, Jos. C. Butler, Wm. H. Comstock, 
Geo. T. Stedman, R. J. Latimer, D. W. Corwin, Jos. S. Bates, 
Henry Hanna, Gardner Phipps, J. M. Niles, Wm. Hooper, Henry 
Marks, Directors. 

Merchants' and Manufacturers' Mutual Insurance Co. 

of Cincinnati. 
Office, 1 1 Front Street, between Main and Sycamore, up stairs. 
A. M. Searles, President; B. B. Whiteman, Secretary. 
This Company insures buildings, and property in the same, against 
risk of fire. Also, property of all kinds against the hazards of 
inland and ocean navigation. 

City Insurance Co. 
Office, 8 Front Street, between Main and Sycamore. 
E. B. Reeder, President; N. Gregory, Secretary. 
E. B. Reeder, J. C. Thorp, J. P. Kilbreth, William Burnet, J. M. 
Blair, E. S. Haines, George Carlisle, J. H. Raper, H. L. Hoffman, 
Directors. 

Eagle Insurance Co. of Cincinnati. 
Office, 9 Front Street, between Main and Sycamore. 
Insures property of all descriptions against loss or damage by 
fire ; also, against the perils of the sea, or inland navigation. 

Isaac C. Copelen, President ; James B. Stockton, Secretary ; J. B. 
Lavvder, Surveyor. 

Isaac C. Copelen, Samuel H. Taft, Richard Conkling, William 
Wood, S. W. Reeder, Henry Kessler, George W. Townley, Directors. 

Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co. 
Capital, $2,000,000. 
This company insures lives, grants and purchases annuities, and 
makes other contracts involving the use of money and the duration 
of life. Allows interest on deposits for a term not less than two 
months. On deposits intended for accumulation, such rate of in- 
terest as may be agreed upon. 

Charles Stetson, President; William Greene, Secretary. 



INSURANCE COMPANIES. 93 

Charles Stetson, Jacob Burnet, John C. Wright, Samuel Fosdick, 
D. B. Lawler, Timothy Walker, S. C. Parkhurst, A. M. Taylor, W. 
W. Scarborough, George Luckey, W. G. Breese, Cincinnati, D. 
Kilgore, Samuel Forrer, S. F. Vinton, in the State, Moses Taylor, 
Robert Bayard, New York, J. B. Hosmer, Ct., Trustees. 

Ohio Life Insurance Co. — Joint and Mutual. 
Authorized Capital, $200,000; $100,000 paid in and secured. 
Office, JReeder's buildings, Third Street, second door east of City Bank. 
E. S. Haines, President ; J. W. Donohue, Vice-President ; S. 
W. Reeder, Secretary; W. Richards, M. D., Consulting Physician. 

William Burnet, E. S. Haines, S. Robert, J. W. Donohue, H. H. 
Goodman, J. N. Ridgway, J. M. Blair, William Person, Eden B. 
Reeder, Wm. Aug. Goodman, Directors. 

Applicants will be examined by either of the following physi- 
cians:— M. B.Wright, M. D., S. A. Latta, M. D., Tom. O. Edwards, 
M. D., J. S. Unzicker, M. D., J. F. White, M. D., D. Judkins, M. D. 
George Fries, M. D., John Davis, M. D., and B. S. Lawson, M. D. 

This company will insure lives on either the joint stock or mutual 
plans. Persons insuring in the mutual department, can settle one- 
half the premium by giving their individual note, and insurances in 
the joint stock department may pay quarterly, semi-annually, or an- 
nually. The rates are lower than those charged by most companies, 
and as low as entire safety to the insured will warrant. 

Jefferson Life Insurance Co. of Cincinnati. 

Capital, $100,000. 

Office, BromwelVs building, Fourth Street, between Walnut and Vine. 

H. H. Goodman, President; W. W. Cones, Vice-President; L. 

Benton, Secretary. H. H. Goodman, W. W. Cones, Wm. Burnet, 

Wm. McCammon, Samuel B. Keys, George Carlisle, A. G. Burt, 

Chas. Conahan, E. Gest, Chas. Goodman, H. B. Payne, Cleveland, O., 

D. W. Deshler, Columbus, O., Directors. 

Hon. J. Burnet, T. S. Goodman, S. Wiggins, Board of Finance. 
David Judkins, M. D., P. G. Fore, M. D., Medical Examiners. 
The peculiar advantages of this company, are, that it conducts its 
business on the joint stock and mutual plan. It has a capital suffi- 
cient to guard against all contingencies — the directors are well 
known. The rates of premium are reduced thirty-three and one- 
third, in the joint stock insurance, being equivalent to a dividend in 
advance of that amount, on the mutual plan. Notes of the persons 
8 



94 INSURANCE COMPANIES. 

insuring, arc taken for one-half of the premium, where the insurance 
is for life, and an annual declaration of profits to the insured. The 
establishment of this company will enable the citizens of the west to 
retain at home, thousands and tens of thousands of dollars, now paid 
annually to foreign companies for premiums on Life Insurance, which 
will be invested under the advice of the above mentioned finance 
committee, whose character and standing is a guarantee of its judi- 
cious application. 

Ohio Live Stock Insurance Co. 

Charter granted 20th March, 1850. 

Capital $100,000, with privilege of increasing to 200,000. 

Office, Reeder's buildings, Third Street, between Walnut and Vine. 
In the same house occupied by the City Fire and Marine Insur- 
ance Co., where all applications for insurance may be made. 
William Burnet, President ; S. W. Reeder, Secretary ; Capt. J. S. 

Ross, surgeon and inspector; residence, Seventh Street, between 

Plum and Western Row. 

This company is now prepared to insure horses, mules, cattle, 

and sheep, against death or damage, either by fire, water, accident 

or disease of any or all kinds. All losses paid promptly within 

thirty days after proof of loss. 

William Burnet, William Person, E. S. Haines, H. H. Goodman, 

S. Robert, Directors. 

Ohio Mutual Insurance Co. 

Capital Stock, $300,000. 
Office, second story, 9 Front Street, between Main and Sycamore. 
This old and well known company insures property of all descrip- 
tions, against loss or damage by Fire. 

Geo. W. Copelen, Secretary ; John M. Wood, Surveyor. 
I. C. Copelen, H. Brachmann, H. Kessler, Directors. 
References. — Hon. Geo. P. Torrence, Hon. H. E. Spencer, Gen. 
A. Mohr, Most Rev. J. B. Purcell, N. C. McLean, G. M. Heran- 
court, Samuel Cloon, F. Fortmann. 

Fraternal Mutual Life Insurance Company 

Office, No. 79 West Third Street. 

J. L. Vattier, Pres't ; J. W. Messick, Vice-Pres't. R. Conkling, 

I. P. Williams, S. Peel, Rich'd Bates, W. M. Cameron, Hon. R. Moore, 

Smith Betts, Robt. Cameron, J. Evans, II. S. Applegate, Directors. 



INSURANCE COMPANIES. 95 

C. Moore, Secretary ; A. H. Baker, M. D., Medical Adviser. 
E. K. Chamberlin, M. D., C. L. Avery, M. D., J. S. Unzeiker, 
M. D., John A. Murray, Examining- Physicians. 

New York Life Insurance Co. 

Morris Franklin, President; Pliny Freeman, Actuary. 

I. S. Dodge, M. D., B. L. Hill, and James Hunt, M. D., Medical 
Examiners. 

This company is on the purely mutual plan, and each person 
insured participates in the profits of the company 

Phcenix Insurance Co. of St. Louis. 

Capital, $150,000. 

Office, 15 Front Street, over Messrs. Shoenherger' 's Iron Store. 

John B. Camden, President; W. H. Pritchart, Secretary. 

American Mutual Insurance Co. 
Capital $100,000. 

George Warnick, President ; Alden T. Mallery, Secretary. 

As agent of the above companies, the undersigned insures cargoes 
of steamboats, flatboats, canal boats, and vessels navigating the seas 
and lakes ; also buildings, goods, furniture, machinery and other pro- 
perty against loss or damage by fire, on reasonable terms. 

A. S. Chew, Agent. — Office, 15 Front Street, east of Main. 

Mutual Life Insurance Co. of New York, 
35 Wall Street. 

Joseph B. Collins, President; Isaac Abbatt, Secretary; Charles 
Gill, Actuary. 

A million of dollars securely invested in bonds and mortgages on 
real estate in this city and Brooklyn, and stocks of the State and 
City of New York and United States Government. 

All the profits are divided among the insured. 

The company declared a dividend of profits of fifty-two per cent., 
on all existing policies, on the 31st of January, 1848. 

Persons may effect insurance on their own lives and the lives of 
others. 

A married woman can insure the life of her husband, the benefits 
of which are secured by law for the exclusive use of herself or chil- 
dren. 

Clergymen, and all others dependent upon salaries or their daily 



96 INSURANCE COMPANIES. 

earnings, are specially invited to avail themselves of a resource 
whereby their surviving families may be secured from the evils of 
penury. 

Annuities granted on favorable terms. 

Columbus Insurance Co. 
Capital $300,000. 
Demas Adams, President; D. Alexander, Secretary. 

Franklin Fire Insurance Co. of Philadelphia. 

Capital $400,000. 
Office, 3 Front Street, east of Main. 

The undersigned having been appointed agent for the above com- 
panies, is prepared to insure on lives and property and effects of 
every description, against loss or damage by fire, the perils of 
marine navigation, and the hazards of inland transportation. 

Terms reasonable, and losses promptly and reasonably adjusted. 
John Reeves, Agent. 

Delaware Mutual Safety Insurance Co. of Philadelphia. 
Office, Front Street, between Main and Sycamore. 

Wm. Martin, President; Thomas C. Hand, Vice-President; Jos. 
W. Cowan, Secretary; B. Urner, Agent. 

Joseph H. Seal, Robert Burton, Henry Lawrence, William Fol- 
well, James G. Hand, John Garret, Davis B. Stacy, William Hay, 
Spencer Mcllvain, Samuel Edwards, Dr. R. M. Huston, George 
Serrill, Edmund Souder, John R. Penrose, Edward Darlington, John 
S. Newlin, Theophilus Paulding, Hugh Craig, Charles Kelly, Dr. 
S. Thomas, John C. Davis, Isaac R. Davis, H. Jones Brooke, J. G. 
Johnson, John Sellers, jun., Directors. 

This company does business upon the mutual insurance principle, 
combined with a joint stock capital. The assured are protected 
from loss at ordinary rates of premium ; are free from liability for 
the losses of the corporation, can vote at all elections, and are 
eligible as directors. 

The profits remain in the corporation as additional security to the 
assured, and are funded and represented by script, bearing interest. 
The capital and accumulated profits amounted to over §>340,000, in 
Nov., 1849. Fire, marine, and inland transportation risks taken at 
current rates of prenvaim. 



insurance companies. 97 

Washington Life Insurance Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Capital, $150,000. 

Office, Third Street, next door east of the City Bank, 
feeder's Buildings. 

JOINT-STOCK AND MUTUAL. 

Board of Directors. — E. M. Gregory, Hon. John McLean, Hon. 
C. Morris, James K. Glenn, S. F. Cary, L. G. Bingham, John Elstner, 
J. 0. Shoup, G. Y. Root, E. P. Coe, Chas, Goodman, G. L. Weed, 
Henry Van Bergen, D. F. Worcester, James Dunlap, J. P. Kilbreth, 
W. S. Scarborough, J. P. Reznor, L. D. Ingalsbee, R. B. Hayes, 
A. Morrell, Thomas Heaton, J. F. Forbus, G. McCullough. 

Board of Finance. — George L. Weed, James K. Glenn, W. A. 
Goodman. 

Officers. — E. M. Gregory, President; Hon. C. Morris, Vice- 
President; George L. Weed, Treasurer; S. F. Cary, Secretary and 
General Agent; C. Benton, Assistant Secretary and Actuary. 

The Washington Life Insurance Company of Cincinnati, Ohio, 
are authorized by their charter to grant or purchase annuities, and 
make all contracts pertaining to life risks. 

It has a capital of $150,000, paid in and well secured. The 
joint-stock and mutual rates are as low as those of any other com- 
pany. When the premium amounts to $40 or upward, the assured 
may pay one-half in cash and the other in a premium note, if 
insured in the mutual department. Premiums may be paid annually, 
semi-annually, or quarterly. 

All the advantages which can be secured by life insurance in any 
office in this country, may be had in this company. The capital is 
large and well secured, and the character of those who compose the 
board is a guarantee that the affairs of the company will be judi- 
ciously managed, and the interests of the assured protected. 

In addition to the usual modes of insurance, this company have 
made arrangements to insure those who do not use intoxicating 
drinks, at rates corresponding to the diminished risk, and lower 
than any other company in this country. 

The joint-stock, mutual, and temperance rates, and all other 
matters pertaining to the business of the company, may be ascer- 
tained by reference to their printed pamphlets, or by application at 
their office. 



98 insurance companies. 

Penn Mutual Life Insurance Co. of Philadelphia. 
Office, 16 Front Street. 
Guarantee Capital and accumulated fund over $220,000. 
Charter perpetual. 
All the profits divided among the policy holders every year. 
Daniel L. Miller, President; William M. Clark, Vice-President; 
John W. Hornor, Secretary. — B. Urner, Agent. 

New England Mutual Life Insurance Co. 

Office, 16 Front Street. 

Established in Boston in 1843. 

Guarantee Capital and accumulated fund amount now to over $360,000. 

William Phillips, President; Benj. F. Stevens, Secretary; Benj. 
Urner, Agent. 

Dayton Insurance Co. — Fire and Marine. 
Office, 53 Third street, west of Walnut, over Almy's Bank. 
Daniel Beckel, President; J. F. Dodds, Secretary. 
Directors. — Daniel Beckel, L. F. Claflin, D. A. Haines, Joseph 
Clegg, John Harries, A. Speice, H. M. Brown. 
James S. Chew, Agent. 

The Utica Insurance Co. of Utica, N. Y. 
Capital, $150,000. 
Henry R. Hart, President ; John S. Hunt, Secretary. 
Issues policies on hulls and cargoes of steamboats, cargoes of 
flat-boats, and buildings and contents of all kinds. 

James S. Chew, Agent. Office, 53 West Third street. 

Firemen's and Mechanics' Insurance Co., Madison, Ind. 
Office, 21 Main, west side, between Front and Columbia Streets, Cin. 

Capital $150,000. 
David White, President ; Thomas L. Paine, Secretary. 
David White, C. S. Lodge, N. O. Williams, D. Blackmore, jun., 
N. McKee Dunn, Samuel M. Strader, Washington Thomas, Matthew 
Kemberly, Hiram K. Wells, Directors. 

Insure steamboats and their cargoes, flatboats, marine and 
inland insurance, buildings, merchandise, and property generally, 
as low as any other office. 

M. L. Neville, Secretary ; Wm. B. Cassilly, Agent. 



insurance companies. 99 

Charter Oak Life Insurance Co. of Hartford, Conn. — 
Joint Stock and Mutual. 

$200,000 Capital, securely invested under the sanction and approval of the 
Comptroller of public accounts of the State of Connecticut. 

Gideon Welles, President; Wm. T. Lee, Vice-President; Saml. 
Coit, Secretary. 

Gideon Welles, William T. Lee, Calvin Day, Tertius Wadsworth, 
Erastus Smith, Thomas Belknap, James G. Bolles, Chas. Seymour, 
jun., John A. Butler, L. F. Robinson, Directors. 

George Beach, President Phoenix Bank; D. F. Robinson, Presi- 
dent Hartford Bank; Hon. Isaac Toucey, late Attorney- General, U. S. 

This company presents unusual advantages to insurers, from the 
following considerations : 

1st. The capital being $200,000, is larger than that of any com- 
pany incorporated by the Legislature of Connecticut, and is all 
pledged for the payment of losses. 

2d. It is all invested in securities of the highest character, which 
are not only approved by the board of directors, but by the comp- 
troller of public accounts of the State of Connecticut. 

3d. Conducting its business on the joint stock and mutual plan, 
it combines all the benefits and privileges of two distinct companies, 
with only the expenses of one. 

4th. It insures lives at the lowest rates, which can afford perman- 
ency to the company and safety to the insured. 

5th. Its charter is perpetual. 

Agency at Cincinnati, Henry E.Spencer,— 36 Fourth, east of Wal- 
nut Street, at Willis & Burt's real estate Office. 

O. M. Langdon, M. D., Medical Examiner. 

Insurance Company of Lexington, Kr. 
Capital $300,000. 

Columbian Insurance Co. of Boston, Mass. 
Capital $200,000. 

Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Co. of Newark, N. J. 
Surplus, $1,082,618. 

British Commercial Life Insurance Co. of London, Eng. 
Capital, $3,400,000. 



John W. Hartwell, 
ill, : 
19 Front, near Sycamore Street. 



i tt^? f Hartwell & Hall, Agents. 
A. Mitchell Hall, J & 



100 insurance companies. 

.National Loan Fund Life Insurance Co. of 
London and New York. 

Capital, $2,000,000. 
Office, 26 West Front Street. 

Liggett & Hall, Agents. 

Union Mutual Life Insurance Co. — Incorporated 1848. 

Directors' office, 68 State Street, Boston. — Original and accumulated 

Capital, $200,000, constantly increasing. 

Office, Heeder's building, Third Street, over City Bank. 

This company is a purely mutual one, and all its profits are 
divided among the holders of its life policies. 

Its funds are all invested by a Board of Finance, composed of the 
best financiers in the country. 

Board of Finance. — Franklin Haven, President of Merchants' 
Bank, Boston; Thomas Thacher, merchant, Boston; Reuel Williams, 
President of Kennebec Railroad. 

E. K. Chamberlain, M. D., Consulting Physician ; J. F. White, 
M. D., Medical Examiner; Baker & Groocock, Agents. 

This office sustains the highest reputation at home. 

Cincinnati Agency of the Lafayette Insurance Co. 
Capital, $200,000.— Stockholders individually liable. 

Godlove S. Orth, President ; A. M. Crane, Secretary. 

References in Cincinnati. — J. C. Butler & Co., Kuhn, Rindskoff 
& Co., W. H. Thompson, Esq., P. Outcalt & Co., Scott & Sullivan, 
A. J. Mead & Co. 

This company effects Fire and Marine Insurance on as favorable 
terms as any other responsible company. 

Applications received, and losses promptly adjusted, by Joseph J. 
Davis, Agent. 

Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Co., of Hartford. 

John L. Yattier, Examining Physician ; Landon C. Rives, M. D., 
Tom O. Edwards, M. D., E. Kendrick, M. D., A. H. Baker, M. D., 
S. O. Almy, M. D., Consulting Physicians. 

Agent in Cincinnati, Joseph J. Davis, Reeder's building, 53 Third 
Street, between Walnut and Vine. 



insurance companies. 101 

Insurance Co. of Madison, Ind. 

Office of the Cincinnati agency, north-west corner of Walnut 

and Columbia Streets. 

A. W. Pitcher, President ; E. G. Whitney, Secretary. 

Samuel F. Covington, Agent. 

This company was incorporated by an act of the Indiana Legisla- 
ture, approved January 26, 1831. It is empowered to insure all 
kinds of property against hazards of every description ; and also to 
insure the lives of individuals. The capital stock is one hundred 
thousand dollars, and is all paid in. 

The principal office and business of the company is at Madison, 
Indiana, where it is also engaged in the business of banking. The 
stock is generally owned by citizens of Madison, and its business 
and management have been such as render it one of the safest insti- 
tutions in the west. 

^Etna Insurance Co., of Hartford Conn. 
Annuity Fund, $150,000. 

The leading idea of the system adopted by this company is, to as- 
certain precisely what it is worth to insure a given amount upon a 
life for a certain time, and to charge precisely that sum and no 
more ; it is attended with none of those vexatious contingencies 
which are inseparable from the mutual system. It has nothing to 
do with script, dividends or bonuses, the declaration of which, upon 
true and equitable principles, is attended with so much difficulty 
and perplexity ; it is perfectly simple, as well as uniform and equal 
in all its operations. 

Risks taken in all the different methods ever adopted by any of 
the English or American companies, at its agency, 1 and 2 Reeder's 
Building, 57 Third street, between Walnut and Vine. 

Thomas K. Brace, President; E. A. Bulkley, Vice-President; 
S. L. Loomis, Secretary ; J. W. Seymour, Actuary ; C. L. Avery, 
M. D., Medical Examiner. E. D. Dickerman, Agent. 

References in Cincinnati. — Willis Lord, D. D., James Calhoun, 
Harrison & Eaton, James Carter. 

Hudson River Fire Insurance Co. of Waterford, New York. 
Capital $300,000, all paid in and secured. 
Risks taken, and losses promptly adjusted, by E. D. Dickerman, 
Agent. 



102 



CITY WATER WORKS. 



VII. WATER AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHT 



CITY WATER WORKS. 
E. Hinman, Superintendent. 
Theodore E. Scowden, Engineer. 
J. R. Baldridge, Secretary. 
Charles Balance, and Charles Munroe, Collectors. 

TRUSTEES. 

J. C. Hall, N. W. Thomas, and Wm. McCammon. 

The first settlers of Cincinnati drank from the spring in the hill- 
side, along and below the present line of Third street, and did their 
washing in the Ohio river. 

As the population increased, individuals, for their greater private 
convenience, sank wells. Still a large portion of the inhabitants 
obtained their supply from the river, and there are many still living 
who associate "toting" water by hoop and buckets with their reminis- 
cences of a washing day. 

The summer of 1802 was very dry, and most of the springs 
failed. Among the rest, the one which supplied " Deacon Wade's" 
tan-yard. Without water the business could not go on — not a dray 
in the settlement. — What was to be done ? An inventive genius, 
James McMahan, came to their relief ; with an ax and auger repaired 
to the adjoining fields, cut a couple of saplings, pinned cross-pieces, 
and upon them secured a cask. To this " drag," by aid of a yoke, 
or wooden collar, he geared his bull, and with this fixirt the water 
was furnished, and the business of the yard kept in operation. 

In 1806, when the citizens numbered seventeen hundred, the first 
move for supplying them with water was made by William, better 
known as " Bill" Gibson, rigging a cask upon wheels, and under- 
taking the furnishing of water as a part of his business. The 
facility this water-cart afforded, was as great a desideratum, and as 
marked an epoch in the history of the progress of the comforts of 
the town, as any subsequent improvement for furnishing the city 
with water. 



CITY WATER WORKS. 103 

In 1817, Jesse Reeder built a tank on the bank of the river, 
near Ludlow street. By means of elevators, worked by horse 
power, he lifted the water into this tank, and thence sold it to the 
water carts. 

In 1816, the Town Council of Cincinnati granted the ** Cincinnati 
Woolen Manufacturing Company the exclusive privilege of laying 
pipe in the streets, lanes, and alleys of the town, for the purpose of 
supplying the citizens thereof with water," conditioned, " That on 
or before the 4th day of July, 1819, the pipe should be laid, and 
water conveyed to that part of the town lying south of Third street, 
commonly called the " Bottom," and to that part of the town called 
the "Hill," so that it may be delivered three feet above the first 
floor of James Ferguson's kitchen, in said town, on or before the 
2d day of July, 1823." 

In 1818, the Woolen Manufacturing Company, with the assent 
of the Town Council, transferred all their right, interest and privi- 
lege of supplying the inhabitants of the town of Cincinnati with 
water, to S. W. Davies ; and the legislature granted said Davies, and 
his associates, an Act of Incorporation by the name of the " Cincin- 
nati Water Company," with the privilege of creating a capital not 
exceeding $75,000. Mr. Davies purchased the property now occu- 
pied by the Engine House and Reservoir, and commenced preparing 
for furnishing the city with water. 

A reservoir 40 by 30, and 6 feet deep, bottom and sides planked, 
was excavated on the hill side, a little south and west of the present 
site. Two frame buildings were erected on the bank, one on the 
north, and the other on the south of Front street. A lifting-pump, 
placed in the building south of Front street, lifted the water from 
the river into a tank in the building on the north of Front street. 
From this tank the water was forced up the hill, into the reservoir. 
The pipes, pumps and machinery were of wood, and worked by 
horso power. 

In 1820, there being at the time no improvements between Broad- 
way and the reservoir, the wooden pipes leading into the town were 
laid along the hill side, through Martin Baum's orchard, down to 
Deer creek ; on the west side of the Creek, through what at the 
time was Baum's fields, now Longworth's garden, and other lots to 
Broadway ; thence along Fifth street to Sycamore, and down Syca- 
more to Lower Market. Here the first fire-plug, — a wooden pent- 
stock — was placed, and from it the first water lifted by machinery 



104 CITY WATER WORKS. 

from the Ohio river, and passed through pipes for the use of the 
citizens, flowed on the 3d day of July, 1821. 

In 1824, Mr. Davies purchased the engine and boiler of the steam- 
boat Vesta ; and Mr. Joseph Dickinson, after having repaired, and 
fitted the engine up in the frame building south of Front street, 
attached by means of crank and lever, two lifting-pumps, of 6-inch 
cylinder, and two force-pumps of 7-inch cylinder and 4-foot stroke. 
With these the water was lifted from the river into a tank in the 
same building, and forced, from this tank, up the hill, 400 feet 
through 5-inch iron pipe, and 350 feet of gum wood pipe, into the 
reservoir. The trees for these pipes were cut in Deacon Wade's 
" woods," near the corner of Western Row and Everett streets. 

In 1827, Mr. Davies sold his interest in the water works to Messrs. 
Ware, Foote, Greene and others, when in accordance with the act of 
incorporation a company organization took place. At this time, 
there were about 17,000 feet of wooden pipe, five hundred and thirty 
hydrants, and less than 5,000 dollars income. 

In 1828, the engine was repaired, and the entire pumping appa- 
ratus remodeled by Anthony Harkness. After this, the water was 
thrown through a 12-inch iron pipe into a new stone reservoir, 100 
feet by 50, and 12 feet deep. This reservoir was enlarged, from 
time to time, until its dimensions equaled 350 feet in length by 50 
feet in width, and 12 feet deep, containing 1,200,000 gallons of water. 
This reservoir, having served its day, has now to give way to make 
room for a new one enlarged to meet the present demand. 

In 1 833, Mr. Harkness made and put up a new engine and pump- 
ing apparatus, which is now in use. 

In 1839, the water works were purchased of the Company by the 
City. They consisted, at that time, of the ground on which the 
engine house is erected, being 300 feet on Front street, running to 
the river — 176 feet of ground fronting on the north side of Front 
street, running to Congress street — a piece of ground bounding 500 
feet on High street, and 350 feet on Morton street, including the 
reservoir — 1885 feet of 10-inch iron pipe, 7914 feet of 8-inch, 10,634 
of 4-inch iron pipe, and 117,421 feet of wooden pipe — with 2639 
hydrants, and an income of $31,777. 

In 1844, the City Council contracted with Messrs. Yeatman & 
Shield for new engines and pumps, which were put in operation 
in 1846. 

In 1846, the management of the water works was placed, by an 



CITY WATER WORKS. 



105 



act of the Legislature, in charge of three Trustees, to be elected by 
the people. 

The following account of the pumping power connected with the 
works, at this time, is from the report of the engineer, Theo. R. 
Scowden, to the Trustees. 

" The engine built by Mr. Anthony Harkness is high pressure, 
slide valves, and is constructed, in its application of power to the 
pumps, on the principle of direct action. 

" The steam cylinder is 25 inches diameter, and works eight feet 
stroke of piston ; the pump barrel is 17 inches diameter, working 
same stroke of piston as the cylinder, and the centres of bores 
exactly in the direction of plumb line. Although antiquated in 
appearance, the simple and durable arrangement admirably adapts 
it to the pumping of water ; operating with much ease and regular- 
ity of motion, and capable of forcing into the reservoir 1,500,000 
gallons of water each 12 hours. 

" The steam engine and pump built by Messrs. Yeatman cfc 
Shield were constructed from a design by Mr. Shield, and put in 
operation in March, 1847. The steam engines are connected at 
right angles by an arrangement in the main cranks. The steam 
cylinders are 22 inches bore and 10 feet stroke of piston, and form 
their connection with the main cranks by means of wrought iron 
pitmans. The pumps are each 14 inches diameter of bore, and 10 
feet stroke of piston. Attached to the pumps are two air vessels, 
5 feet diameter and 10 feet long ; the pumps throw about 1,800,000 
gallons of water into the reservoir each 12 hours. " 

The engine and pump built by Messrs. A. Harkness & Son, and 
completed in February, 1851, were from designs furnished by Mr. 
Scowden, engineer of the water works. " This is a vertical, direct 
acting, condensing engine, having a cylinder of 45 inches diameter 
and 8 feet stroke of piston, with double acting vertical forcing-pump, 
the barrel 1 8 inches diameter, and 8 feet of stroke of piston ; the 
air vessel attached is 10 feet long and 4 feet diameter. 

" For quantity and quality of material, faithful workmanship, 
and high finish, it is eminently superior, possessing every essential 
of excellence to give it a high rank as a specimen of American 
mechanism ; likely to give satisfactory results, when thorough trial 
and experience shall have fully established its practical usefulness." 

This machinery is capable of throwing 1,750,000 gallons of water 
into the reservoir each 12 hours. 



106 CINCINNATI GAS WORKS. 

The efficient pumping power of the works at this time, is equal to 
5,000,000 gallons of water each 12 hours. The average daily con- 
sumption of water in the city, is about 2,300,000 gallons, equal to 
a consumption of coal, daily, of 185 bushels. 

The walls of the new reservoir now in progress of construction are 
of common limestone. The entire length will be 368 feet, width 135 
feet, and depth 23 feet ; calculated to retain water to the height of 
20 feet, and holding 5,000,000 gallons of water. 

The water was let into the east division of the new reservoir, last 
December, and since that time the city has been supplied from 
that source. 

At this time there are connected with the works, rather more than 
45 miles of pipe, and 5700 hydrants, producing an income, for the 
year ending 15th December, 1850, of $72,500. 

The cost of the water works, including the sum of $300,000 paid 
to the old water company, amounts to $796,000. The city bonds 
have been issued, at different times, to the amount of $680,000 ; the 
balance, $1 16,000, has been furnished from the surplus income, after 
paying the interest on the loans, repairs, and all other ordinary 
expenses of conducting the works. 

CINCINNATI GAS WORKS. 

This, which is now a joint-stock company, was originally the 
private enterprise of J. F. Conover and J. H. Caldwell, to whom the 
City Council, by ordinance, dated 16th June, 1841, gave the exclu- 
sive privilege of supplying the citizens and lighting the city with 
gas for 25 years, when the city has the right to purchase the works 
at an equitable valuation, made by disinterested persons, mutually 
chosen. These individuals subsequently obtained a charter, granted 
by the Legislature, under the name and style of " The Cincinnati 
Gas Light and Coke Company," with a capital of $100,000 ; to 
which company they subsequently transferred their interest, retain- 
ing a large majority of the stock, under the sanction and approval 
of the City Council. 

The Works are on Front, between Smith and Park streets, and 
inclose about one and a third acre of ground. There are between 
eighteen and twenty miles of pipe laid, and 500 lamps erected 
throughout the city. Nearly three miles of pipe are annually added 
to the existing improvements. W. S. Caldwell, President. 



OBSERVATORY 



107 



VIII. SCIENCE AND LITERATURE 



OBSERVATORY. 

The site on which the Cincinnati Observatory is erected is one of 
great beauty. The building crowns a hill which rises some 500 feet 
above the low water of the Ohio river, and commands a view of 
wonderful variety. On the east are seen in the distance the hills of 
Kentucky, the river coming in from the north-east; the towns of 
Fulton and Jamestown, with their manufactories and ship-yards ; — 
toward the north and north east, extends the same range of high 
grounds, on the most southern spur of which the observatory is 
erected. The nearest of these are now highly cultivated, and are 
covered with luxuriant vineyards, and orchards of choice fruit. 
The village of Mount Auburn presents an elegant appearance, 
especially when lighted by the first rays of the morning sun. Look- 
ing west from the summit of the Observatory, the entire city of 
Cincinnati is spread out before the beholder, as upon a map. There 
is scarcely a building in the whole city which may not be distin- 
guished from this elevated position. The river is followed by the 
eye toward the south-west, its continuity occasionally broken by the 
interposition of high hills ; — on the south and south-west, are seen 
the Kentucky cities of Newport and Covington, separated by the 
Licking river, whose rich valley indents the country for more than 
twenty miles. 

Such is the character of the position selected for the erection of 
the first great Astronomical Observatory ever erected by the people. 
Four acres were presented on the summit of this hill, to the Astro- 
nomical Society, by N. Longworth ; this lot of ground to be forever 
exclusively devoted to the uses of the Astronomical Observatory. 
From so elevated a position, there is, of course, an uninterrupted 
horizon ; so that the moment an object ascends above that line, it 
may be brought within the sweep of the telescope. The height of 
the observatory above the river and above the plane on which the 
city is built, frees the observers from the annoyance of smoke, 
heated atmosphere, and fogs, which would be most serious obstacles 
on a lower level. 



1 08 OBSERVATORY. 

The Observatory building is constructed in such manner as to 
accommodate the family of the Director, as well as for scientific 
uses, and for the instruments. The main building, erected of stone, 
quarried from the hill, presents a front of 80 feet, and rises two 
stories and a half high on the wings, and three in the centre. The 
front is ornamented by a Grecian Doric portico, from whose roof 
there is a beautiful look out on the surrounding country. This 
portico, in connection with the main building and the transit building, 
in the rear or on the east side, constitutes a structure whose ground- 
plan is in the shape of a cross : when viewed from any point north or 
south, from which the parts of the entire structure may be taken in, 
the edifice presents an appearance of massiveness and solidity which 
harmonizes admirably with the known uses to which it is applied. 

Through the centre of the main building, and founded on the 
natural rock, rises a pier of grouted masonry eight feet square, 
entirely insulated from the floors through which it passes, to furnish 
a permanent and immovable basis for the great equatorial telescope, 
the chief instrument of the Observatory. This magnificent telescope, 
one of the largest and most perfect in the world, was made at the 
Frauenhofer Institute, Munich, by Messrs. Mertz & Mahler, so dis- 
tinguished for the perfection of their optical instruments. 

The focal length is about 17-J feet; the diameter of the object 
glass, twelve inches ; bearing magnifying powers varying from 
100 times up to 1400 times. Clock-work is attached to the pon- 
derous mass of the telescope and all its machinery and circles, 
by which its mass, weighing some 2500 lbs., is moved with such 
admirable accuracy, that an object under examination may be fol- 
lowed by the telescope at the will of the observer. This stupendous 
instrument, mounted on a stone pedestal of great strength and 
graceful figure, rises, when directed to the zenith, some 20 feet above 
the floor of the room in which it is located. 

This room is surmounted by a roof of peculiar structure, and so 
arranged that a portion of the vertical wall and the roof, strongly 
framed together and mounted on wheels on a raihvay track, may, 
by a single person, be rolled either north or south, when the entire 
heavens falls within the sweep of the telescope. It is truly won- 
derful to behold the admirable manner in which this huge instru- 
ment is balanced and counterpoised, until the astronomer handles it 
with as much facility as if it were divested of gravity or were 
afloat on some liquid surface. 




<^W< ^^fc^t^f. 



OBSERVATORY. 



109 



One story lower, and in the transit-room, is mounted the transit 
telescope, the property of the U. S. Coast Survey, and furnished to 
the Observatory by the present Superintendent, Dr. A. D. Bache. 
Connected with this instrument, is an admirable sidereal clock, by 
Molyneux, of London, and presented to the Observatory by Wilson 
McGrew of our city. Here also is found the new machinery 
invented and constructed by the present Director of the Observatory, 
Professor 0. M. Mitchel : it consists of two instruments of entirely 
different construction, the one intended to record the observations 
of right ascension ; the other, observations of difference in declination 
or of N". P. Distance. 

It would be quite impossible, in the compass of this notice, to give 
any just idea of this wonderfully delicate apparatus. By means of 
the electro-magnet, the clock is made to record its own beats, with 
surprising beauty, on a disc revolving with uniform velocity on a 
vertical axis. This disc, covered with paper or metal, receives a 
minute dot, struck into it by a stylus, driven by a magnet, whose 
operating electric circuit is closed at each alternate beat, by a deli- 
cate vibrating wire attached to the pendulum of the clock by an 
actual spider's iveb ; thus, at each alternate vibration of the pen- 
dulum, the circuit is closed, and the second is entered, magnetically, 
on the revolving disc. At the close of each revolution, the disc 
moves itself forward about the tenth of an inch, without check or 
interference with the uniformity of its angular motion, and a new 
circumference of time dots, commences to be recorded. On the 
time scale thus perpetually forming, the observer can enter, magnet- 
ically, by the touch of a key, the observed instant of transit of 
any star or other object across the meridian wires of his telescope. 

These entries are subsequently read from the disc, even down to 
the thousandth of one second of time. 

This apparatus has now been in use for nearly two years, and has 
furnished observations of accuracy never before reached by any 
previous instruments. The rapidity, facility, and accuracy attain- 
able by these observations are truly admirable. Results have made 
it manifest, that the errors, from all sources, were only to be found 
among the hundredths of one second of time. The inventor hopes 
to banish the errors from this region even, and drive them to the 
thousandth of a second. 

The declination apparatus is also entirely new, and seems to pos- 
sess astonishing power. It releases the observer from the necessity 



110 CINCINNATI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

of reading- any circles or other means of identifying his instrumental 
positions, and enables him, at a single transit, to record as many as 
ten observations for declination — even among the swiftly moving- 
bodies of the equator. This gives an advantage, all other things being 
equal, of ten to one over the old methods of observing. This instru- 
ment has been in use about a year, and is yet incomplete in some of 
its refined details, but has produced remarkable results, and gives 
the highest promise, when mechanically complete in all its parts. 

Such are the appliances for work in the Cincinnati Observatory. 
There is no endowment, and the present director has no salary or 
other compensation, and no assistance out of his own immediate 
family. The great telescope has been principally employed in the 
measure of the newly discovered and previously discovered double 
and multiple stars, and in figuring remarkable clusters and nebulae. 

The other apparatus and transit instrument are employed in re- 
determining the places of the N. A. standard stars, and other kin- 
dred observations. 

It is only to be regretted that an enterprise, so nobly conceived, 
and so well carried out, could not now be permanently endowed, 
that its instruments might be worked day and night to their utmost 
capacity. 



THE CINCINNATI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

This flourishing and useful society was formed in 1843, as the 
following extracts from its publications will show : 

The first meeting with reference to the formation of the Cincin- 
nati Horticultural Society, was held at the house of Robert 
Buchanan, on the evening of the 17th February, 1843. The fol- 
lowing persons were present : — Robert Buchanan, A. H. Ernst, 
M. Flagg, S. C. Parkhurst, J. B. Russell, H. Probasco, V. C. Mar- 
shall, John Locke, George Graham and Thomas Winter. A. H. 
Ernst was called to the chair, and J. B. Russell appointed Secre- 
tary. 

On motion, J. B. Russell, M. Flagg, and R. Buchanan, were ap- 
pointed a committee to prepare a constitution and by-laws of the 
Society. At a subsequent meeting, they made a report, which was 
accepted ; and the following persons were elected officers for that 
year: 



CINCINNATI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



Ill 



Robert Buchanan, President; Melzer Flagg, 1st Vice-President; 
Andrew H. Ernst, 2d Vice-President; L. G. Bingham, 3d Vice- 
President; S. C. Parklrurst, Treasurer; John B. Russell, Corres- 
ponding Secretary ; J. G. Anthony, Recording Secretary. 

Elisha Brigham, George Graham, George W. Neff, Jacob Hoffner, 
Thomas Winter, William Smith, John Sayers, — Council. 

STANDING COMMITTEES. 

On the characters of Fruits and their Synonyms. — A. H. Ernst, 
M. Flagg, Wm. Smith, John Sayers, Stephen Mosher. 

On Flowers. — R. Buchanan, John Sayers, Jacob Hoffner, Gabriel 
Sleath, S. S. Jackson. 

On Vegetables.— G. W. Neff, J. B. Russell, E. B. Reeder, Chas. 
W. Elliot, John Frazer. 

On Entomology, as connected with insect depredations on Fruit 
and Shade Trees. — John P. Foote, J. A. Warder, R. Buchanan, 
Charles Cheney, Charles W. Elliot, E. J. Hooper, M. Flagg, Daniel 
Gano, William Price, John G. Anthony, George Graham, James 
H. Perkins, Dr. N. B. Shaler. 

During the spring, summer and autumn of 1843, the society held 
meetings nearly every Saturday, in the lower room, on Third Street, 
between Walnut and Vine, formerly occupied as the Post Office. 
The number of its members increased very fast, and a great interest 
in its objects was created. A correspondence was opened with dis- 
tinguished horticulturists in different parts of the Union ; new fruits 
were thus brought to light, and seeds and scions of superior varieties 
were exchanged and disseminated. The exhibitions of flowers in 
the spring, and of fruits, vegetables, and American wine in the 
autumn, were crowded with visitors, and a great impulse thus given 
to the culture of fruits and flowers. 

From this humble beginning, it has prospered beyond the fondest 
anticipations of its most ardent friends, and now, in the eighth year, 
numbers near seven hundred members. Its receipts for the past 
year were over 81900, and expenditures near 81800; about $1200 
being paid out in premiums for fruits and flowers, and horticultural 
designs and decorations. 

That the society has been productive of much good, there can be 
no doubt ; the great improvement in our fruit and flower market, 
which we notice every year, is the strongest evidence of its utility, 
while the growing taste for the beautiful and innocent pursuits of 



112 CINCINNATI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

horticulture, gives pleasing occupation and a delightful hobby, to 
the leisure hours of many an amateur in our city and vicinity, afford- 
ing at the same time, an extensive and liberal market for the nur- 
seryman and florist. 

The semi-annual exhibitions of this society, particularly the au- 
tumnal, have been rich and varied, and highly creditable to our 
infant western institutions. Gentlemen from the east have acknow- 
ledged that our exhibitions compare favorably with the best of those 
across the mountains, and in many fruits, even excel them. 

Strong efforts are now being made to erect a horticultural hall, 
upon an enlarged scale, and in a style which shall be a credit to the 
society and an ornament to the city ; and from the liberal encourage- 
ment already met with, the object will, no doubt, be accomplished. 
Long may our citizens continue to cultivate a taste for these useful 
and ennobling pursuits, so eminently calculated to mend the manners 
and improve the heart. 

The officers of the society for the present year, are : — 

A. H. Ernst, President; William Resor, M. S. Wade, K B. 
Shaler, Vice-Presidents ; John A. Warder, Recording Secretary ; 
George Graham, Corresponding Secretary; William Resor, Trea- 
surer. 

Executive Council. — John P. Foote, M. McWilliams, Wm. Orange, 
S. S. Jackson, G. Sleath, Jos. Longworth, and S. Mosher. 

STANDING COMMITTEES FOR THE TEAR. 

Fruits. — M. McWilliams, M. S. Wade, S. M. Carter, Wm. Orange, 
John G. Anthony. 

Flowers. — N. B. Shaler, James Hall, Robert Neale, Chas. Patton, 
Thomas Salter. 

Vegetables. — John P. Foote, A. Worthington, Robert M. Moore, 
George Graham, Heniy Ives. 

Library. — John P. Foote, John A. Warder, John G. Anthony. 



MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. 

This Institution was first chartered, and placed in the hands of a 
Board of Trustees, in 1819, and went fully into operation in 1825. 

The State furnished the means by which a spacious edifice was 
erected. It contains large lecture rooms and an amphitheatre, 
together with apartments for the library, as well as private rooms 



MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. 113 

for the professors, and apartments well fitted up for pursuing, pri- 
vately, the study of anatomy. The library contains upward of two 
thousand volumes, of well-selected standard works, purchased by 
the State, and for the use of the students of the college. The cabi- 
net belonging to the Anatomical department is supplied with all the 
materials necessary for acquiring a minute and thorough knowledge 
of the human frame. These consist of detached bones, of wired 
and natural skeletons, and of dried preparations, to exhibit the 
muscles, blood-vessels, nerves, lymphatics, etc., etc. In addition, 
are very accurate wooden models of the small bones, and represen- 
tations in wax, of the soft and more delicate structures. 

The cabinet of Comparative Anatomy, is supposed to be supplied 
more extensively, and with rarer specimens, than any other in the 
Union. Beside perfect skeletons of foreign and American animals, 
birds, etc., there is an immense number of detached crania, from the 
elephant and hippopotamus to the minute orders. 

The cabinet belonging to the Surgical department has been formed 
at great expense, by the labor of more than thirty-five years. It 
contains a large number of very rare specimens, among which are 
sections of the thigh-bones, that establish as fact, what European 
surgeons have long denied, viz : the possibility, by proper treatment, 
of a re-union, after a fracture, of the neck of these bones. There 
are near five hundred specimens of diseased bones alone. 

Of the department of Chemistry, it seems hardly necessary that 
we should speak. The known industry and extraordinary enthu- 
siasm, in every department of the physical sciences, of the gentleman 
who fills the chemical chair, are the strongest guarantees, that for 
the most full and efficient performance of the peculiar duties allotted 
to him, nothing that was necessary has been left unprovided. Many 
of his instruments are the result of his own powers of invention ; but 
the most important were selected by himself, in Europe, and pur- 
chased at great cost. 

BelontnnQf to the chair of Materia Medica, is a laro-e collection of 
indigenous plants, their extracts and other medicinal preparations, 
together with all the foreign articles used in practice ; and the 
various topics embraced in the department of Obstetrics and diseases 
of women and children, are elucidated, in part, by numerous and 
exceedingly interesting wax casts, most of which were obtained in 
Paris, of some of the best French artists. 

The students have the advantage of access to the Commercial 



114 MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. 

Hospital, where they witness the medical and surgical treatment of 
the patients by members of the faculty. This is an invaluable pri- 
vilege, and affords the students great facilities for acquiring a correct 
knowledge of diseases and their treatment. There are in the hospi- 
tal, annually, 3000 patients; and during the two winters usually 
devoted to attendance upon lectures, as great a variety of diseases 
is presented to the student, as generally falls under the observation 
of a physician during a lifetime of practice. But what is of first 
importance to the western student, is the fact, that through the 
facilities afforded by the connection spoken of, he can acquire a per- 
fect knowledge of those diseases which he will be called upon to 
treat, on his first introduction into practice. A further advantage 
of this connection, also, is that students have the opportunity of 
witnessing operations, by one, long and successfully acquainted with 
the practical use of the knife. 

In the prosecution of Practical Anatomy, also, every facility is 
afforded them that can be obtained at similar institutions of the 
country. 

At no period during its entire history have the prospects of the 
school been more encouraging. The utmost harmony prevails in 
the faculty, and the present class is as large as any which has ever 
attended, with one exception. There are, at present, one hundred 
and eighty-six students. 

Board of Trustees. — John P. Foote, President ; J. L. Vattier, M.D., 
Secretary; A. N. Riddle, Treasurer; William Mount, M. D., Jacob 
Strader, E. C. Roll, E. B. Reeder, G. W. Holmes, Miles Greenwood, 
Flamen Ball, B. F. Tefft, D. D. 

Faculty. — H. W. Baxley, M. D., Professor of Anatomy. 

John Locke, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy. 

L. M. Lawson, M. D., Professor of Physiology and Pathology. 

T. O. Edwards, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Thera- 
peutics, and Medical Jurisprudence. 

R. D. Mussey, M. D., Professor of Surgery. 

Landon C. Rives, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and the Diseases 
of women and children. 

John Bell, M. D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine. 

John Davis, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy. 

L. M. Lawson, M. D., Dean. 



MEDICAL COLLEGES. 115 

ECLECTIC MEDICAL INSTITUTE 

Chartered in 1845. 
Z. Freeman, M. D., Professor of Anatomy. 

Jos. R. Buchanan, M. D., Physiology and Institutes of Medicine. 
Lorenzo E. Jones, M. D., Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 
R. S. Newton, M. D., Surgery. 
Benjamin L. Hill, M. D., Obstetrics. 
I. Gibson Jones, M. D., Theory and Practice of Medicine. 
J. Milton Sanders, Chemistry and Pharmacy. 
This institution had enrolled upon its list of students, for the 
session of 1850-51, one hundred and ninety names. 

PHYSO-MEDICAL COLLEGE. 

Corner of Fifth and Western Row. 
Chartered 1850. 
Faculty. — E. H. Stockwell, M. D., Professor of Anatomy. 
" J. A. Powers, " " Surgery. 

" E. Morgan Parritt, " " Chemistry. 

" Joseph Brown, " " Materia Medica. 

R. C. Carter, " " Obstetrics. 

" H. F. Johnson, " " Practice of Med. 



THE OHIO COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY. 

Chartered in 1845. 

Board of Trustees. — B. P. Aydelotte, D. D., President ; Israel 
Dodge, M. D., Secretary; Robert Buchanan, Esq., Calvin Fletcher, 
Esq., William Johnston, Cincinnati, G. S. P. Hempstead, M. D., 
Portsmouth, Samuel Martin, M.D., Xenia, James P. Hildreth, M. D., 
Marietta, Ohio. 

This Institution has matriculated seventy students, and conferred 
degrees on forty of them. The Faculty stands : 

James Taylor, M. D., D.D.S., Prof. Principles and Practice of 
Dental Surgery. 

George Mendenhall, M. D., Prof. Pathology and Therapeutics. 

Thomas Wood, M. D., Prof. Anatomy and Physiology; John 
Allen, D. D. S., Prof. Operative Mechanical Dentistry; G. L. Van 
Emon, A.M., D. D. S., Lecturer on Dental Chemistry and Demon- 
strator of Operative and Mechanical Dentistry. 



116 OHIO mechanics' institute. 

OHIO MECHANICS' INSTITUTE. 

Incorporated 1829. 

This spacious and well proportioned edifice is at the intersection 
of Sixth and Vine Streets, and owes its construction to the public 
spirit of Miles Greenwood and a few other whole-souled mechanics, 
who have contributed liberally of their time, personal labors, and 
pecuniary contributions, to erect this highly creditable temple to the 
mechanic arts. Within its walls the various mechanics' fairs are 
annually held. Scientific knowledge is taught here by lectures, 
illustrated by extensive philosophical and electrical apparatus, and 
mineralogical cabinet; and impressed on the minds of the mem- 
bers by the use of a copious and valuable library, of more than 
five thousand volumes ; and reading-room periodicals of more 
than forty, of first class public, scientific and philosophical jour- 
nals of the day. 

There are twelve hundred members — five hundred of whom use 
the library. Of these last, more than three hundred are minors. 

Courses of lectures weekly, have been held hitherto, throughout 
the winter months. These will be hereafter extended to three 
lectures in each week, during that season. 

The edifice is four stories high, and Gothic in its style. Dimensions, 
90 feet on Vine, by 75 on Sixth ; main entrance on Sixth. The 
walls are of brick, 85 feet high from the ground floor to top of cor- 
nice. The door and window sills are of cast iron, as are also the 
columns supporting the fronts. The exterior walls are finished with 
stucco imitation of stone, in the most durable manner. The entire 
height to the top of the roof is 100 feet, in the centre of which, is a 
cupola or lookout ; and, as the building is situated on the most ele- 
vated point of land between the canal and river, from it will be 
afforded one of the finest views of the city, Covington and Newport, 
to be had elsewhere, except from the hills themselves. 

The interior arrangements are also very complete. The lower 
part on Vine is occupied as stores, and the corner on Sixth, with its 
two fronts on Vine and Sixth, as fitted out by W. B. Chapman, is 
one of the best furnished and arranged drug-stores in Cincinnati. 
The large room next west of the main entrance, is devoted to the 
exclusive use of mechanics, as a show room for manufactured articles 
of home fabrication, embracing every department of the mechanic 
arts. Here, for a slight rental, the artisan can deposit for inspec- 



YOUNG MEN'S LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. 117 

tion or sale, such of the creations of his genius as lie desires to bring 
before the community, both for his own and their benefit. 

The second story is occupied as a library, reading and class 
rooms, exclusively by the Institute. 

The third story contains the Institute hall, 90 by 65 feet, with 
convenient anterooms attached. 

The fourth story, halls for the I. 0. of O. F. 

The building is warmed with hot air, and lighted with gas. Es- 
timated cost $50,000. 

Officers. — M. Greenwood, President; R. C. Philips, Vice-Presi- 
dent; Wm. G. Neilson, Recording Secretary; W. B. Chapman, 
Corresponding Secretary; L. T. Wells, Treasurer; Jos. B. Ladd, 
Librarian. 



YOUNG MEN'S MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. 

Officers for 1351. — Joseph C. Butler, President; James Lupton, 
Vice President; Robert L. Fabian, Corresponding Secretary; H. D. 
Huntington, Recording Secretary; William H. Neff, Treasurer. 
Charles R. Fosdick, B. P. Hinman, F. W. Ridgely, L. A. Ostram, 
Samuel Robbins, Directors ; Charles E. Cist, Librarian, George W. 
Frazer, Assistant Librarian. 

Library and reading-rooms in the Cincinnati College, on Walnut 
street ; open every day, Sundays excepted, from eight o'clock in the 
morning until ten in the evening. 

This association was first organized by the election of officers 
and the adoption of a constitution and by-laws, April 18,1 835. 

At the commencement of the present year, the number of mem- 
bers, was sixteen hundred and twenty-three. Two hundred and 
thirty-four names have been since added to the list. Of this number, 
one hundred and sixty-five are active, and sixty -nine, honorary. 

During the year, twelve hundred and ninety -two volumes have 
been added to the library ; eleven hundred and fifty-nine by purchase, 
one hundred and thirty-three by donation, together with thirty-two 
volumes of bound periodicals and magazines; making the total 
number of volumes now in the library, eleven thousand and ninety- 
six, embracing the standard works in the various departments of 
literature, science, and art, and a copious selection from current 
literature of those works that are attractive, and interesting, and 
10 



118 apprentices' library. 

beneficial in their tendency, and will be read by the great majority 
of readers, while graver works remain upon the shelves. 

The Reading Room constitutes one of the most attractive features 
of the association. Here are regularly received fifteen Quarterly, 
one Bi-Monthly, thirty-two Monthly, and two Weekly magazines ; 
and the list of newspapers extends to ninety-one, embracing those 
from every part of our own country, and the most interesting from 
foreign lands. 

Lectures, on various popular subjects, by gentlemen of distin- 
guished reputation from all parts of the United States, are delivered 
weekly, throughout the winter, and form an interesting feature of 
this Institution. 

The Library and Reading Rooms are much frequented by strangers ; 
of whom there are always great numbers visiting Cincinnati. 

The current expenses, as well as the constant additions made to 
the library shelves and reading desks, are amply met by the contri- 
butions of the members, and revenue from lectures ; which last year 
amounted to $5,113 12 cents; an amount highly creditable to the 
Institution and its supporters. 

There are few objects in the city which so forcibly impress 
strangers in general as this Library, and the Reading Rooms, its 
adjuncts. 

APPRENTICES' LIBRARY. 

This Institution was founded, February 8, 1821, and was estab- 
lished by public contributions of books and money. It contains two 
thousand two hundred volumes of interesting works of history, 
travels, voyages, arts and sciences, philosophy, chemistry, classics, 
religion and morality ; and in fact, nearly every work which is of an 
instructive nature to youth. About four hundred volumes are 
taken out weekly. 

It is governed by a Board of Directors, who are appointed 
annually, by the contributors to the library ; if they neglect to do 
so at the time specified, the city council make the appointment. 



THE FINE ARTS. 



119 



IX. THE FINE ARTS 



The Fine Arts appear to seek geographical localities.. Many of 
the cities of the old world give evidence of this ; and the sphere of 
the beautiful in one branch has so harmonized with that of others, 
so great has been the affinity in the different classes of the ennobling 
arts, that, in order to enjoy the genial influences of association, 
they have rendered some of these old, and otherwise worn-out capi- 
tals of the European states, the magnets, which to this day, attract 
to them all those who are in love with the beautiful, from all parts 
of the civilized world. The fame and character of Florence, is made 
up in the eye and heart of thousands, who Avill never see the beau- 
tiful things in her rich galleries ; of the knowledge, that she has given 
to the world, and still retains within her borders, unnumbered and 
glorious evidences, that she had a real and fostering love of the 
grand, the beautiful and sublime in art and poesy. This is her 
character ; and she has obtained it, by a long course of faithful and 
truth -loving appreciation of those, who, by their genius, talents and 
labor, were rendering her, hundreds of years gone by, almost the 
centre of the artistic world, at the present da}^. Is it not worth 
something to have the reflection of genius cast upon a city by her 
own sons? Is it not a living light that cannot be destroyed, what- 
ever may betide in after time ? 

Cincinnati has sent from her young bosom, some names, which 
now have an existence in the world of art, that can never perish. 
These names, with those of her savans, more than any and all 
her other citizens, have rendered her known in Europe. She is 
looked upon, by those whose esteem is precious as jewels, as the 
artistic and scientific city of our great Republic ; as the centre of the 
most cultivated and art-loving, and, consequently, the most refined 
people on our Continent. Now, for so young a nation, and still 
younger city, this is a high position : it should be the wish of all 
that it may be sustained with honor to ourselves, and justice toward 
those, who are the immediate cause of our reflected greatness. Our 
love for these great pursuits, should be manifested, so palpably 
springing from a proper source, that it would be no discredit in our 



120 THE FINE ARTS. 

assuming a fair share of the honor of our public position. We 
should aid those -who are aiding us. Heretofore we have enjoyed 
the honor arising from the exertions, the genius, and taste of our 
artists, without giving them that sympathy and substantial en- 
couragement, that just appreciation of their laborious efforts, which 
should make this, the home of their gratitude and affections. This 
it has not been. Can we point to anything as our share in the 
mutual labor of giving our city the honorable place she now holds ? 
The answer is an expressive silence. It should be our pleasure, as 
it is our duty, in these efforts at elevation of the public taste, to 
establish an Academy of Design, which should be open to all classes 
of artisans. There should be sections of artists in painting and 
sculpture, architecture, ornamental marble and stone workers, 
carvers in wood and metal, gold and silversmiths, cabinet makers ; 
and indeed, as many other occupations as choose to unite themselves 
in separate sections, for the purpose of mutual instruction, in the 
art of Design. Collections of paintings and models, sculptures, carv- 
ings, engravings, engraved gems, original drawings, plaster casts, 
from the best antique statues, as well as modern, bronzes, and a 
well-selected library upon the Fine Arts, should be some of the attrac- 
tions to draw students from all parts of our common country here, 
to be instructed and elevated in their different walks ; thus as from a 
common centre radiating a just and classical taste to all around 
us, both in form and color. "We should cultivate a study of truth 
in art, by a just, fearless, and honest criticism upon our OAvn works, 
which should supersede the newspaper puffs of the present day, 
that are destitute of all correct knowledge of art or of modesty ; and 
have ruined many of those artists whose success they were meant 
to promote. 

That an Academy of Design, properly endowed, can be estab- 
lished, none can doubt, when they remember how easily the large 
sum of nearly $25,000 was raised for the benefit of the present Arts 
Union, and the still more liberal purchase of the Peale Paintings, 
and the establishment of the Picture Gallery, of which it is to 
form the nucleus. An Academy of Design, with its different 
sections, would be a source of instruction, the effects of which would 
be seen in all our houses as well as in their exterior ; in all our 
cemeteries, and in all our public buildings ; each one being a monu- 
ment itself of the liberality, good taste, and good sense, of its 
founders. Then could we say, with just pride, that our city had 



THE FINE ARTS. 121 

seconded, with a beautiful spirit, the high and ennobling aims, the 
rich taste, and unclouded genius of her artists. A mirror of strength 
and talent would be visible on all sides ; and in the future, might be 
discerned, the lofty place occupied by the Queen of the West among 
the cultivated and enlightened cities of the world. 



ARTS UNION HALL. 
This fine saloon, with its attendant offices, occupies the fourth 
story of the building at the corner of Sycamore and Fourth Streets ; 
to which it has given its own name. This hall is 71 by 33 feet, on 
the floor, and 24 feet to the skylight above. It is not quite as long 
as the exhibition room of the New York Arts Union, but is wider 
and higher, and therefore of equal extent. It will serve to display 
three hundred pictures of average size. As many as three hundred 
pictures, of various sizes, have been exhibited here at one time. A 
picture has been recently ordered by the directors, of Mrs. Lily 
Martin Spencer, at 250 dollars ; and a statue or other subject, in 
marble, to Hiram Powers, with a carte blanche as to design, and 
the price to be set by himself at from $3000 to $5000 dollars. 

PICTURE GALLERY. 

William Wiswell, a public-spirited citizen of ours, has recently 
fitted up a picture gallery, to which visitors are not only admitted 
without charge, but afforded the opportunity of seeing it during any 
period of daylight, which may suit their convenience — the entrance 
door standing open all the time. 

A valuable collection of three hundred portraits, fancy and his- 
torical pieces, embracing the works of Kellogg, Beard, Rothermel, 
Heade, and other well-known artists, is there placed, under the safe- 
guard of the community, to whose sense of honor and justice, the 
proprietor has appealed; and up to this period, with well justified 
confidence. 

The gem of this gallery is Powers' recently executed bust of 
Gen. Jackson ; one of his highest achievements in this line. 



AETISTS. 
Cincinnati has been, for many years, extensively and favorably 
known as the birthplace, if not the home of a school of artists, who 



122 THE FINE ARTS. 

may De found in various parts of Europe, to say nothing of those 
in great numbers, whose talent has found exercise in the various 
great cities of our own republic. The following list gives their 
names ; the date at which they commenced their course ; their pre- 
sent residence, with names of persons in whose parlors their pic- 
tures, statues, &c, may be found. 

The first class consists of those whose career commences gener- 
ally at an early date, such as, 

Edwin B. Smith, 1815. — Portraits and historical pieces; D. 
Churchill, J. H. Cromwell. 

A. W. Corwine, 1821. — Portraits; Capt. J. Pierce, P. S. Symmes, 
N. Guilford, Timothy Walker, &c. 

Joseph Mason, 1822. — Portraits; George Selves, Mrs. Mason, 
D. Churchill. 

Joseph Kyle, 1 823. — New York City. Portraits, and fancy pieces ; 
S. Stibbs, M. Burt. His paintings are mostly in New York, where 
he has resided for many years. 

Samuel M. Lee, 1826. — Landscapes; P. S. Symmes, Joseph 
Graham, D. B. Lawler, J. G. Worthington, T. H. Yeatman, J. S. 
Armstrong, &c. His best works are at Louisville, Kentucky. 

Alonzo Douglass, 1828. — Cincinnati. Portraits; Andrew Burt, 
James Douglass. 

C. Harding, 1828. — Portraits; S. S. L'Hommedieu, Philip Young. 

Tuttle, 1830, was a pupil of West. — Portraits; J. H. Cromwell, 
T. H. Yeatman, Jacob Burnet. 

Daniel Steele, 1830. 

John J. Tucker, 1834. — Portraits; Dr. Shotwell and George 
Selves. 

Sidney S. Lyon, 1836. — Louisville. Portraits and landscapes ; M. 
M. Carll, Mark P. Taylor, Jonathan Lyon. 

Those to whose names no residence is affixed, are known or 
believed to be no longer in life. Of those who are known to survive, 
Douglass and Lyon have engaged in other pursuits. 

This list has been confined to portrait and landscape painters — it 
might, however, include Shubael Clevenger, modeler and sculptor, 
who commenced in 1836, and died in 1844, on his way home from 
Italy ; and Augustus Rostaing, who executed cameo likenesses and 
fancy heads in shell, in 1835, and left this country subsequently, for 
Paris, France, where he now resides. Also Thomas Campbell, a 
miniature painter, who commenced here in 1840, and has since de- 



THE FINE ARTS. 123 

ceased. Clevcnger has left busts which may be seen in the parlors 
of N. Longworth, William Greene, and Judge Burnet. Ros- 
taing's Cameos ; IN". Longworth, J. C. Hall ; and Campbell's minia- 
tures — Wm. Yorke, J. H. Beard, J. D. Jones, J. P. Broad well, and 
A. Baldwin. 

Artists living, and in practice — Portrait and Composition Painters — 
Miner K. Kellogg, 1828. — New York. Portraits, compositions, and 
fancy pieces; Charles S. Kellogg, N. Longworth, Wm. Manser, 
Reuben R. Springer, S. I. Kellogg. He has a copy of Stuart's 
portrait of Washington, and original portraits of Presidents Van 
Buren and Polk, at Wiswell's gallery of paintings on Fourth Street, 
and an original portrait of General Jackson at the Masonic Hall. 
He has painted another copy of Stuart's Washington, for the Legis- 
lature of New Jersey, — of Chief Justice Taney, for the Baltimore 
bar ; and General Scott for the New York city authorities. He has 
also executed the only portrait of General Worth extant. Among 
his compositions, are the Circassian, a female figure, for James 
Robb of New Orleans ; and what is probably his best work in this 
line, the Greek captive, ordered by Riggs, of the firm of Corcoran 
& Riggs, Washington city. A few years since, Kellogg, on a visit to 
Constantinople, made a full length portrait of Redschid Pacha, Prime 
Vizier of the Sultan of Turkey ; on which occasion, and as a mark 
of that minister's gratification, Kellogg received from him a superb 
gold cup, profusely set with diamonds. 

J. H. Beard, 1830. — Cincinnati. Portraits, fancy heads and groups; 
Charles Stetson, R. R. Springer, S. S. L'Hommedieu, J. S. Arm- 
strong, Griffin Taylor, S. E. Foote, G. K. Shoenberger, and W. R. 
Morris. Beard's portraits are in most of our principal cities. He 
has painted full length portraits of Charles Hammond and General 
Harrison, and a three-quarter length, of Gen. Taylor, on orders 
from public institutions. 

His compositions are "The Emigrants," "Poor Relations," "Last 
of the Red Men," Last Victim of the Deluge ;" and more recently, 
't the Squatters." This last is to be sent to England, as a picture of 
back woods life in America, in some of its aspects. 

John Frankenstein, 1831. — Springfield, Ohio. Portraits, historical 
subjects, sculptures, and landscapes; Jos. Pierce, Aaron Bowen, 
W. P. Resor, J Rowan, Bardstown, Kentucky, W. H. Seward, Peter 
A. Porter, and John C. Spencer, New York State ; Professor Frost 
and Matthew T. Miller, Philadelphia; Thomas Thompson, Boston, 



124 THE FINE ARTS. 

and L. Derbyshire, Toronto, Canada. Among his composition and 
historical pieces, are : The Holy Family — Indian in contemplation — 
Madonna — The Butt — Day Dreams — The Bud — Isaiah and the 
Infant Saviour — Christ mocked in the Prsetorium. Most of these 
are owned in our eastern cities and in Canada. 

E. Hall Martin, 1831. — California. Portraits and marine pieces ; 
Wm. M. Ward, Wm. Noble, John Martin, B. Kirby, E. J. Miller. 

W. H. Powell, 1833. — Paris, France. Portraits, fancy and his- 
torical pieces ; N. Longworth, Larz Anderson, N. C. McLean, Wm. M. 
Hubbell, Mrs. Powell, Dr. Smith. " Salvator Rosa among the 
Brigands," was his first historical piece, and painted in 1823. This 
was followed by " Columbus before the Council at Salamanca,'* 
which being exhibited at Washington City, in 1 847, obtained him 
the appointment, by Congress, to paint an historical piece, to fill the 
last vacant panel in the Rotunda of the Capitol. This distinction 
was conferred on him by the unanimous vote of the Senate, and a 
vote of 195 to 34 in the House of Representatives, over more than 
sixty artists, who were his competitors. On this painting, now 
nearly completed, he has been engaged during the last four years ; 
the subject is " DeSoto discovering the Mississippi." He has also 
on hand, " The Burial of De Soto," and a full length portrait of 
" Lamartine ;" which last is a commission from the Maryland His- 
torical Society. Powell has painted two fine portraits of J. Q. 
Adams, the larger of which he presented to the Cincinnati Observ- 
atory. He has also painted " The Signing of the Constitution, of 
the Pilgrims on board the Mayflower," and " The Calabrian 
Peasant Girl ;" " The Italian Shepherd Boy," and " The Roman 
Cattle Drover;" the last three of small size. 

Thomas B. Reed, is a poet as well as a painter, and of high order 
of merit in either line, 1836. — Florence. Portraits, landscapes, 
and historical pieces ; E. B. Reeder, W. R. Morton, I. G. Burnet, 
J. J. Wright, Dr. Drake, George Selves, E. Wiswell. Among his 
compositions are " Love's First Whisper," and " Milton Dictating 
Paradise Lost to his Daughters," and " Loves of the Zephyrs," a 
fine ideal. 

W. P. Brannan, 1837. — California. Portraits, landscapes, and 
fancy pieces. A. Donogh, Mrs. J. P. Campbell, S. Burdsal, D. G. 
A. Davenport, R. Adams, George Cullu'm, Dr. S. 0. Almy, S. S. 
Smith, Wm. Piatt, S. M. Hart. 

A. Baldwin, 1838. — Cincinnati, landscapes and marine pieces ; 



THE FINE ARTS. 125 

Andrew J. Burt, S. S. Smith, R. W. Lee, E. Dexter, S. Stokes, J. B. 
Russell. 

T. W. Whittridge, 1 838.— Dusseldorf. Landscapes ; R. R. Springer, 
A. W. Bullock, W. G. Breese, H. Probasco, Miss L. M. Hartwell, 
W. A. Collard, D. B. Lawler, F. C. Yeatman, James Lupton, Chas. 
Anderson, Lewis Stagg, S. B. Palmer. 

John Cranch, 1839.— New York. Portraits and fancy pieces; 
E. J. Miller, Mrs. A. Wood, E. Dexter, J. Longworth J. W. Coleman, 
Dr. L. C. Rives, J. P. Foote, D. K. Este, jr. 

G. N. Frankenstein, 1840.— Springfield, Ohio. Landscape and 
portraits ; Griffin Taylor, George Selves, Dr. Locke, C. D. Dana, 
W. S. Sampson, J. D. Park, B. F. Sandford, W. B. Wood, Donn 
Piatt, Charles E. Cist, J. F. Taylor, J. H. Coleman, D. B. Pierson, 
J. T. Hinsdale, R. S. Bacon, Cincinnati. Thomas H. Shreve, Ben 
Cassidy, Professor Noble Butler, and Rev. J. Craik, Louisville, 
P. A. Porter, G. W. Holley, Niagara Falls, N. Y., Professor Frost,' 
Philadelphia, Abbott Lawrence, Charles Francis Adams, George 
Ticknor, and Dr. S. A. Bemis, Boston, Mass., S. Derbyshire, S. 
Keefer, Toronto, and George Desbarats, Montreal, Canada. 

It is characteristic of G. N. Frankenstein, that his landscapes, 
even in the minutest details, are strictly from Nature. His land- 
scapes are never fancy pieces, or copies from other artists. 

Charles Soule, 1841.— Cincinnati. Portraits, fruit pieces, &c.; 
J. D. Jones, D. K. Este, jr., Charles Anderson, N. Wright, Judge 
Burnet, Larz Anderson, N. Longworth. He has painted a full 
length portrait of Josiah Lawrence, for the Merchants' Exchano- e ; 
indeed, his portraits, like those of Beard, are hard to be numbered ; 
like Beard too, he is the favorite painter of portraits. 

William L. Sonntag, 1 842.— Cincinnati. Landscapes; A. S. Winslow 
Charles Stetson, Thomas Faris, J. T. Foote, Adam N. Riddle, N. G. 
Pendleton, Barton White, Chs. L. Strong, William Wilshire,' E. S. 
Brooks, E. B. Reeder, Henry Howe, J. N. Ridgway; many of Sonn- 
tag's best pieces, are in our Atlantic Cities. 

Lilly Martin Spencer.— New York. Fancy and historical pieces ; 
W. Gregory, T. Faris, Arts Union, N. C. McLean, Mrs. J. P. Camp- 
bell, W. G. Breese, A. M. Taylor. Her compositions are generally 
subjects taken from Shakspeare, such as " Lear and his Daughters," 
" Ophelia," ''Romeo and Juliet." 

J.R.Johnston, 1842. — Cincinnati. Sculpture, portraits, land- 
scapes, and historical pieces ; J. J. Faran, G. W. Johnston, T. Faris, 



11 



126 THE FINE ARTS. 

J. D. Jones, Michael Jones, Cullum & Jackson, William Kent, 
Frank's Museum. Two of his historical pieces, " The Starved 
Rock," a legend of Illinois river, and the " Mouth of Bad Axe 
river," are owned by J. W. S. Browne. 

J. Insco Williams, 1842. — Cincinnati. Portraits, historical pieces ; 
his " Panorama of the Bible," recently destroyed by fire, has been 
greatly admired at the east. 

C. R. Edwards, 1842. — Cincinnati. Portraits and landscapes; 
Dr. Gatchell, Dr. Garretson, Dr. Owens, Thomas String, J. H. 
Coleman. 

Jacob Cox, 1843. — Indianapolis. Landscapes, fancy pieces, and 
portraits; Miles Greenwood, W. S. Groesbeck, T. Faris, Gardner 
Phipps, F. Lawson, D. B. Lawler, P. C. Bonte, J. J. O'Leary. 

R. S. Duncanson, 1843. — Cincinnati. Fruit, fancy and historical 
paintings, and landscapes ; James Foster, W. H. Brisbane, S. S. 
Smith, Thomas Faris, Dr. Neivton, J. H. Oliver, Calvin T. Starbuck, 
J. Blackford, N. Longworth, Charles Stetson. His historical pieces, 
are, " Shylock and Jessica," " Trial of Shakspeare," " Ruins of 
Carthage," "Battle-ground of the River Raisin," "Western Hunters' 
Encampment." 

William Walcutt, 1844. — New York. Portraits and historical 
pieces; William Dennison, J. Kelsey. His "Battle of Monmouth," 
with most of his portraits, are in New York. 

B. M. McConkey, 1 844. — Dusseldorf. Landscapes ; Wm. Wiswell, 
George T. Jones, J. Kebler, W. S. Johnston, William Goodman, Jas. 
Ruffin, Gardner Phipps, F. Simon, Charles G. Springer, James M. 
Trimble, T. J. Strait, Victor Williams, B. Urner. 

H. W. Greenland, 1 844. — Cincinnati. Marine pieces and land- 
scapes ; Broadway Exchange, Judge Burnet, Wulkop and Meyenn. 

J. C. Wolfe, 1845. — Cincinnati. Landscapes, portraits and his- 
torical pieces ; Jos. Burgoyne, Professor Ray, 0. Oncken, J. T. 
Walbridge, James Foster, Elisha Hotchkiss, Timothy Kirby, J. Mills, 
H. S. Hendrickson, F. G. Cary, S. F. Cary, and Female Academy 
at Mount Healthy. His "Joseph and Potiphar's Wife," is at the 
St. Charles Exchange ; his other historical or rather allegorical 
pictures, are Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress," and Milton's "Para- 
dise Lost." 

J. 0. Eaton, 1846. — Cincinnati. Portraits, landscapes, and his- 
torical pieces ; D. P. Strader, G. H. Brown, J. M. Wade, John 
Shillito, J. F. Torrence, Charles Stetson, R. L. Fabian, Dr. Judkins, 



THE FINE ARTS. 127 

J. K. Wilson, M. P. Cassilly, D. T. Woodrow, M. J. Louderback, 
Dr. Caldwell, at Studio. His " Christ Disputing with the Doctors," 
is at W. S. Sampson's. 

D.B.Walcutt, 1846. — Cincinnati. Portraits; John Simpkinson, 
J. M. Blair, Edgar Conkling, William Wood, Richard Conkling, John 
Elstner, Thomas Sharp, William H. Crisp, G. R. Baker, Charles H. 
Wolff. 

A. H. Hummell, 1847. — Waynesville. Portraits and fancy pieces ; 
George C. Davis, Mrs. A. Parker, W. F. Barker, Maysville, Ky. 
0. F. Thompson. 

C.J. Hulse, 1847. — Cincinnati. Landscapes and fancy pieces; 
S. G. Burnet, Dr. Muscroft, E. D. Norris, Franklin Ernst, Charles 
Spinning, J. C. Buerckle, L. G. Curtiss, Collard Martin. 

Jesse Hulse, 1847. — Cincinnati. Landscapes and fancy pieces; 
S. G. Burnet, F. Ernst, E. C. Hawkins, Dr. Muscroft, Dr. J. F. 
Johnston, Dr. Murphy, W. S. Merrill. 

C. S. Spinning, 1847. — Cincinnati. Landscapes ; J. F. Meline, J. 
W. Hartwell, Dr. Knowlton, Dayton, J. N. McFarland, Tiffin, Ohio. 

George W. Phillips, 1 848. — Cincinnati. Portraits and landscapes; 
E. M. Gregory, E. Carll, J. H. Brandt, G. Bown, Studio. 

George W. White, 1848. — Cincinnati. Portrait fancy pieces, and 
landscapes ; J. P. Broadwell, C. S. Burdsal, and E. C. Hawkins, P. 
M'Carty, Thomas Faris. 

P. McCreight, 1849. — Cincinnati. Landscapes; William Hiatt, 
Mrs. J. E. Reeder, R. L. Fabian, Henry Marks, J. W. Phillips. 

Miss S. Gengembre, 1849. — Portraits and fancy pieces; W. 
Wiswell, Arts Union, William Goodman, Gardner Phipps, Edgar 
Conkling. 

Edward Cridland, 1850. — Cincinnati. Portraits; Arts Union. 

Jacob H. Sloop, 1850. — Cincinnati. Marine views; T. Faris, 
John R. Johnston. 

Ralph Butts, 1851. — Cincinnati. Landscape and portraits. 

A. P. Bonte, 1851. — Cincinnati. Landscapes. 

In gathering these facts and dates, a general visit was paid to the 
professional studios in Cincinnati, and the gratifying admission was 
everywhere made by the artists, that they had employment ample 
in its extent, and remunerative in its character; some of them ac- 
knowledging, that more commissions were offered than they could 
possibly undertake to execute. This state of things impresses the 
hope that Cincinnati will soon become, in the Fine Arts, the mother 



128 THE FINE ARTS. 

that takes care of her children, rather than as heretofore, the mother 
that turns them out to shift for themselves. 

Miniature Painters — F. V. Peticolas, 1825. — Clermont County, 0. 

Thomas Dawson, 1825. — Cincinnati. 

J. 0. Gorman, 1831. — Frankfort, Kentucky. 

William Miller, 1847. — Cincinnati. Jacob Hoffner, W. H. Mus- 
sey, M. D., Nathaniel Wright, N. P. Iglehart, Wm. Willis, Saml. 
R. Bates, Mrs. G. H. Bates, M. S. Rogers, Israel Wilson, G. K. 
Shoenberger, S. E. Foote. 

Modelers and Sculptors — Hiram Powers, 1828. — Florence, Italy. 
Busts and statuary ; J. P. Foote, N. Longworth, Judge Burnet, W. 
Lytle, William C. Preston, S. C. His bust of Jackson is in Wis- 
well's gallery. Powers has executed other busts, which may be seen 
in the eastern cities. His Fisher Boy, Proserpine, Calhoun, Eve, 
America and California, stamp him as the sculptor of the age, if not 
of all ages past and to come. 

H. K. Brown, 1833. — Brooklyn. Busts; D. Corwin and others. 

John S. Whetstone, 1837. — Cincinnati. Busts; Western Museum; 
John Whetstone. 

C. C. Brackett, 1838. — Boston. Busts; Henry Ives and others. 

John King, 1838. — Boston. Busts and Cameos; M. L. Neville 
and others. 

N. F. Baker, 1841. — Cincinnati. Busts and statues; John Baker, 
Professor Mitchel, J. P. Foote, Dr. Worcester. Baker's statue of 
Efi-eria is in the Arts Union, and his Cincinnatus is in the college. 

T. D. Jones, 1842. — New York. Busts; Henry Clay, Lewis 
Cass, Thomas Corwin, Mrs. Gen. Taylor. 

Of the miniature painters, Peticolas, and Whetstone of the sculp- 
tors, have left their employments for other pursuits ; and Baker has 
abandoned his professional implements, it is hoped, only to resume 
them in due time. 



NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 129 



X. TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL. 



NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 

RIVERS, ROADS, CANALS, AND RAILROADS. 
In the valley of the Ohio, there is no place so central, in relation 
to its population and resources, as Cincinnati. This centrality has 
a great and permanent influence on its destiny. It makes it conve- 
nient and cheap for a multitude of people to visit it as a mart of com- 
merce and as a depository of the arts. It tends to make it a com- 
mon depot of all the things connected with either business or plea- 
sure ; because it is central, it must also become the focus, or meeting 
place of a great net-work of internal communications— radiating from, 
to, and through this common centre, to every part of the country. 
Accordingly, we find, that, in fact, no city of the Union, even the 
oldest, has such a various and vast system of artificial communica- 
tions either actually finished, now constructing, or planned with 
the strongest probability of success, as this central city. To exhibit 
this fact clearly, we will first state certain elements which relate to 
this natural centrality. 

1. The Ohio river is 959 miles in length — from Pittsburgh to the 
Mississippi. From Pittsburgh to Cincinnati, is 458 miles; and from 
Cincinnati to the mouth of the Ohio, is 501 miles; so that Cincin- 
nati is very nearly in the actual centre of the valley. 

2. From Maumee bay to Knoxville, on the Tennessee river, is 
about 400 miles, in a direct line ; and Cincinnati is very nearly on 
the line, and exactly half way ; so that to the whole country, which 
lies between the Lakes and Tennessee river, Cincinnati is just cen- 
tral. 

3. If we take the distance between Cincinnati and Nashville, on 
the Cumberland river, as a radius, and Cincmnati as the centre, the 
circle described will include Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, western Vir- 
ginia, and western Pennsylvania; a country embracing 150,000 
square miles, and capable of sustaining comfortably and happily, 
thirty millions of people, and which now contains nearly five mil- 
lions. To this entire country Cincinnati is central by nature, 



130 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 

and central by commerce ; for her actual trade extends to every 
portion of it. 

4. If we draw a straight line from Baltimore, on tide water, to St. 
Louis, on the Mississippi, Cincinnati will be on that line ; at least, it 
varies so little from it, that the variation is of no practical import- 
ance. On this line, Cincinnati is three hundred miles from St. Louis, 
and four hundred from Baltimore ; so that it is again central, in the 
great line of locomotion between the seaboard and the western bank 
of the Mississippi. 

5. If this straight line be extended to the Pacific Ocean, it will 
touch near San Francisco ; so that Cincinnati is on the great line of 
central communication between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 

Advantages equal to these, in relation to internal commerce and 
migration on the American continent, are not possessed by any 
other point east of the Mississippi. 

In improving this position by artificial communications, the first 
step was to make roads into the valley of the Miamis ; after that, the 
State canals were made ; one of which, connects Cincinnati with 
Maumee ; and by the junction with the Wabash canal, connects her 
also with the interior of Indiana, down to the mouth of the Wabash, 
at Evansville. Next come railroads ; and within the last five years, 
the progress of Cincinnati in Railways, either finished, constructing, 
or chartered and commenced, with the strongest probability of suc- 
cess, is fully equal to that in any other city whatever, in the same 
period of time. The principal statistics, in relation to these import- 
ant highways, are given below, under separate heads. 

I. MACADAMIZED ROADS. 

Until about 1835, the roads around Cincinnati, were of that primi- 
tive character, which are peculiar to all new countries. Many of 
them led over the tops of the highest hills, without any reference to 
grades, while all were what are now called mud roads. The inven- 
tion of McAdam seemed to come, as a special remedy for such high- 
ways, and a great relief to a people suffering under such evils. It 
was not, however, until Cincinnati had attained thirty thousand in- 
habitants, that the macadamized roads were adopted here ; since 
that time, every road of any importance, leading from the city, has 
been macadamized, generally, by chartered companies, and in some 
instances, by the county commissioners. The following are the 
principal macadamized roads leading from Cincinnati. 



NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 



131 



DIRECTION. MIJ.i:^. 



E. N. E...100 



.N.E 50 



.1ST. ... 

.N. W. 

.N. ... 



15 miles only finished. 
21 

72 

21 . . Continuation of No. 5. 



38 



NAME. 

1. Goshen, Wilmington, "Wash 
ington, and Circleville turn 
pike 

2. Montgomery, Kochr., Clarks- 
ville, and Wilmington 

3. Chillicothe & Hillsborough. .. 

4. Batavia turnpike E 

5. Lebanon, Xenia, and Spring-) 
field ) 

6. Lebanon, Centerville, and) 
Dayton > 

7. Great Miami turnpike to 
Dayton, through Monroe and 
Franklin 

8. Cincinnati and Hamilton. . . 

9. Hamilton and Eaton 

10. Colerain, Hamilton, and) 
Oxford ) 

11. Cincinnati, Carthage, and) 
Hamilton ) 

12. Dayton and Springfield. . . . 

13. The Harrison turnpike. . . . 

14. The Covington and Williams 
town, Ky 

Total, fourteen macadamized roads, 514 miles. 

These roads proceed directly from Cincinnati, but many of them 
are continued, by their connection with other roads, until they ex- 
tend through the State. Thus the Dayton and Springfield roads, 
by their connection with the National road at Springfield, go through 
the State to Wheeling, and over the mountains to Baltimore. 



.N. W... 


.. 21 




N 


.. 30. 


.Continuation of No. 8. 


N. W. .. 


. . 37 




tt 


25 




N 


.. 24. 


. Continuation of 6 &, 7. 


,W 


.. 20 





36 



II. CANALS. 

The canal system of Ohio, commenced in 1824, was not fully 
completed until 1842. Since then, the rapid introduction of Rail- 
roads, and the complete demonstration of their success, for the pur- 
poses of speedy communication, have arrested the progress of canals. 
Those, however, which terminate at Cincinnati, have been of great 
and undoubted utility to the commerce of the city. Immense 
amounts of freight are transmitted upon them, especially of the 
heavy products of the country. The canals which connect directly 
with Cincinnati, are as follows : — 



132 



NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 



1. Miami canal and Extension N" 290 miles. 

2. Whitewater canal N. W. . 70 " 

3. Wabash and Erie S. W. 200 " . . . Continuation of 1. 

Total Canals 560 « 

The Miami canal commences at Cincinnati, and follows the 
great Miami valley, until it passes the summit, at St. Mary's, and 
enters the Maumee valley, terminating at Toledo. 

The Wabash canal is wholly in Indiana, but joins the Miami 
canal at Junction, in the valley of Maumee, and pursues the Wabash 
valley to Terre-Haute, and will be finished to Evansville, at the 
mouth of the Wabash. A boat may now pass from Cincinnati to 
Terre-Haute ; and soon may pass . to Evansville — more than six 
hundred miles of canal navigation ! 

III. RAILROADS. 

Railways are rapidly taking the place of other means of loco- 
motion, for the purposes of travel, and of rapid transit for light goods, 
and even for the transportation of such heavy articles as coal and 
iron. Their effects upon the economy of society, and their social 
influences generally, are very remarkable. They are making a great 
and extraordinary revolution in the means of intercourse. Cincin- 
nati is, by its centrality, before mentioned, admirably adapted for 
the adoption and successful employment of this new element of 
commercial power. On every side, toward every point, radiating 
lines from Cincinnati will penetrate the most fertile regions of Ame- 
rica. They will connect the lakes with the rivers ; they will bind 
ocean to ocean ; they will bear the burdens of enormous harvests ; 
develop the treasures of the disemboweled earth, and carry bread 
to laboring millions. It was not until 1835, however, ten years after 
the success of the Liverpool railway, that it was seriously proposed to 
make a railway from Cincinnati. The one proposed, was the Little 
Miami railroad ; which, after many years of hard struggles, was com- 
pleted to Springfield, 84 miles. In 1836, the Charleston railway 
was chartered from Cincinnati, through Kentucky, Tennessee, N. 
Carolina, Georgia, and S. Carolina, to Charleston. The project, as 
a whole, failed, in consequence of the great burdens laid on the 
charter as conditions, by the State of Kentucky. It has, nevertheless, 
been in 2wogress toward completion ever since; until it is now, on the 
southern side, more than half completed. From Charleston, South 



NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 133 

Carolina, and Savannah, Georgia, an entire line of railroad is com- 
pleted to Chattanooga on the Tennessee river, Tennessee; a distance 
of 447 miles from Charleston, and 433 miles from Savannah. From 
Chattanooga a railway is in rapid construction to Nashville and 
another to Knoxville. From both these points, it is quite certain 
there will be railroads, at no distant day, to Cincinnati ; thus com- 
pleting the original plan of 1836. The railway from Covington to 
Lexington, now constructing, will be part of the great line. 

From Cincinnati, north to the Lakes, the lines which connect the 
Ohio river with the Lakes, are already finished ; these also make a 
continuation of the great Southern line. The entire line from Charles- 
ton and Savannah to Cleveland and Sandusky, through Cincinnati, 
will be about thirteen hundred miles in length. 

The great East and West Line will be formed, by the Ohio and Mis- 
sissijtyi Railroad, the Cincinnati and Belprt, and the Baltimore and 
Ohio, extending from Baltimore, on tidewater, to St. Louis, on the 
Mississippi. 

Radiating lines to other points of the compass are already in pro- 
cess of construction. Of these there are three different lines begun, 
or chartered, through Indianapolis to the north-west. One up the 
Great Miami to Dayton, there connecting with lines to Indiana, to San- 
dusky, and to Cleveland. Another line will lead north-east through 
Wilmington, Ohio, "Washington, Circleville and Lancaster, until it joins 
the Central Line at Zanesville. Other projects have been spoken of, 
and many charters have been granted for lateral lines of railway, 
connecting those which radiate directly from Cincinnati, with those 
which proceed from the Atlantic. When the whole are completed, 
of which there is strong probability, Cincinnati will have about four 
thousand miles of railway, which are on lines directly leading from, 
or to, this city. The vast influence of these mighty streams of inter- 
nal communication, centring here, cannot be anticipated. When 
connected with the productions of the inexhaustible soil which they 
traverse, and with the great population already here, the joint in- 
fluence of such potent causes, will probably create an extent of com- 
merce, and a growth of civic power and wealth, of which we have, 
at present, only a faint conception. 

In the following table are included only those lines, which lead 
directly through Cincinnati, and which are either finished, construct- 
ing, or, to which subscriptions have been partially made. 



134 



NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 



Names and Localities. 


Length. 


Finished. 


Construct- 
ing. 


Partly pro- 
vided for. 


Little Miami 

Mad River 


84 

134 

54 

I 149 

60 
25 
40 
16 
45 
37 
130 

I 121 

85 
325 

96 

51 
270 
369 

80 
280 


84 

134 

54 

149 

25 
16 

177 


60 

40 

35 
37 
34 

85 

61 
61 

70 

103 


10 

96 
121 

325 
35 

369 

80 


Xenia and Columbus 


Cincinnati, Columbus and 
Cleveland 


Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton 

Dayton and Springfield 

Hamilton and Eaton 


Findley Branch a 


Western b 


Cincinnati and Hillsborough . . 

Cincinnati and Belpre c 

Cincinnati, Circleville and Zanes- 
ville d 


Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis e 

Ohio and Mississippi/ 

Covington and Lexington g .... 
Indianapolis and Lafayette h .. . 
Indianapolis and Terre-hautei. . 
Pacific Raihvav j 


North Western k 


Baltimore and Ohio 




21 Lines of Railway 


2,261 639 i 586 


1,006 











The principle upon which the above table is constructed includes 
all the lines, — which are continuations — of those lines, which pro- 
ceed directly from Cincinnati. On the other hand, it excludes all 
the lines, which are merely lateral to those leading from Cincin- 
nati. Thus, it includes the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ; but 
excludes the Indiana and Bellefontaine Road, which is lateral to the 
Mad River Line at Bellefontaine. 

On this principle we have the following great lines, viz : 

Baltimore and Ohio Line 280 miles. 

North-Western Railway to the Ohio 80 

Cincinnati and Belpre 130 

Cincinnati and Hillsborough 37 

Little Miami 22 

Ohio and Mississippi 325 

Pacific, to Mouth of Kanzas 369 

From Baltimore to the Kanz as 1,243 



In the same manner, the line from Charleston, South Carolina, 
through Cincinnati to Cleveland, will make about 1,100 miles, in 
length, of which 700 are actually completed, and 140 more in course 
of construction ; yet, as there is a link, between Lexington, Kentucky, 



NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 135 

and Knoxville, or Nashville, Tennessee, unprovided for, no notice is 
taken of it, above, except so far as Lexington. 

If the Southern Line, to Charleston and Savannah, — with some 
continuous lines in the north-west had been included, in the above 
table, — the aggregate would have been, as stated above,— -four thou- 
sand miles of direct railway, from Cincinnati ; all which there is the 
strongest reason to believe, will be completed, in a very few years. 

The following notes on the above table, will explain the connec- 
tions of the several posts. 

a. The Findley Branch, connects the Mad River Railroad with 
Findley, the county seat of Hancock county. 

b. The Western Railway, connects Dayton with Greenville, the 
county seat of Darke county, and thence to the Indiana Line, in the 
direction of Winchester, Indiana. 

c. The Belpre and Cincinnati, is to unite the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad, at, or near, Parkersbum, Virginia, with Cincinnati. 

d. The Cincinnati, Circleville, and Zanesville Line is intended to 
connect Cincinnati, joining the Little Miami, at the mouth of Todd's 
Fork, with the Ohio Central, at Zanesville. 

e. The Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis, will be connected with Cin- 
cinnati, by the Ohio and Mississippi, at Lawrenceburg. At India- 
napolis, it connects with the Lafayette, making, in all, 166 miles 
from Cincinnati to Lafayette. 

/. The Ohio and Mississippi, will connect Cincinnati and St. Louis. 

g. The Covington and Lexington passes up the Licking to Paris. 

h. The Indianapolis and Lafayette will be continued north- 
westerly to Chicago. 

i. The Indianapolis and Terre-haute will pass on west through 
Illinois. 

j. The Pacific Railway connects St. Louis with the mouth of the 
Kanzas river, and is a continuation of the Ohio and Mississippi. 

Jc. The North- Western Railroad has been chartered by the State 
of Virginia, to connect the Baltimore and Ohio, at the Three Forks 
of Tygart's river, with the Cincinnati and Belpre; thus making a 
continuous line to Cincinnati. 

All these railroads, it will thus be perceived, have a direct bearing 
upon the commercial interests of Cincinnati, and will contribute to 
swell the aggregate of its general business. 

The following table presents the aggregate results of roads, 
canals, and railroads, finished, or undertaken, through Cincinnati. 



136 



NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 



Works. Finished. | In progress. 


Undertaken. 


14 Mc Adam Roads 

3 Canals 

21 Railways 


514 miles 
560 " 
639 " 


586 


1,006 


38 Works. 


1,713 


586 


1,006 

-j 



Cincinnati has, therefore, seventeen hundred miles of railways, 
canals, and macadamized roads finished, nearly six hundred in pro- 
gress, and one thousand undertaken, on lines radiating from itself. 
If to these be added other lines, continuous to these, which have a 
probability of early completion, the whole will make five thousand 
miles of artificial highway, soon to be completed. 



CINCINNATI, HAMILTON, AND DAYTON RAILROAD COMPANY. 
Office, north-west corner Vine and Fourth Streets. 

President. — S. S. L'Hommedieu. 

Directors. — J. C. Wright, Samuel Fosdick, E. B. Reeder, William 
Burnet, A. M. Taylor, Cincinnati; John Woods, Hamilton; Alex. 
Grimes, Dayton; Jos. B. Varnum, New York. 

Secretary. — Isaac Shoemaker; Treasurer — Ohio Life Insurance 
and Trust Company ; Chief Engineer — R. M. Shoemaker. 



OHIO AND MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD COMPANY. 

Office, BromwelV s buildings, north-east corner Fourth and Vine 
Streets. Booms 5 and 6, second story. 

President. — Abner T. Ellis. 

Directors.— Alphonso Taft, John S. G. Burt, Charles W. West, 
Eden B. Reeder, George W. Cochran, John Baker, Henry Hanna, 
James C. Hall, David Z. Sedam, Joseph A. James, John Slevin, 
Cincinnati ; Joseph G. Bowman, Illinois ; William Burtch, Samuel 
Wise, William R. McCord, Samuel Judah, Vincennes, la. ; Thomp- 
son Dean, John Cobb, Aurora, la. ; George W. Lane, Lawrence- 
burgh, la. ; Elias Conwell, Ripley Co., la. 

Secretary. — H. H. Goodman; Treasurer — Henry Hanna; Coun- 
selor — Alphonso Taft; Chief Engineer — E. Gest. 



NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 137 

LITTLE MIAMI RAILKOAD COMPANY. 
Office, corner of Congress and Kilgour Streets. 

President. — Jacob Strader. 

Directors. — Jacob Strader, John Kilgour, Griffin Taylor, R. R. 
Springer, John H. Groesbeck, Nat. Wright, John Bacon, William 
McCammon, Abraham Hivling, James Hicks, jun., Larz Anderson, 
Alphonso Taft. 

Secretary. — John Kilgour; Treasurer — Archibald Irwin; Super- 
intendent and Engineer — W. H. Clement. 

This is the only railroad, leading from Cincinnati, which is actu- 
ally in operation. It connects, at Springfield, with the Mad river and 
Sandusky railroad, and at Xenia, with the railroad via Columbus, 
from Cleveland ; thus affording two distinct routes to Lake Erie. 

The whole number of passengers carried on this road within the 
past year, was 144,486, and the amount received from them was 
$204,589 87. Of these 52,288 are through passengers, from Cincin- 
nati to Springfield and from Springfield to Cincinnati, who paid an 
aggregate sum of not far from $125,000. A portion of these pas- 
sengers, however, although counted as through passengers on this 
line, did not travel beyond the limits of this road, and are therefore, 
for the purposes of this calculation, to be added to the list of way- 
passengers. The receipts therefore, from passengers passing through, 
to or from the lake and the eastern lines of travel, did not in fact 
greatly exceed $100,000, or one-half the aggregate amount received 
from passengers. 

Of the earnings of the road for the transportation of freight, the 
greater portion belongs to the class of way-freight. The table an- 
nexed to the Superintendent's report, showing the "principal ar- 
ticles of freight transported," exhibits very clearly the fact, that by 
far the greater portion were articles of domestic product and con- 
sumption, passing between Cincinnati and the country adjacent to 
the road. The only exception is comprised under the single head 
of "merchandise;" and as this item, being 18,295 tons, includes no 
small amount of way-freight, the whole of the through-freight would 
not yield, for the past year, over $35,000 ; and the account would 
then stand as follows : 

Way-freight $157,607 38 

Way-passengers 102,294 93 

$259,602 31 



138 



NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 



Through-freight $35,000 00 

Through -passengers 102,294 93 

$137,294 93 
The whole receipts for 1850, would be : 

For way-freight and passengers $259,902 31 

For through-freight and passengers 137,294 93 

Carrying the mail 8,500 00 

$405,697 24 

It is well understood, that the property of railroads depends, to a 
great extent, on the magnitude of its way-freight and travel, in 
comparison with its through travel and freight ; because, while the 
last class is liable to be diverted from it by competitive lines, the 
first class may be said to be inseparably connected with it. In 
this aspect of the subject, the comparison thus made of the character 
of its freight and travel, is a highly favorable feature in the business 
of the Little Miami Railroad Company. 

The cars and machinery of this company have been all made at 
Cincinnati. 

SANDUSKY ROUTE. 

P. W. Stkadee, Agent. 
From Cincinnati to Sandusky, Buffalo, Boston, New York, d-c, 

Via Little Miami, Mad River, and Lake Erie railroads to Sandusky, Steam- 
boat line to Buffalo, and thence via railroad to Albany, and steamer to New 
York. — Also Steamboat line — on and after opening of New York and Erie 
Railroad — to Dunkirk, and thence to New York. 

LITTLE MIAMI RAILROAD. 

Two daily trains at five o'clock and twenty minutes A. M., and two o'clock 
and thirty minutes P. M. 

Connecting train at two o'clock and thirty minutes P. M., to Sandusky, 
Buffalo, New York, Boston, &c. 

Passengers by two o'clock and thirty minutes P. M. train — Saturdays ex- 
cepted — arrive at Sandusky next morning at six o'clock, and leave by regular 
line Steamer at seven o'clock A. M. for Buffalo, connecting at Buffalo with 
morning express train for Albany, and evening steamer for New York. Also, 
on and after opening of New York and Erie Railroad, connecting at Dunkirk 
with morning express train, and arriving at New York same evening. 

Passengers by five o'clock and twenty minutes A. M. train — Sundays excepted 
—sleep at Sandusky, and take regular line Steamer next morning. 

Saturday afternoon train at two o'clock and thirty minutes, to Springfield 
only. 

The Sunday two o'clock and thirty minutes P. M. train. — Through train- 



NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 



139 



connects Monday morning, -with steamer Alabama, for Buffalo, &c. ; and with 
steamer Arrow, ior Detroit, <fec. 

The following staunch and splendid passenger steamers, form the line from 
Sandusky to Buffalo, and — on and after the opening of New York and Erie 
Railroad — Dunkirk : 

ALABAMA, Capt. Pease, leaves Sandusky, Mondays and Thursdays. 
SARATOGA, Capt. Nickerson, " « Tuesdays and Thursdays. 

EMPIRE, Capt. H. Squier, " " Wednesdays and Saturdays. 

No extra charge for meals or state-rooms, on the boats forming this line. 

DETROIT. 

Through in twenty-four hours, connecting daily — Sundays excepted — with 
steamer Arrow, Capt. Atwood, for Detroit, at 8 o'clock A. M. — connecting at 
Detroit, with all points on the Upper Lakes. 

This route connects, at Buffalo, with Niagara Falls and Ontario route, to 
Toronto, Oswego, Montreal, Quebec, <fcc. At Albany, with Boston, <fcc. At 
New York, with Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c. 

Fare from Cincinnati to Buffalo, $8 80; to Detroit, $8 00; to Sandusky, 
$6 50 ; to Springfield, $2 50 ; Buffalo to New York — if tickets are procured at 
Buffalo— $7 50. 

For all information and through tickets apply at Office, east side of Broad- 
way, first door north of Front Street. 

TABLE OF DISTANCES. 



Columbia 4j^ 

Plainville '. 5 

Milford ±% 

Germany 1^ 

Indian Ripple l.^j 

Loveland's 6 

Foster's 4 

Deerfield 5 

Morrow 5 

Fort Ancient 4 

Freeport 4 



Cincinnati to 

"Waynesville 6 

Spring Valley 7 

Xenia 7 

Yellow Springs 7 

Springfield 12 

Urbana 14 

Bellefontaine 18 

Kenton 24 

Carey 24 

Tiffin 16 

Republic 9 



Bellevue 14 

Sandusky City 15 

Huron 10 

Black River 20 

Cleveland 27 

Grand River 30 

Ashtabula 30 

Conneaut 14 

Erie 30 

Dunkirk 46 

Buffalo 46 

484 



Buffalo to 

Cheetawaga 5 Pittsford 8 Camillus 18 

Lancaster 5 Canandaigua 21 Syracuse 8 

Alden 10 Vienna 14 Chittenango 14 

Darien 5 Geneva 9 Canastota 7 

Attica 6 Waterloo 8 Oneida Depot 6 

Batavia 10 Seneca Falls 3 Rome 12 

Churchville 18 Caynga Bridge 5 Oriskana 7 

Rochester 14 Auburn 10 Whitesborough 4 



140 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 

Utica 3 St. Johnsville 10 Amsterdam 11 

Herkimer 14 Palatine Bridge 9 Schenectady 9 

Little Falls 7 Fonda 13 Albany 16 

325 

Albany to New York 150 

Albany to Boston 200 



CLEVELAND ROUTE. 

P. W. Stbader, Agent. 
Spring, Summer, and Fall arrangement— from Cincinnati to New 

York in 48 hours ; 
Via Little Miami, Xenia and Columbus, Columbus and Cleveland railroads 
to Cleveland ; steamboat line from Cleveland to Buffalo, and thence via rail- 
road to Albany and steamer to New York. 

LITTLE MIAMI RAILROAD. 
Two daily trains at 5 o'clock and 20 A. M., and 2 o'clock and 30 minutes P. M. 
Express train at 5 o'clock and 20 minutes, A. M., to Cleveland, Buffalo, New 
York, Sec. 

BUFFALO. 

Passengers by express train leave Cincinnati, Sundays excepted, at five 
o'clock and 20 minutes, A. M., leave Columbus at 11 o'clock 30 minutes, A. M., 
and arrive at Cleveland at 6 o'clock P. M., connecting with regular line steamer 
for Buffalo — connecting at Buffalo with express train for Albany; at Albany 
with evening steamer to New York ; making 48 hours from Cincinnati to New 
York. 

Passengers sleep first night on one of the following steamers. Sleep second 
night on steamer on North river ; making the trip from Cincinnati to New York 
without loss of sleep. 

Passengers by 2 o'clock and 30 minutes P. M. train, — daily train — sleep at 
Columbus, and resume next morning, Sunday mornings excepted. 

The following staunch and splendid low pressure passenger steamers form a 
line from Cleveland to Buffalo. 

EMPIRE STATE, Capt. Hazard— BUCKEYE STATE, Capt. Stanard. 

N.B. Steamer QUEEN CITY, Captain Titus, takes the place of BUCKEYE 
STATE, for the present. 

No extra charge for meals or state-rooms on the boats forming this line. 

The roads of this route are new, and laid throughout with heavy T rail ; 
and no exertion will be spared to secure the safety, speed and comfort of 
travelers. 

DUNKIRK. 

On and after the opening of the New York and Erie Railroad, a regular line 
of steamers will be put on from Cleveland, connecting with the morning 
express train at Dunkirk, and arriving at New York same evening. 



NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 



141 



DETROIT. 

Steamers leave Cleveland daily for Detroit, connecting at Detroit with all 
points on the Upper Lakes. 

This route connects at Buffalo, with Niagara Falls and Ontario route to New 
Toronto, Oswego, Montreal, Quebec, &c. At Albany, with Boston, &c. At 
New York, with Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c. 

Fare from Cincinnati to Buffalo, $10,00 ; to Cleveland, $7,50 ; to Colum- 
bus, $3,50 ; to Xenia, $1,90 ; Buffalo to New York, if the tickets are procured 
at Buffalo, $7,50. 

For all information and through tickets, apply at the Office, East side of 
Broadway, first door North of Front street, Cincinnati. 

TABLE OF DISTANCES. 



Columbia 4}£ 

Plainville 5 

Milford 4% 

Germany 1% 

Indian Ripple 1)^ 

Loveland's 6 

Foster's 4 

Deerfield 5 

Morrow 5 

Fort Ancient 4 

Freeport 4 



Cheetawaga 5 

Lancaster 5 

Alden 10 

Darien 5 

Attica 6 

Batavia 10 

Churchville 18 

Rochester 14 

Fittsford 8 

Canandaigua 21 

Vienna 14 

Albany to New York . . 
Albany to Boston 



Cincinnati to 

Waynesville G 

Spring Valley 7 

Xenia 7 

Cedarville 8 

South Charleston .... 1 1 

London 11 

"West Jefferson 10 

Columbus 14 

"Worthington 9 

Berlin 11 

Delaware 5 

Buffalo to 

Geneva 9 

Waterloo 8 

Seneca Falls 3 

Cayuga Bridge 5 

Auburn 10 

Camillus 18 

Syracuse 8 

Chittenango 14 

Canastota 7 

Oneida Depot 6 

Rome 12 



Cardington 13 

Gilead 3 

Galion 15 

Shelby 12>£ 

Greenwich 12)£ 

New London 7 

Wellington 11 

Grafton w ll 

Olmsted T.10 

Cleveland 15 

Buffalo 200 

454 

Oriskana 7 

Whitesborough 4 

Utica 4 

Herkimer 14 

Little Falls 7 

St. Johnsville 10 

Palatine Bridge 9 

Fonda 13 

Amsterdam 11 

Schenectady 9 

Albany 16 

325 

150 

200 



12 



142 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 

MIAMI CANAL. 

The amount of tolls for 1850, collected on this canal, was $315,103 
60 cents, leaving, as net proceeds, after deducting cost of repairs, 
superintendence, &c, the sum of $192,645 38 cents ; being $64,'~88 
86 cents over the proceeds of 1849. 

There arrived in 1850, at Cincinnati, by this canal, 117,655 tons 
of merchandise, and were cleared during the same period 42,784 tons. 
There arrived at Toledo in 1850, 122,580 tons, and were cleared 
61,390. The increase during the past, over the preceding year, 
was, at Cincinnati, arrivals, 13,047 tons; clearances 6,568 tons. At 
Toledo, arrivals, 18,016 ; clearances, 31,180 tons. The increase of 
business has been greater at the upper than at the lower end of the 
canal, both in arrivals and clearances, owing to the extent in which 
the Little Miami Railroad shares business at this point ; but, as will 
be seen, our railroad facilities have not, thus far, reduced, nor are 
they ever expected to reduce, materially, or even relatively, the 
canal business of Cincinnati and vicinity. 



CINCINNATI AND WHITEWATER CANAL. 

Incorporated, April, 1837. — Charter perpetual. 
Length, 25 miles from Harrison to Cincinnati ; — connects at Har- 
rison with the Whitewater Valley Canal ; — crosses the Dry Fork of 
Whitewater — the Miami river and Mill creek ; the two former through 
wooden aqueducts ; the latter over a free-stone arch ; — feeder dam 
at Harrison, supplied from Whitewater river ; — canal passes through 
the hills dividing the Miami and Ohio rivers by a tunnel 1900 feet 
long ; and comes up the bank of the river to the city. Cost of con- 
struction and right of way $800,000 : the State of Ohio subscribed 
to the capital stock, $150,000; the City of Cincinnati, $400,000; 
individuals, about $90,000; the balance of money necessary to 
complete the work was raised on certificates and bonds, issued 
by the Company. Boats first passed to the city November, 1843. 
The great flood in the Whitewater river, in December, 1846, 
swept away the feeder-dam, and about a mile of the canal at 
Harrison. The Company repaired the damage during the sum- 
mer and fall of 1 847. In the fall of the same year, another flood 
swept away the entire canal at Harrison, which determined the 



FORWARDING FACILITIES. 



143 



company to re-locate on higher ground, which was done in 1848; 
since which, no accident of any importance has occurred ; and it 
is believed the work is now as permanent as any similar work in 
the country. — Owing to the interruptions to the business of the 
canal by these accidents, the revenue has not yet been sufficient 
to make the repairs, but the increased business, in the last year, 
leads to the belief, that, though from heavy cost, compared to the 
length of the canal, not much interest will be realized to the stock- 
holders, the city will be exceedingly benefited by the trade from the 
Whitewater Valley. 

Of the receipts of the canal in the month of January, 1851, the 
collectors' books show 

Barrels of flour . . . . 19,522 
" lard 2,780 

Kegs " 2,765 

Casks of hams 76 

Hogs 376 

Barrels of pork 504 

Lumber, 92,380 feet, beside 1 
steads, &c, &c. 

Officers. — William McCammon, President; Larz Anderson, Alex. 
Webb, John B. Warren, Thomas H. Yeatman, Harvey Calvert, and 
C. W. West.— Directors ; P. Outcalt, Treasurer; C. W. West, 
Secretary. 



Pounds of bulk pork 


1,131,218 


Bushels of wheat . . 


. . 7,841 


" " corn . . . 


. .14,177 


" " barley . . 


. . 2,284 


" " oats . . . 


. . 884 


" " flax-seed . 


. . 100 


ood, stone, shipstuff, 


bran, bed 



FORWARDING FACILITIES-ERIE AND ONTARIO LINE. 

1851. 

iJtffed.Q. LATHAM * MOODY. ^f^fe, 

Forwarding and Commission merchants and Produce brokers, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Agents for Erie and Ontario Line to Boston and New York, via Ogdensburg 
and Lake Champlain. And for Transportation lines to New York via Buffalo 
and Oswego. Also to Baltimore and Philadelphia, via Pittsburgh. 

Prompt attention paid to the purchase, sale, and shipment of produce and 
merchandise. 



SYRACUSE AND OSWEGO LINE. 
Vessels and Propellers on the Lakes, via Oswego. 

M. Merick & Co., Oswego, New York ; Eaton, Hovey & Co, Syracuse, New 
York, Proprietors. 



144 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 

Agents — Robe and Higbee, 107, Broad street, New York ; C. W. Godard, 
98, Pier, Albany, New York; M. Merrick & Co., Oswego, New York ; Field & 
King, Toledo, Ohio. 

WESTERN LINE. 

Griffith's Western Line, connected with Regular Daily Line of Steamers from 
Toledo to Buffalo. Also, 

"We have a Regular line of First-rate Canal boats, to all points on the Wa- 
bash Canal. 

James Wilson & Co., Commission and Forwarding merchants, Canal ana 
Court streets, between Main and Walnut, Cincinnati, Ohio. 



AMERICAN TRANSPORTATION LINE. 

James F. Torrence, Commission and Forwarding Merchant, Canal street, 
between Walnut and Vine streets, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Agent for the American Transportation Company, — through, without tran- 
shipment at Albany or Troy. Cargoes Insured. 

Two Boats Daily from New York and Buffalo. 

REFERENCES. 

M. M. Caleb, Hiram Joy, C. V. Clark, 101, Broad street, New York; L. E. 
Evans, Albany ; Niles & Wheeler, Buffalo ; Brown <fc King, Toledo. 



MIAMI, WABASH, AND ERIE LINE. 

B. & D. Eggleston,Proprietors of a first-rate line of canal boats, on the Miami, 
Wabash, and Erie Canal, receipt for property to all points on the Lakes and all 
the eastern cities, and advance on the same, when required. Dealers in New 
York salt, Lake fish, and produce generally. 



JULIUS HULL, 
Forwarding and Commission Merchant, 
Office, north side Canal, between Main and Sycamore Streets, 
Is the proprietor of a line of boats from Cincinnati to Terrehaute, la. 
Runs eight boats to Wabash canal. 

Also, as Agent for New York and Ohio Line, ships goods and produce 
daily, to New York, Boston, Canada, by way of Toledo, Buffalo, and Oswego. 
Runs ten boats in this line ; employs seven persons and four horses to each 
boat; three clerls, and one warehouseman. 

Has shipped during the past season, four thousand eight hundred tons 
goods, to Indiana by canal, and to Toledo, on Lake Erie. 



THE CEMETERY OF SPRING GROVE. 145 



XL NECROLOGICAL 



THE CEMETERY OF SPRING GROVE. 

This "rural city of the dead," is situated in the beautiful valley 
of Mill creek, four miles north of Cincinnati, near what was known, 
in the pioneer era of this country, as Ludlow's Station. It contains 
220 acres, 207 being north of the Hamilton turnpike, and inclosed 
with a hedge of osage orange, and platted and laid off into sections 
and lots, for the purposes of sepulture ; and thirteen acres south of 
the road, and bounded by Mill creek, are used for the convenience 
of the workmen employed about the premises. 

The cemetery is laid out in good taste, in the landscape style, and 
the principal avenues, which are of the liberal width of twenty feet, 
made to conform to the undulating and picturesque features of the 
grounds. A more beautiful spot for the purpose, could scarcely 
have been selected. The original plan was drawn by John Notman 
of Philadelphia, and afterward altered, in many of the details, by 
Howard Daniels and the trustees, to harmonize better with the di- 
versified aspect of its rural scenery. 

The survey was commenced by Dr. John Locke, upon the system 
of triangulations, adopted in the United States coast survey; in which 
he had been for some time engaged ; a most accurate and complete 
method. It was continued by Thomas Earnshaw, assisted by his 
sons, until his death, in August last. 

From a recent report of the trustees, the grounds and improve- 
ments, up to the 1st of October last, had cost $54,000, and the im- 
provements by individuals on their own lots, amounted to about as 
much more. Over fifteen miles of avenues had been opened and 
graded. The number of lot owners exceeds one thousand. 

The following extracts, from a publication of the trustees, will 
more fully explain the origin and objects of this noble institution ; 
commenced with the purest motives for the public good, without the 
slightest view to individual gain, but with a sincere wish to confer a 
benefit on the citizens of Cincinnati, that would endure for ao-es. 

o 

To secure the interesting and salutary associations connected with 
a rural cemetery, and prevent the evils inseparably connected with 



146 THE CEMETERY OF SPRING GROVE. 

burial-grounds within the confines of a city, had long engaged tin 
attention of many of our citizens ; some of whom having repeatedlj 
examined the grounds in our vicinity, and fixed upon a proper site 
called together a few of our prominent citizens, known to be inter 
ested in the object, and communicated the result of their explora- 
tions. At this meeting, a committee of seven was appointed, to 
select a suitable site for a cemetery. Of this committee, only four are 
now living. It was composed of William NefF, R. Buchanan, S. C. 
Parkhurst, Melzer Flagg, A. H. Ernst, T. H. Minor, David Loring. 

This committee proceeded immediately to the discharge of the 
duty assigned it, and after a careful examination of the ground 
around our city, reported, at an adjourned meeting, held on the 
20th of April, 1844, in favor of purchasing the Garrard Farm, con- 
taining about 166 acres, situated in Mill creek township, about four 
miles from the city. This ground presents every variety of land- 
scape, very beautifully diversified with hill and dale, forest, lawn, 
and running brook, while the soil is admirably adapted to the pur- 
poses of sepulture. It is sufficient in extent to accommodate a great 
population for many generations, and remote enough from the city 
not to be disturbed by its extension. 

At an adjourned meeting, held on the 27th of April, it was agreed 
to buy the ground recommended by the committee, and to obtain the 
necessary funds by subscriptions of $100 each; the payment of 
which should entitle each subscriber to an area of the ground equal 
to 50 feet square. So apparent was the necessity of providing a se- 
cure place of interment, that the amount necessary to buy the 
grounds was readily obtained. This gratifying intelligence was 
communicated to a meeting of the subscribers on the 11th of May, 
and the proprietors of the ground were directed to be notified that 
the Association would be prepared to pay for it as soon as the title 
could be made. 

In the autumn of 1844, a committee of eminent legal men was 
appointed to draft a charter, which was submitted to a meeting on 
the 25th of October. It was examined, discussed, and amended, at 
several subsequent meetings, and finally adopted on the 1st Dec, 
1844, and John C. Wright, Jacob Burnet, and Timothy Walker, 
appointed a committee to present it to the Legislature. The Act of 
Incorporation was immediately procured, the prominent features of 
which, are as follows : 

Every lot-holder is a member, and entitled to a vote. 



THE CEMETERY OF SPRING GROVE. 147 

The corporation is authorized to hold land exempt from execu- 
tion, and any appropriation to public use, for the sole purpose of a 
cemetery, not exceeding 300 acres, 167 of which, such as shall be 
designated by the directors, shall be exempt from taxation. 

All receipts, whether from the sale of lots, or otherwise, shall be 
applied exclusively to laying out, preserving, protecting, and em- 
bellishing the cemetery, and the avenues leading thereto. 

The original conveyance of lots from the corporation to indivi- 
duals, shall be evidenced by a certificate under the seal of the coi- 
poration, which shall vest in the proprietor, his heirs and assigns, a 
right in fee simple to such lot, exempt from execution, attachment, 
taxation, or any other claim or lien, or process whatever, for the 
sole purpose of interment, under the regulations of the corporation, 
and said certificate shall have the same force and effect as a deed, 
duly executed in other cases. 

The first meeting of the lot-holders, for the election of directors, 
in accordance with the provisions of the charter, was held on the 
8th February, 1845, when the following persons were elected : 

R. Buchanan, William Neff, A. H. Ernst, R. G. Mitchell, D. Lor- 
ing, N. Wright, J. C. Culbertson, Charles Stetson, Griffin Taylor. 

The directors met and organized on the 11th February, 1845, by 
electing R. Buchanan, President ; S. C. Parkhurst, Secretary, and 
Griffin Taylor, Treasurer. 

The board immediately made arrangements for obtaining a sur- 
vey and plot of the grounds ; but as full possession of them could 
not then be obtained, only the leading avenues were marked out 
and graded. 

On the 5th June, 1845, the lot-holders met and determined their 
right of choice in the selection of lots. 

On the 28th August, the grounds were dedicated with appropriate 
religious ceremonies, and an address was delivered by the Hon. 
John McLean. 

In the spring of 1847, an opportunity occurred of buying 40 acres 
north of the cemetery grounds, the diversified character of which, 
made it a very desirable addition to the cemetery ; and as the pos- 
session of it would allow of a much better disposition of the avenues 
than could otherwise be made for the proper development of the 
original grounds, the funds necessaiy to buy the tract were readily 
supplied by the liberality of our citizens; and on the 10th April, 
1847, the purchase was fully completed ; and the cemetery now com- 



148 



COMPARATIVE MORTALITY TABLE. 



prises an area of 206 acres, all of which is inclosed ; and within the 
inclosure, the whole grounds are surrounded by a hedge of the 
osage orange. 

No labor or expense has been spared by the directors in having 
the survey carefully and properly made ; and when finished, they 
believe it will be found more accurate and complete than that of the 
grounds of any other cemetery in the world. Thus, they fondly hope, 
has been commenced an enterprise, which will be an honor to our 
city and our age — one which, while it secures a place of repose 
sacred to the dead, shall purify and refine the living who may resort 
to it, to linger over the objects of their love, where none of the 
dreary and revolting associations, connected with a city grave-yard, 
can ever exist. 

Officers. — R. Buchanan, President; E. J. Handy, Secretary; D. 
H. Home, Treasurer. 

Directors. — R. Buchanan, William Neff, A. H. Ernst, S. C. Park- 
hurst, Griffin Taylor, James Pullan, Daniel H. Home, Charles 
Stetson, William Resor. 
Office, Arts- Union building, corner of Sycamore and Fourth Streets. 



COMPARATIVE MORTALITY TABLE. 

The proportion of deaths to population, in the cities and large 
towns of the old and new world, is as follows : 



EUROPEAN CITIES. 

Glasgow and Manchester. . . . 

Geneva 

London 

St. Petersburg 

Birmingham 

Leghorn 

Berlin 

Lyons, Leeds, Paris, and 

Sheffield 

Bristol • • 

Nice and Palermo 

Manchester and Madrid 

Liverpool 

Naples 

Brussels 

Rome 



1 to 44 


1 " 43 


1 « 38 


1 " 37 


1 " 36 


1 " 35 


1 " 34 


1 " 32 


1 " 31 


1 " 31 


1 « 29 


1 " 28 


1 « 28 


1 « 26 


1 " 25 



AMERICAN CITIES AND TOWN 

Newark, N. J 

Natchez 

New Haven 

Charlestown, Mass 

Cambridge 

Philadelphia 

Baltimore 

Boston 

Charleston 

Cincinnati 

Dayton 

Pittsburgh 

New York 

Providence, R. I 

St. Louis 

New Orleans 



to 53 

" 48 
" 48 
" 48 
u 47 

" 45 
" 45 
u 44 

" 40 

" 40 

" 40 

« 39 

" 38 

" 36 

" 35 

" 20 







^at/rf^r&s/a^ 




COMMERCIAL HOSPITAL AND LUNATIC ASYLUM OP OHIO. 149 

The cities which are lowest on these lists, are rendered so to a 
great extent, by the influx of foreigners, who — especially emigrants 
from Ireland — reach this country in circumstances of great destitu- 
tion, and in many cases, suffering under ship and typhus fever ; the 
effects of unwholesome food, protracted confinement and defective 
ventilation on board passenger vessels. 



XII. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, ETC. 



COMMERCIAL HOSPITAL AND LUNATIC ASYLUM OF OHIO, 

Incorporated January 21, 1821, 

Is located on a four acre lot, in the north-western part of Cin- 
cinnati, with a view to retirement, and to derive advantages from a 
pure atmosphere, and free ventilation. It is a brick structure, three 
stories high, exclusive of the basement, and is large enough to ac- 
commodate, at one time, nearly four hundred and fifty persons. 
Three thousand and sixty were admitted during the past year. 

A portion of the building is appropriated as a poorhouse — there 
are separate apartments for the insane, at this date, numbering 
ninety individuals — on the second and third stories are the medical 
and surgical male wards, the female and lying-in wards, and the 
operating and clinical lecture-room. 

The patients of this institution consist of several classes of persons, 
whose expenses are defrayed from different sources. 

Those boatmen who have regularly paid their hospital clearance, 
according to the commercial regulations of the United States, are 
maintained at the expense of government. 

Others, who have no certificates, testifying as above, are supported 
out of a portion of the auction duties, collected in Cincinnati. 

The poor of Cincinnati township, and transient paupers, also re- 
ceive support from the treasury of said township. Beside these, 
patients from other portions of Ohio are received, and charged two 
dollars per week, for board and medical attendance. 

The hospital is intrusted to the trustees of Cincinnati township 

for its management, except the medical department. Everything 

appertaining to this, is by law under the direction of the faculty of 

the Ohio Medical College. As a compensation for the services of 

" 13 



150 CINCINNATI ORPHAN ASYLUM. 

the latter, tiiey are permitted to introduce the students of the col- 
lege to witness the treatment of diseases, the performance of opera- 
tions, and to receive clinical instruction in the hospital. 



CINCINNATI ORPHAN ASYLUM. 
Elm, near Thirteenth Street. 

This has been built up by contributions from the citizens from 
time to time. It is a well-planned and proportioned building, which 
has cost about $18,000, and presents a handsome appearance, its 
interior arrangements being highly convenient. The dimensions are 
64 by 54 feet. 

Including the basement, it consists of four stories, which contain 
spacious sleeping apartments, bath-houses, a separate department 
for infants, where they are provided with proper nurses, and the 
sustenance suited to their age; a library, and a well organized 
school, in which the children are not only taught the common 
branches of education, but receive that moral and religious training, 
which prepares them to become useful members of society : at the 
same time, in the ample grounds surrounding the house, they are 
enabled to take such exercise as is necessary to promote their 
health. * 

The laws of the institution appear formed with a careful regard 
to the future well-being of the orphans. 

No child is permitted to be taken out of the asylum, until it has 
remained there at least one year, so that vicious habits may be cor- 
rected, before they mingle with society. The strictest scrutiny is 
made into the character of individuals who apply for children, and 
they are placed only in those situations, where, it is believed, the 
same attention will be given to train their minds to virtue as in the 
asylum. Stipulations are made as to the amount of education they 
shall receive, and with regard to their future prospects in life. 
When a child leaves the institution, a manager is appointed as its 
guardian, to whom, in case of grievance, it may apply for redress, 
and look for protection. 

An average number of sixty children have annually been sup- 
ported in the asylum, so that upward of three hundred children 
have been, from time to time, maintained and educated, under its 
protecting roof. Sixty-seven orphans and destitute children are 
now enjoying the benefits which this institution affords. 



ORPHAN ASYLUMS. 151 

ST. PETER'S ORPHAN ASYLUM. 

UNDER THE CARE OF EIGHT SISTERS OF CHARITY. 
Corner of Third and Plum Streets. 
Inmates one hundred and forty-five females. 

ST. ALOYSIUS' ORPHAN HOME. 

UNDER THE CARE OF THE SOCIETY OF THAT NAME. 
South side of Fourth Street, west of Western Row. 
Instituted for boys, of which there are one hundred within its 
walls. 

The value of systematic efforts in benevolence, is here clearly 
shown in the fact, that these asylums are supported by the contribu- 
tions of sixteen hundred members of the Roman Catholic Church, 
in monthly payments of twenty-five cents each. 



GERMAN PROTESTANT ORPHAN ASYLUM. 

Chartered 1849. 

Lewis Weitzel, President ; Adam Hornung, Corresponding Secre- 
tary ; Jacob Menzel, Recording Secretary ; John N. Siebern, Trea- 
surer. 

Frederic Reisz, Jacob Hust, F. H. Lilie, Simon Fieber, Henry 
Weichers, Dietrich Meyer, Henry Stegner, — Trustees. 

This institution is just about going into operation, and it is ex- 
pected, will accommodate one hundred and fifty orphans. 

The lot on which the asylum has been built, is 484 by 360 feet, 
and comprehends four acres. The asylum is built on the skirts of 
Mount Auburn, and is 54 by 48 feet. It is three stories in height — 
the basement being six feet above the ground, the first and second 
stories, twelve feet, and the third, fifteen feet high. It will be 
finished in a few days, and ample resources are provided for its 
support. 

There is an Asylum for Colored Orphans, on Ninth, between Elm 
and Plum streets, capable of accommodating sixty or seventy chil- 
dren ; the children being put out to various employments, as soon 
as they become capable of usefulness ; there are, therefore, rarely 
more than twelve or fifteen inmates dwelling at one time in this 
asylum. 



152 widows' home HOUSE of refuge. 

THE WIDOWS' HOME. 

An impulse was given, by a few public spirited individuals, during 
the inclemency of the winter of 1850, to the claims of aged, infirm 
and indigent females on the sympathy and support of the commu- 
nity. An effort had been already made which secured $1500 
toward a building lot, on which to erect the necessary edifice suited 
for an asylum for individuals of this class. But the enterprise lan- 
guished under the weight of responsibility to carry it through, when 
Wesley Smead, the banker, making a thirty days' business of the 
project, by personal application to all classes, succeeded in obtaining 
contributions for the erection of " The Widows' Home and Asylum 
for aged and indigent Females," to the amount of $16,000. Messrs. 
Burnet, Reader, Shillito and M'Lean, generously presented the in- 
stitution with a lot on Mount Auburn, two hundred feet square, 
worth $4000 more ; and a spacious building, with a neat and elegant 
Grecian front, is now rapidly in progress. This edifice will be one 
hundred and thirty by fifty feet, three stories high, in the main build- 
ing, and two stories on the two wings. 

Mr. Smead's own liberal contribution of $6000, together with the 
$1500 already alluded to, as invested at ten per cent., will form an 
endowment for the support of the institution, when in operation. In 
addition to this, there are already four hundred annual subscribers, at 
three dollars each — a number which will greatly enlarge, so soon as 
the house shall receive its inmates — and the act of incorporation, by 
the State Legislature, directs an annual appropriation of $500 by the 
township of Cincinnati. The Widows' Home, when finished, is ca- 
pable of accommodating comfortably one hundred individuals ; and 
its projectors and patrons entertain no doubt that the necessary funds 
for its support, beyond the resources already pointed out, can be 
raised in the city without any difficulty. 

HOUSE OF REFUGE. 

Established April 25th, 1850, — went into operation September 1st, 1850. 

The grounds connected with the House of Refuge are pleasantly 
situated between the Colerain Turnpike and the Miami Canal, about 
three-quarters of a mile north of the present corporation line. They 
were purchased from Joseph R. Riddle, for the sum of $7896. 

There are 430,000 feet, nearly ten acres, in the whole tract; 



HOUSE OF REFUGE. 153 

260,000 of which are inclosed with a wall seventeen feet high, and 
averamnof two and a half feet thick. The remaining 170,000 feet, 
lying between the turnpike and the walls, will be ornamented with 
trees, shrubbery, <fcc, and used as pleasure grounds. 

The dimensions of the buildings are as follows, viz : The front, 
facing the road, is two hundred and seventy-six feet long, fifty-seven 
and a half feet wide, and four stories high above the basement. 
The centre building is eighty-four and two-thirds feet long. The 
three lower stories are appropriated for the use of Directors, Super- 
intendent, Matron, and others, in charge of the Institution. The 
fourth story is to be used as an Infirmary. 

Joined to the main building are the two wings, each * ninety-five 
and two-thirds feet long, in which are one hundred and eight dormi- 
tories for boys, and seventy-two for girls. 

The buildings are of limestone, obtained from the adjacent hills. 
The coping to the walls, caps and sills to windows, <fcc, are of Day- 
ton stone. 

The front is ornamented with a beautiful portico, of marble, ob- 
tained fourteen miles below Madison, on the Ohio river. 

In the rear of the centre building, and connected with it by a 
gallery twenty-five feet long, is a back building one hundred and 
fourteen feet long, fifty-six feet wide, and two stories high. The 
second story contains two school rooms, each fifty feet by twenty-five, 
and a chapel fifty-eight by fifty -two. The lower story is designed 
for dining-rooms for the boys and girls, kitchen, store-rooms, &c. 

Still in the rear is a one story building, forty feet long, used as a 
boys' bathing-room, and room for washing clothes. 

There are in all over two hundred and fifty rooms, including the 
dormitories. All the rooms are to be warmed by steam. There is 
to be a boiler outside the boys' bathing room, of sufficient capacity 
to do all the cooking, washing, heating water, and also to generate 
steam to warm the whole building completely throughout. 

A large drain passes under ground from the Canal to Mill creek, 
by which all the filth and offal is carried away from the premises. 

Large cisterns, receiving water from the slated roofs, will afford 
an abundant supply of wholesome water for the whole establish- 
ment. 

The rooms are lighted with gas manufactured on the premises. 

The entire cost of the buildings and fixtures is about $150,000. 

Competent judges, after surveying the premises, pronounce them 



154 CINCINNATI RELIEF UNION. 

to be the best constructed and most convenient of the kind in the 
United States. 

There are about ninety inmates of this establishment, at present. 

Officers. — Thomas J. Biggs, D. D., Chairman; Miles Green- 
wood, Treasurer ; Rufus Hubbard, Superintendent ; Ann Carter, 
Matron; Morris B. Fifield, Steward; William Leuthstrom, Secre- 
tary. 

Directors. — Thomas J. Biggs, D. D., William Neff, Elam P. 
Langdon, William McCammon, Charles Thomas, Miles Greenwood, 
Hudson B. Curtis, Alphonso Taft, and Wm. Burnet. 



POOR HOUSE AND FARM. 
The city has purchased a farm, in the vicinity of Carthage, on 
which paupers, who are now depending on the public for support, 
will be employed, in earning their own means of subsistence. On 
this suitable buildings are in process of construction, and will be made 
ready for occupation in the course of the current year. The farm 
consists of 164 T \ 7 „ acres, and cost $16,500. The building is ex- 
pected to cost $120,000. Much benefit will doubtless result to 
Cincinnati from this institution, if it should accomplish nothing more 
than to rid the community of idlers and street beggars, which are 
yearly, in enlarging numbers, coming in from other parts of the 
country, and from foreign lands. 

CINCINNATI RELIEF UNION. 

This admirable institution owes its existence, as well as much of 
its efficient organization and success, to the late Rev. James H. Per- 
kins, whose whole life was spent in promoting the welfare of his fel- 
low-beings, by relieving suffering wherever it fell under his notice, 
and searching out objects of beneficence, as opportunity served. 
His sudden and regretted death is a great loss to his associates in 
this labor of love. 

The present officers are, Rev. A. Blake, President; G. Taylor, 
Treasurer ; Dr. A. L. Bushnell, General Agent. 

The general objects the Relief Union have in view, may be briefly 
comprehended under the following heads : — 

1st. The temporary relief, of those who are actually needy, and 
who have none to help them but the hand of charity. 



CINCINNATI RELIEF UNION HOTEL FOR INVALIDS. 155 

2d. The prevention of street-begging, from house to house, and the 
detection of impostors. 

3d. To act, as a voluntary agent, for the poor and the stranger — 
by obtaining for them employment, and raising up for them friends. 

4th. By a faithful and continued effort, to bring the young under 
proper and healthful moral influences — by obtaining homes for the 
homeless, and instruction and employment for the ignorant and idle. 

Many other objects might be mentioned, but it is believed that all 
may be included in these. 

Temporary relief has been given to more than five hundred 
families, embracing between two and three thousand individuals. 
The amount given, and the time of its continuance, has varied ac- 
cording to circumstances. 

This has been done, after personal visitation and investigation, by 
donations of money, provisions, clothing, shoes, beds, bedding, fuel, 
medicines, and nurses. 

As will be seen by reference to the Treasurer's report, two thou- 
sand one hundred and thirteen dollars and seventy-eight cents have 
been received, and one thousand nine hundred and thirteen dollars 
and seventy -seven cents paid out to the members of the board of 
control, for expenditure in their respective wards. The above sum, 
only embraces a part of what has been expended by the society, as 
donations of clothing, provisions, &c, do not pass through the trea- 
surer's hands, but are given out in the different wards, under the 
direction of the superintendents and visitors. The whole amount 
expended by the society during the year, including clothing, food, 
fuel, &c, will probably more than double that reported by the trea- 
surer ; and this sum, will not include a large amount given indirectly 
through the influence of the Relief Union, by individuals and fami- 
lies, who are thus made acquainted with needy and worthy cases. 

There are two or three houses of employment, for the relief of 
women seeking work, such as that of the Daughters of Temperance 
and Female House of Industry, which are the means of obviating 
much suffering during the inclement period of winter. 

HOTEL FOR INVALIDS, 

AND ORTHOPCEDIC INSTITUTION. 
Corner of Broadway and Franklin Streets. 
It is the object of this institution to provide for transient persons 
sick in our city, and such of our citizens as have not families to ad- 



156 TRACT DEPOSITORY. 

minister to them, when afflicted, the constant and efficient attention 
of well-regulated hospitals, with the comfort and quiet of the best 
conducted boarding-houses. In every city of considerable popula- 
tion within the United States, the want of such provision has been 
most painfully felt. Hotels or boarding-houses are objected to, 
either because of charges too heavy to be long borne, or the want 
of such nurses as can be trusted ; and to the public hospitals there 
is attached a prejudice, however unjustly, so strong, that many risk 
their lives rather than enter them. These difficulties, it is hoped, 
will be avoided so far as possible, by keeping the best nurses, and 
by making the rates of the establishment so low, that its advantages 
may be within reach of almost every class of the community. 

The institution is spacious, and delightfully situated ; is superin- 
tended by J. A. Denis ; has the constant presence of a competent 
house physician, and will be subject in all its arrangements, to the 
directions of the medical attendants. 

Every variety of disease will be admitted into the house, except 
those that are contagious. 

Beside their uniting in the attendance to the sick of the house 
generally, they will give special attention to all the operations and 
diseases of the eye and ear, and diseases of females. Diseases of 
the skin, chest, and urinary organs, as well as the operations of 
lithotomy, lithotrity, club foot, wry neck, curvatures of the spine, 
and other deformities. The house is furnished with warm, cold, 
shower, salt, iodine, sulphurous, and other medicated baths. 

Applications for admission may be made to the superintendent, at 
the house, or to the medical attendants at their residences. 

Charles L. Avery, M. D., south side of Seventh street, between 
Vine and Race. John L. Vattier, M. D., west side of Vine street, 
between Ninth and Court. E. K. Chamberlain, M. D., Sixth street, 
opposite U. S. Hotel. John F. White, M. D., south side Fourth 
street, between Race and Elm. 



TRACT DEPOSITORY, 

AND AGENCY OF THE AMERICAN TRACT SOCIETY. 

This depository and agency, under the superintendence of Seely 
Wood, as agent of the society, is located in the Melodeon building, 
163 Walnut Street. 

This City was selected, ten years since, as a central point for the 



MISSIONARY SOCIETIES. 157 

supervision of colportage in the west and south-west, and for the 
reshipment of books to colporteurs, of whom it employs more than 
one hundred English and German in this State, and in Indiana, 
Kentucky, Tennessee, North Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas, 
whose supplies are shipped by boats running- on the Ohio, Muskin- 
gum, Kanawha, Kentucky, Green, Wabash, Cumberland, Tennessee, 
Mississippi, and Arkansas rivers, and the canals and railroads cen- 
tering here. 

The depository is furnished with a complete assortment of the 
society's publications, consisting of more than 1200 different books, 
tracts, and children's tracts, in English, German, French, Spanish, 
Portuguese, Italian, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, and Welsh ; which in 
point of execution, are the most beautiful specimens of typography 
the country affords. These publications are furnished not only to 
colporteurs, but to individuals and to the trade generally, on the 
same terms as at the society's house in New York ; the purchasers 
thereby saving five per cent, in freight and exchange. 

This agency distributes more than $40,000 worth of publications 
annually, of which, $6000 worth are disposed of gratuitously, among 
the destitute native and foreign population, by colporteurs. 

American B. C. Foreign Missions.— Missionary rooms, 28 west 
Fourth Street. 

Rev. H. A. Tracy, District Secretary ; Dr. Geo. L. Weed, Re- 
ceiving Agent. 

Publications. — Missionary Herald, Journal of Missions, and 
Youth's Day Spring. 

American and Foreign Christian Union. — Office, 28 west 
Fourth Street. 

Rev. Samuel Day, District Secretary. 

American Sunday School Union.— Book Depository, 28 west 
Fourth Street. 

Rev. B. W. Chidlaw, General Agent; G. L. Weed, Depositary. 

Cincinnati Young Men's Bible Society. — Office, 28 west 
Fourth Street. G. L. Weed, Depositary 

BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 
Cincinnati Colonization Society. Ohio Anti-Slavery Society. 
Caledonian Society. Scots' Benevolent Society. St. George's 
Society. Cincinnati Typographical Association. Hibernian 
Benevolent Society. 



158 



TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES. 



TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES. 

CADETS OF TEMPERANCE. 

Washington Section, No. 1, meets Monday evenings, at Foster 
Hall. Queen City Section, No. 2, meets Friday evenings, at Foster 
Hall. Cincinnati Section, No. 3, meets Monday evenings, at Losan- 
tiville Hall. 

DAUGHTERS OF TEMPERANCE. 

Washington Union, No. 1, meets every Thursday afternoon, in 
Foster Hall. Olive Branch Union, No. 2, meets every Tuesday 
afternoon, at Foster Hall. Queen City Union, No. 3, meets every 
Monday afternoon, at Foster Hall. Bethel Union, No. 4, meets 
every Tuesday afternoon, at Bethel Chapel, on Front St. Friend- 
ship Union, No. 6, meets every Wednesday afternoon, at Foster 
Hall. Cary Union, No. 8, meets every Saturday afternoon. 

SONS OF TEMPERANCE. 

Ohio Division, No. 1, meets every Monday evening, at Foster 
Hall, south-east corner Fifth and Walnut Streets. Cincinnati Divi- 
sion, No. 2, meets every Thursday evening, at Foster Hall. Queen 
City Division, No. 3, meets every Friday evening, at Foster Hall. 
Fulton Division, No. 8, meets every Wednesday evening at their 
hall in the basement story of the McKendree Chapel, Fulton. Lafay- 
ette Division, No. 18, meets every Tuesday evening, at Temple 
Hall. Jefferson Division, No. 24, meets every Friday evening, in 
the Hall of the Eastern Fire Co., No. 6, adjoining the 3d District 
School-House, Front Street. Union Division, No. 30, meets every 
Monday evening, at Foster Hall. Star Division, No. 50, meets 
Monday evenings ; Hall, corner Clinton and Cutter. Third Ward 
Division, No. 55, meets on Thursday evening, in Bethel Chapel, 
east of Front Street. 

TEMPLES OF HONOR. 

Grand Temple of Honor of the State of Ohio, meets semi-annually 
in the months of May and November; annual session in May. 
Cincinnati Temple of Honor, No. 1, meets every Friday evening, at 
Temple Hall. Washington Temple of Honor, No. 2, meets every 
Thursday evening, at Temple Hall. Ohio Temple of Honor, No. 7, 
meets every Wednesday evening, at Temple Hall. Union Temple 
of Honor, No. 9, meets every Thursday evening, at Hall, corner of 



MASONIC. 



159 



Western Row and Wade.. Losantiville Temple of Honor, No. 10, 
meets every Tuesday evening, in Losantiville Hall. Mechanics' 
Temple of Honor, No. 17, meets every Friday evening, in Fulton. 

DEGREE TEMPLES. 

Aurora Degree Temple, No. 1, meets the first and third Saturday 
evenings of each month, at Temple Hall. Mt. Sinai Degree Temple, 
No. 12, meets second Tuesday evening in each month, at Hall, cor- 
ner of Western Row and Wade Street. Apollo Degree Temple, No. 
6, meets in Fulton. 



MASONIC. 

Cincinnati Encampment, No. 3, meets second Monday in each 
month. Cincinnati Council, No. 1, meets 3d Monday in each month. 
Cincinnati Chapter, No. 2, meets 1st Monday in each month. Mc 
Millan Chapter, No. 19, meets last Tuesday in each month. N. C. 
Harmony Lodge, No. 2, meets 1st Wednesday in each month. 
Miami Lodge, No. 46, meets 1st Tuesday in each month. Lafayette 
Lodge, No. 81, meets 1st Thursday in each month. Cincinnati 
Lodge, No. 133, meets last Thursday in each month. McMillan 
Lodge, No. 141, meets last Wednesday in each month. Cynthia 
Lodge, No. 155, meets 1st Friday in each month. 

The Masonic Hall. — This fine edifice stands at the north-east 
corner of Walnut and Third streets, occupying a front of one hundred 
and fifteen feet on its southern, and sixty-six feet on its western 
exposure, and is eighty feet high from the pavement to the top of 
the angle buttress. It was erected at an expense of thirty thousand 
dollars, and its appropriate furniture and decorations, cost five 
thousand more. It is in the castellated style of the Gothic architec- 
ture of the Elizabethan era. The lower story is partitioned into five 
store rooms, and a spacious banking hall and offices occupied by 
Ellis & Morton for banking purposes. 

The front is divided by buttresses, two feet face, and eight inches 
projection. These buttresses run above the battlements, the tops of 
which are finished with openings in the ancient castle style. The 
windows to the principal hall are sixteen feet high, and are divided 
by a heavy centre mullion and cross rail, making four parts in each. 
Each window is surmounted by a hood of fine cut stone. The win- 
dows of the third story are nearly of the same size, order, and finish. 



160 ODD FELLOWS. 

At each end of the building on the south front, two of the buttresses 
are elevated a'few feet above the centre, and returned on the west 
front the same distance. Each angle of the west front, is made to 
correspond with each angle of the south front. The centre of the 
west front is gabled ; in the centre of which is a shield, with an in- 
scription bearing the name of the building and date of its erection, 
together with the era of masonry. An iron balcony surrounds the 
building, on a level with the floor of the main hall in the second story. 
This is designed for public assemblies, and is one of the most spa- 
cious in Cincinnati, being fifty-one by one hundred and twelve feet, 
fronting west, and twenty-three feet high, with an orchestra on the 
east end. The ceiling and cornice of this hall are finished in the 
richest style. 

The third story is designed as a hall, for the use of the several 
lodges of the city, together with the chapter, council, and encamp- 
ment, and is eighty by fifty-one on the floor, and twenty feet in 
height. There are various passages, antechambers, and committee 
rooms, which fill up the residue of this story. The chapter room 
proper, is fifty-one by twenty-eight feet. The finish of these rooms, 
especially the ceilings and cornices, are truly elaborate. The exterior 
of the edifice is rough -cast, and the roof slate. 

The furniture of the chapter room is of mahogany, with Gothic 
open panel work, on a rich crimson satin ground. That of the 
Masonic Hall is of bronzed work of the same character, excepting 
that the satin is of mazarine blue. The carpets are of ingrain, of 
the best quality of Mosaic work pattern, with tesselated borders. 
Seven splendid Gothic chandeliers ornament the various halls — these 
are lighted with o-as. 



o 



ODD FELLOWS. 

The Hall of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows is at the 
north-west corner of Third and Walnut. 

Grand Lodge of Ohio, meets in Cincinnati on the 1st Wednesday 
in January and July. Grand Encampment of Ohio, meets on the 
1st Saturday, after 3d Wednesday in July, October, January and 
April. Ohio Lodge, No. 1, meets Monday evening, at Odd Fellows' 
Hall. Washington Lodge, No. 2, meets Tuesday evening, at Odd 
Fellows' Hall. Cincinnati Lodge, No. 3, meets Wednesday evening, 
at Odd Fellows' Hall. Franklin Lodge, No. 4, meets on Thursday 



PUBLIC HALLS. 161 

evening, at Odd Fellows' Hall. Wm. Penn Lodge, No. 56, meets 
Tuesday evening, at their Hall, corner of Eighth and Western Row. 
Fidelity Lodge, No. 71, meets on Monday evening, north-west corner 
of Western Row and Wade. Magnolia Lodge, No. 83, meets on 
Monday evening at Magnolia Hall. Eagle Lodge, No. 100, meets 
Wednesday evening at Odd Fellows' Hall. German Lodge, No. 113, 
meets on Thursday evening on Court street, between Main and Wal- 
nut. Metropolitan, No. 142, meets on Tuesday, at Odd Fellows' 
Hall. Mohawk, 150, meets Tuesday, at Richardson Hall, near 
Mohawk bridge. Woodward, No. 149, meets Tuesday, at the Hall 
on Court street. 

ENCAMPMENTS. 

Wildey, No. 1, meets at Odd Fellows' Hall 1st and 3d Fridays. 
Washington, No. 9, meets on Western Row, 28th, 1st and 3d Thurs- 
days. Cincinnati, No. 22, meets at Magnolia Hall, 2d, and 4th 
Fridays. Mahketawah, No. 32, meets at Odd Fellows' Hall, 2d, and 
4th Friday. Hesperian, No. — , meets between Western Row and 
Wade street. Schiller, No. 42, meets Monday evening, north side 
of Court, between Main and Walnut. 



PUBLIC HALLS. 

Within a few years past, spacious and commodious buildings have 
been erected as public halls, for concerts, lecture and society rooms, 
and public offices. Among these, alphabetically, may be noticed as 
of special importance : 

Apollo Hall. — North-west corner of Walnut and Fifth streets. 
A range of stores on the ground floor ; Wood's Museum, Gundry's 
Commercial College, Hawkins' Daguerrean Gallery, and various 
private offices, on the upper stories. The building is five stories in 
height, and eighty-three by one hundred feet in its front. J. P. 
Broadwell, proprietor. 

Bromwell's Building. — North-east corner of Vine and Fourth 
street. Height, four stories, and fifty, by fifty feet on tire ground. A 
range of stores below ; offices of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 
daguerrean rooms, and various private offices on second and third 
stories. Hall on the fourth story, the entire size of the building. Day- 
ton marble fronts ; Jacob Bromwell, proprietor, J. 0. Sawyer, architect. 

Centre Hall, is a building at the intersection of Western Row 
and Fifth street. It has a large saloon for public meetings and 



162 



PUBLIC HALLS. 



various rooms, including a banking-house at the corner, on the first 
floor ; and office rooms throughout the building. J. L. Scott, pro- 
prietor. 

Cincinnati College. — This is a modern edifice, of the Grecian 
Doric order, with pilaster fronts, and facade of Dayton marble. It 
is of three stories, exclusive of an attic, the whole being one hun- 
dred and forty feet by one hundred in depth, and sixty in height, 
and has cost forty thousand dollars. 

It is on the east side of Walnut, between Fourth and Fifth streets. 
The ground story, in front, is divided into eight spacious rooms for 
stores. In the rear of these are three spacious halls, occupied as a 
hall for meetings of the City Council, and for city public offices of 
various descriptions. The front range, on the second floor, is de- 
signed for the accommodation of the Young Men's Library Associa- 
tion and Reading rooms, and as a Merchants' Exchange. The Ex- 
change is forty-five by fifty-nine feet ; the reading and library rooms, 
each, forty-five by twenty-nine feet. There is also a room fourteen 
by sixteen feet for the use of the directors. In the rear of these is 
the great Hall of the building for public meetings of the citizens, 
which is one hundred and thirty-six feet long, by fifty feet broad, 
and thirty-one high. 

The various study and recitation rooms appropriate to the college 
itself, are in the third story, and occupy a space of forty -five feet by 
one hundred and thirty-six feet, being the whole length of the 
building. 

The attic is subdivided into a spacious gallery, a room for chemi- 
cal and philosophical apparatus, and the lecture-room of the law 
school connected with the college. Fourteen large offices occupy 
the entire range in the rear. 

The whole is thoroughly lighted by gas, and properly venti- 
lated with suitable passages and openings, and an ample amount of 
daylight secured in the rear, for the benefit of the rooms and offices 
which face in that direction. 

The entire building is roofed in the most substantial manner; 
finished with projecting stone cornice, and surmounted with a cupola, 
modeled on a design taken from the Tower of the Winds, at Athens. 

One million of bricks, beside a large quantity of building and 
ornamental stone, have been employed in the construction of this 
edifice. 

Court-street Hall. — North side Court, between Main and Wal- 



PUBLIC HALLS. 



163 



nut streets. This building is occupied, on the second and third 
floors, with the office of the sheriff of Hamilton County, and the 
clerks' offices of the courts. In the fourth story are held the sessions 
of the Court of Common Pleas, the Commercial, and the Superior 
Courts of Hamilton County. J. Wilson & Co., proprietors. 

The Melodeon. — This is one among the most prominent and 
elegant buildings in Cincinnati. It is situated on the northwest 
corner of Fourth and Walnut streets, and covers an area of sixty- 
nine feet by one hundred. The lower story is divided into eight 
stores, with basement rooms, several of whfch, have tesselated 
marble floors, and are otherwise handsomely fitted up. The corner 
store of this building, is occupied as a Dentist's and Daguerreotyp- 
ist's depot, at which place these professions are furnished with every 
variety of business stock and tools. Adjoining this, and fronting 
on both streets, is a Music Publishing establishment, on a most ex- 
tensive scale. Next, fronting on Fourth street, is a Drug and 
Apothecary store, fitted up with exquisite taste ; and adjoining this, 
the Universalist Book depot, and publication office, fronting on 
Walnut street. One store is occupied as the American Tract Depo- 
sitory, and another as Jennings' Patent Phosgene Gas and Lamp 
establishment. The second story is divided into eight well finished 
single and double rooms, with marble floor on the landing of the 
main entrance. The principal part of this story is occupied as Bart- 
lett's Commercial College, and Faris's Daguerrean Gallery, the 
remainder as dressing rooms, janitor's rooms, proprietor's office, etc. 
The third story is a Public Hall, which covers nearly the whole 
area of the building, being about one hundred feet in length, sixty 
in width, and twenty-five in height. It is fitted up and finished 
in the most elegant style, with stuccoed frieze, cornice and ceiling, 
and in architectural beauty, is probably equal to any hall in the 
country. This building was erected by Lewis Williams, of Phila- 
delphia, in 1846, and has been much admired for its beauty and 
simplicity of architecture. 

There are other buildings, more or less of public character, which 
are dismissed without special notices, as being collections of business 
offices, mostly ; many of these are of great extent and importance, 
however, in this respect. One of these may be referred to as an 
example. This is 

Reeder's Building — Between Walnut and Vine Sts., fronts sixty 
feet on Third, and seventy-six feet on Pearl street, being two 



1G4 HOTELS. 

hundred and twenty feet in depth. It is six stories high on Third, 
and four stories on Pearl street. Not less than 1,250,000 bricks 
have been laid into these walls. This makes it the largest brick 
building, with partitions, in Cincinnati. It comprehends one hundred 
and twelve rooms, for stores, offices, and sleeping chambers ; all 
well lighted, ventilated, and amply supplied with water, and pro- 
tected by water-tanks — in every story, kept full, at all times — from 
fires that may originate within its walls. All its other arrangements 
and business appliances are perfect. 

The Third street front is faced with free-stone and protected, by 
revolving iron window -shutters, alike from fraud and violence. 



HOTELS 

Burnet House, north-west corner of Third and Vine streets. 
This is undoubtedly the most spacious, and probably the best, hotel, 
in its interior and domestic arrangements, of any in the world. It 
is of recent construction, and put up by a joint-stock company, who 
have leased it for a term of years, to A. B. Coleman, its present 
proprietor. The building, including the terrace, is two hundred and 
twelve feet on Third street, and two hundred and ten feet to its rear 
on Burnet street. Its style of architecture is the Bracketed Italian. 
It is six stories in height, with a dome forty-two feet in diameter, 
which is one hundred feet above the basement floor. The observa- 
tory commands a fine view of the city, and more particularly of the 
river Ohio and the Kentucky scenery beyond, being one hundred 
and forty-two feet above the level of the street on which it fronts. 
The entire house contains three hundred and forty rooms, all pro- 
perly lighted and ventilated. The Burnet House is central to the 
river and canal; and when the railroad communications, in progress 
here, shall be completed, will be so to all the traveling public land- 
ings and depots. 

Gibson House — D. V. Bennett, proprietor. This is located on 
the west side of Walnut, between Fourth and Fifth streets, and is 
seventy feet front by two hundred feet deep. It is convenient to 
the mercantile and general business region of the city, and is imme- 
diately adjacent to the College buildings, which are occupied by the 
Chamber of Commerce, the Merchants' Exchange, and the Young 
Men's Library Association. In this building, also, the City Council 
holds its sessions and keeps the various city offices. The Gibson 



HOTELS. 



165 



House comprehends one hundred and twenty-three chambers and 
parlors, and can seat two hundred and fifty guests at the public 
table. The dining-room is one hundred, by thirty feet, with an ele- 
vation of twenty feet to the ceiling. The house is heated, and the 
cooking and washing done, entirely by steam. A corridor, extending 
the entire length of the rear building, affords entrances to each 
series of chambers, adding also to the light and ventilation of the 
various rooms. The main staircase is spiral, of great beauty, con- 
venience and safety, a dome and skylight gracefully crowning the 
entire ascent. The construction of the Gibson House affords pecu- 
liar advantage to travelers in whose case order and quiet repose are 
desirable. From the nature of the building, which possesses but 
one entry on a floor, and one staircase to the entire house, and that 
of a character which does not reverberate sound, there need not be, 
and there is not, more disturbance during sleeping hours than in an 
ordinary private house. 

Dennison House. — One of the oldest, as well as the most popular 
of our hotels, is the Dennison House. 

This has always been one of our most important public houses ; 
and being in the centre of the wholesale dry -goods and hardware 
trade — contiguous to the principal market-houses — to the Merchants' 
Exchange and Library Rooms, as well as to the Post-office, it has 
always been a favorite house with a large share of country merchants, 
from Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana and Virginia, and persons on business 
from other quarters. It has recently undergone an extensive re- 
building, and entire re-modeling, inside, as well as in its external 
appearance, enlarging itself to double its former front, and greatly 
increasing its depth. 

As the result of these improvements and additions, it is now one 
of the most spacious of our city hotels, presenting an imposing front 
of ninety-four feet extent, with a depth of one hundred feet. It is 
five stories high, besides the usual basement. 

The building is well lighted and admirably ventilated ; with a fine 
parlor and drawing-room for ladies, and one hundred and four lodg- 
ing apartments of ample size. The facade of the hotel is ornamented 
with two porticoes, and galleries pass round each side of the area, in 
the rear, of every story of the house. 

This Hotel was established in 1824, by William Dennison, Sen., 
who has since connected his son, E. B. Dennison, in the enterprise. 

Walnut Street House — At the corner of Walnut and Gano 
14 



166 



PUBLIC HALLS. 



streets, is a new and very commodious edifice, kept by J. W. Swe- 
aey. It covers ten thousand square feet of ground; is live stories 
high, exclusive of the basement, and comprehends one hundred 
and eighty-three rooms, all of convenient size and arrangement, 
and many of them spacious and elegant. 

The floors of the business rooms are covered with ornamented 
cast iron plates, tesselated into squares. The residue of the house 
is carpeted throughout. 

The dining-room is one of the finest to be seen in Cincinnati — if 
not anywhere. It is 90 feet by 40 feet, with a height of 20 feet; 
the ceiling enriched with elegantly rich frescos. The entire furni- 
ture in this house, in its various departments, cost over twenty-five 
thousand dollars. 

A magnificent view, for miles, in all directions, is afforded by the 
observatory, at the summit of this building. 

Pearl Street House — Kept by W. H. Henrie. This is one of 
our oldest hotels. It is about to be re-modeled, if not re-built, by 
extending its Walnut street front, north, to the corner of Third 
street, and thence east one hundred feet. This improvement and 
enlargement, will render it as spacious as any hotel in Cincinnati. 
The proprietor, Henry Brachmann, is just setting out for Europe, and 
as soon as he returns, these changes will, doubtless, take effect. 

The Pearl Street House is contiguous to the wholesale stores, to 
the public landing of Cincinnati, and central to the depots of the 
various railroad lines to this city. It has always shared largely in 
the hotel business of Cincinnati. 

Woodruff House — P. E. & G. P. Tuttle, proprietors, Sycamore 
street, between Third and Fourth. This is a newly erected edifice, 
which has a west front on Hammond street, as well as its principal 
front on Sycamore street. Each front is fifty feet, and its entire 
depth two hundred. The lot on which it stands, contains ten thou- 
sand square feet. It is five stories high, exclusive of the basement, 
and measures, from the side-walk to the top in front, seventy feet. 
The building contains rooms, equal to one hundred and thirty of the 
size usual in hotels. This house is located in the most populous 
and business portion of the city, a short distance from the Ohio river, 
at the centre of the public landing, and convenient to the railroad 
depots, Post-office and Canal, and within one square of Main street. 

The roof of the building affords a pleasant promenade, as well as 
a fine view of the river and surrounding country. 



i IIOI'SE.S. 167 

United States Hotel — A. Wetherbee, proprietor, corner of Wal- 
nut and Sixth Btrects. It fronts 130 feet on Sixth street, and 40 feet 
on Walnut street, and contains one hundred and fifty chambers. 
This house has always been popular and prosperous. 

Heubie House — L. Mount, proprietor, north side of Third .street, 
between Main and Sycamore The Third street front, is 96 feet — 
depth, 100 feet, with a front on Hammond street. It has nearly 
one hundred rooms. This is one of our long established houses, 
and enjoys a high reputation. 

Waverley House — R. H. Hendrickson, proprietor. This hotel is 
well adapted, from its vicinity to Main and Court streets, to the 
reception and accommodation of travelers who have business with 
the county offices, and the courts of justice, of Hamilton county, 
which are in session nearly all the time. It enjoys the best share 
of the travel, from the interior of Ohio and Indiana, and, in the 
winter season, of Kentucky also. 

The building is 51 feet on Main street, by 200 feet deep, and con- 
tains one hundred rooms, of various sizes, but all convenient. 



BATH HOUSES. 
Several of the Hotels — the Burnet, Woodruff, and Gibson Houses, 
among others — have bathing rooms for the use of the public, on 
a scale commensurate with their other appointments. Beside these, 
there are several public bath houses, of which two may be selected 
to advantage. These are : 

1. The Metropolitan Bath House, No. 137 Sycamore street, 
Jackson & Ophof, proprietors. These consist of an arcade of 130 
feet in length, divided into twenty-six rooms, thirteen on a side, and 
eight by ten feet in size. Twenty of these are for gentlemen, and 
six, including dressing-room, for ladies. These have separate en- 
trances. The ceiling is vaulted, and lighted by a series of sky-lights. 
A hall of 7}, feet separates the two suites of bathing rooms. Warm, 
cold and shower baths at all hours. In the rear is a plunge bath, 
14 by 18 feet, and 5 feet deep. 

2. Bath House, corner of Third and Masonic Alley. This is the 
well-known establishment of W. W. Watson — now occupied by 

>n <k Barnett, his successors. It is in the most central part of 
fche city, well ventilated, and lighted with gas. Shower, hot and 
cold baths, at the pleasure of the visitor, at all hours. 



1G8 



FIRE DEPARTMENT. 



FIRE DEPARTMENT. 
There are eighteen companies of Firemen belonging to the Fire 
Department, as follows : 



No. 1. Washington, 

2. Relief, 

3. Independence, 

4. Franklin, 

5. Invincible, 

6. Eastern, 

7. Northern, 

8. Marion, 



No. 9. Union, 

Independent, No. 1. 

Independent, " 2. 

Independent Western, 

Eagle, 

Mohawk, 

Brighton, 



Each of these companies is provided with Fire and Suction En- 
gines and Hose Reel; so that every company possesses the full 
apparatus to extinguish fires, without depending on the aid of other 
independent companies, to furnish any part of the apparatus on the 
ground. There are thus forty-five carriages, of the best construc- 
tion and materials, dispersed all over the city, and as many always 
in attendance as can work to advantage. 

There are beside, two hook and ladder companies, and one com- 
pany of fire guards, to render appropriate services, as they may be 
required. There are eighteen hundred members of these various 
companies, a large share of whom, are young men, and in unmarried 
life. 

There are eighty-three public cisterns, and seventy-nine fire- 
plugs, employed for the extinguishment of fires exclusively. 



FOREIGN CONSULATES. 

James F. Meline, Consular Agent of the French Republic. — Of- 
fice, No. 99 West Third Street. 

C. F. Adae, Consul of the Kingdoms of Wurttemberg, Bavaria, 
Hanover, and the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg. — Office, No. 16 
West Front Street. 





m. 




<e/A 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 169 



XIII. MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 



Manufactures, being the great source of the prosperity of Cincin- 
nati, and the great element of its progress, should, therefore, 
naturally occupy a large share of this volume. In this article it is 
designed to exhibit these features — the share which raw material 
bears to the final product ; the number of hands employed ; and the 
value of the products. An opportunity is thus afforded, by a scru- 
tiny of the details, to determine the accuracy of the aggregates they 
make, and the justice of the deductions to which they point. 

Agricultural Machines. A. C. Brown, 37 Walnut street. — These 
consist of harvesters and mowing-machines, grain and grain thrash- 
ing machines, and horse powers, for one, two, four and six horses ; 
portable French burr-stone mills ; stock mills, for grinding corn and 
cobs together, and other grain for feeding purposes ; corn-shellers, 
to shell twenty to fifty bushels per hour; straw-cutters, tanning 
mills, clover hullers, corn planters, cultivators, drilling machines, 
wool carding machines, and machine cards. Steam power ; employs 
thirty hands, and manufactures, yearly, to the value of thirty-six 
thousand dollars. Raw materials — 22 per cent, of the value of 
product. 

Alcohol and Spirits of Wine. — These are articles, which, althouoh 
usually considered the same, are materially different. Alcohol is 
whisky, distilled to its highest grade of proof, and is employed in 
the mechanic arts, as the basis of essences and medical tinctures, 
and as a solvent in various manufacturing operations. 

Neutral Spirit, is the same article in point of strength, but divested, 
in its manufacture, of all empyreumatic odor and taste. It forms 
the basis of domestic brandies, gins, &c. When abundant harvests 
in the west are likely to depress the price of corn, the same motive 
which prompts the farmer to put his crop into pork, by the feeding 
of it to hogs, suggests, also, the manufacture into whisky ; in both 
cases, a bulky and heavy product, being converted into an article of 
greater value and profit, because more convenient for transportation 
to market. The same principle, carried out, induces the shipment 



170 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

of whisky, in the form of alcohol, which, condensing two barrels 
into one, saves one-half the expense of transportation, to various 
distant markets. 

There are six manufactories here of these articles — all large. 
Such is the simplicity and efficient of the apparatus employed, that 
twelve men suffice for the manufacture of an entire product of 
35,750 barrels; equal, at 40 gallons to the barrel, to 1,430,000 gal- 
lons, and of the value of seventeen dollars per barrel; value of 
product six hundred and eight thousand and two hundred and sixty 
dollars — of raw material 80 per cent. 

These results are day -light operations, of twelve hours. When 
the stills are run day and night, as is sometimes the case, the pro- 
duct is, of course, double; in fact more, because no time is lost in 
rekindling fires and reheating the stills. 

The largest operators in this line, are Lowell Fletcher & Co., 
south-east corner of Vine and Front streets, and S. S. Boyle, 
Second street, between Sycamore and Broadway. Their capacity of 
manufacture is nearly equal. Fletcher & Co., confine their products 
to alcohol and neutral spirits. Boyle, in addition to these, manu- 
factures domestic liquors on a very extensive scale. The manufacture 
of alcohol and neutral spirits, at these laboratories, is more than 
8,000 barrels, or 320,000 gallons, annually, for each establishment. 

The labor saving genius of the age is remarkably illustrated in 
these laboratories. The space occupied by the apparatus, at each, 
does not exceed twenty feet square, in which narrow limits, with 
stills of 1400 gallons capacity, such an immense quantity of alcohol 
and pure spirits, is the annual product. Nothing can surpass their 
simple and efficient arrangements, and the adaptedness to its purpose, 
of the apparatus already referred to. 

Animal Charcoal. One factory. — Employs twelve hands, and 
produces to the value of twenty-five thousand dollars ; value of raw 
materials 10 per cent. 

Apple Butter, <L-c. Three establishments. — Nine hands ; value of 
product, five thousand dollars ; raw material consumed, 50 per cent. 

Architects and Draughtsmen. — Fifteen principals and assistants; 
product twenty-two thousand dollars — labor entirely. Walter & 
Wilson; office at the Mechanics' Institute, and J. O. Sawyer, Brom- 
well's building, corner Fourth and Vine Streets, are skillful and ju- 
dicious architects, to whose designs and superintendence our city 
owes many of its best buildings. 



"FACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL FR0DUCTS. 171 

Artificial Flowers. Three mar. b. — Forty liar.', 

pally females; vain ■ thousand two hundred 

dollar- : -.40 per cent. 

" fee — S Kty-six hands: 

value of product., lorry-live thousand dollars ; raw materials 50 per 
cent. 

£°;. — Of these, there are two. the Fulton and the 

Globe mills — steam power. They employ two hundred and thirtv- 
eight hands, one halt of which are females : product, bagging for 
cotton bales, to the value of two hundred and seventy thousand 
dollars; raw material, hemp, is of a value of 60 per cent, to the pro- 
duct. The market for this is entirely in the southern states. 

Bakers. — There are one hundred and for:y bakeries : which em- 
four hundred and forty-live hands, and manufacture to the 
value of six hundred and thirty thousand seven hundred and sixtv- 
two dollars in bread, biscuit. Are. : raw material 60 per cent. 

■\ 15 Sycamore, west side, between Front and Se- 
cond streets, — steam power — manufactures yearly to the value of 
eighty-live thousand dollars., principally hard baked bread : 
tkmj luas sixteen hands. 
John Bailie. Front, above Ludk m - has nineteen hand- 

turns out, annually , t a product in value, of thirty-six thousand 
hundred and fifty dollars, principally of biscuit and pilot bread, 
which are I to far distant climes. 

Thomas W, King, of the late firm of King A: Hetiher, stated to me 

".lie years ago. being then a supercargo of an East Indiaman. 

and at Canton. China, he made the American 

consul's, where everything procurable that could remind them of their 

made a part of the entertainment; among other things 

produced, was a tin can of water crackers, which being unpacked, 

were handed round to the guests. King, carelessly crashing 

in his Deed at the stamp, and saw, J. Bailie, Cincinnati. 

A thousand memories of his old home — he was a native of Ohio, 

and long a resident of the city — rushed to his heart and tilled his 

eyes. Those who recollect the emotion displayed by Capt. Cook, 

at circumnavigator, on discovering the stamp. London, on a 

r spoon which fell into his hands, while thousands of miles 

from home, may appreciate his feelings. 

0. H. Bennett, wholesale and retail bakery, south side Court, east, 
of Vine street — fifteen hands; makes bread, biscuit, and cakes; the 



J-/^ MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

first principally, to the annual value of twenty-three thousand four 
hundred and fifty dollars. 

Alfred Burnett, 76, and 164, west Fifth street, manufactures wed- 
ding cakes, principally; employs nine hands; consumes annually, 
seventy-five thousand eggs, twenty-four thousand pounds sugar, 
and fifteen thousand pounds butter, in this article. Mr. Burnett 
has sold, of wedding cake, to the value of thirteen hundred dollars, 
in twelve days. 

Band and Hat-boxes and Cases for Ladles* Shoes, dc. Six factor- 
ies — Sixty hands ; value of product, thirty-six thousand dollars per 
annum ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Baskets, Cradles, Wagons, and other willow-ware. Seven shops, 
with thirty hands, manufacture a product of eighteen thousand dol- 
lars ; raw material, 35 per cent. 

The finer qualities of baskets, as well as the willow wagons, cradles 
and chairs are made from a variety called the Italian or white wil- 
low, which is cultivated for this purpose in the vicinity of the city. 
The willow sprouts are cut off, so as to leave a stump or head, which 
grows thicker yearly, but is not suffered to form a regular top, the 
new sprouts being taken off in the spring as fast as they become 
large enough for use. There are many small patches in this vicin- 
ity, amounting, in the aggregate, to several acres, cultivated to 
much profit for this purpose. The common baskets sold in our 
market are made of the common or swamp willow, which grows 
spontaneously on the banks, or in the water-courses of our creeks 
and rivulets. 

Bell and Brassfounders. — There are two bell founders who are 
also brassfounders and finishers ; and ten brassfounders who do not 
connect bell founding with their business. The entire value of the 
products made in these twelve founderies is, bells — eighty-five thou- 
sand dollars; raw material 67 per cent. Brass castings finished, 
one hundred and twenty-four thousand five hundred dollars ; raw 
material 35 per cent.; total product, two hundred and nine thousand 
five hundred, and an average of 45 per cent., cost of materials. 

G. W. Coffin & Co., of the Buckeye Foundery, Second street, near 
Broadway, have made during the past season, four hundred and 
forty-seven bells of all sizes, from a dinner alarm to the largest class 
of church bells, which have weighed four thousand and ninety-five 
pounds. The aggregate weight of these bells was forty thousand 
and seventy-six pounds. This is the only bell foundery in the United 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 173 

States, in which bells are constructed upon purely scientific prin- 
ciples, and made to conform rigidly to the laws of acoustics. 

An ingenious invention, on the principle of a set of keys — original 
with Mr. Coffin, has been introduced in playing upon chimes of 
bells, made in his establishment. By this, the connection of which 
with the bells, is out of sight, musical pieces are played as 
on a piano or any other keyed instrument. Obviously, this is a 
great improvement on the old and awkward mode of ringing by 
ropes. 

The " Buckeye" is the largest bell foundery in the United States; 
indeed, the only one that approaches it in magnitude, is Meneely's, 
in Troy, New York. 

One or two incidents to bell casting, which are connected with 
this foundery, may not be out of place. A large bell made 
here, was put up on the Fulton bagging factory, and during the 
conflagration of that building, in 1843, was consumed, or at least, so 
far destroyed, that not a vestige of it could be found. The only 
reasonable conjecture respecting its fate is, that as the cupola, with 
the roof below, Avere burnt before the rest of the building, the bell, 
in melting, spread out upon the sheeting and remaining roof, among 
the ashes, into particles so minute as to be absolutely lost. 

It is a debatable point whether the addition of silver to the metal 
usually prepared for bells, improves the sound; and one still more 
disputed, whether that precious ingredient ever actually composed 
a part, at least any great part, in the composition of bells. One of 
the bells cast here, was for the Roman Catholic church at Mobile. 
This was a large one, and the old bell, which had been cracked, 
made a part of the new one. The old one had been cast at Toledo, 
in Spain, and one-eighth part of its weight was made up of one thou- 
sand four hundred and seventy Spanish dollars. Mr. Coffin con- 
siders it one of the finest toned ones he had ever cast. 

Samuel Cummings, Front street, east of Pike, makes every 
variety of brass work, for land and steamboat engines, city and 
steamboat fire engines, of any pattern or size. Hydraulic machines — 
such as water rams, fire plugs, and stop valves for water works, 
of all kinds. Plumbers', brewers', and distillers' brasses, well, and 
soda pumps. Makes four fire engines annually ; fourteen hands. 

Kirkup, Potts & Co., Pearl street, west of Walnut — and Front 
street, east of Deer creek bridge ; manufacture all kinds of copper, 
brass, zinc, and anti-friction castings ; steam, liquor, soda and water 
15 



174 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

cocks and valves of all descriptions, hose, salt-well and other 
joints, spelter solder, copper rivets, &c. They employ twelve hands. 

R. T. Thorburn & Co., Front, west of Walnut street, make bells 
and brass faucets of every description ; brass bannister and bar rail- 
ing for steamboats and hotels ; fountain cocks, and generator work ; 
hose and salt- well joints; oil globes; cylinder and gauge cocks; 
steamboat-table castors ; copper rivets ; also plated faucets for tea- 
urns and water-coolers. Employ eight hands, and make nine thou- 
sand dollars worth of work. 

Bellows. — Three factories supply this market with blacksmiths' 
bellows, for home and foreign demand ; eight hands are thus em- 
ployed ; the value of product, is eighteen thousand dollars ; of raw 
material, 75 per cent. 

Blacking Paste. — Three factories : one of them on a large scale ; 
sixteen hands ; value of product, twenty-four thousand dollars ; raw 
material, 50 per cent. 

Butler & Brother, 215 Main street, make blacking extensively. 
The boxes for the blacking, are all made by machinery. Of these, 
they use yearly to the extent of eight hundred and sixty -four thou- 
sand, in putting up six thousand gross of blacking. 

Black smithing . Eighty-two shops — Two hundred and twenty- 
three hands ; value of product two hundred and thirty-five thousand 
three hundred and ninety-five dollars; of raw material, 50 per cent. 

Blinds, Venetian. Six shops. — twenty-seven hands ; value of 
product, forty thousand dollars ; raw material, 70 per cent. 

H. Read, 147 Sycamore street, employs eight hands, as an aver- 
age; and sells annually, to the value of ten thousand dollars. 
These blinds, even to the tassels and binding, are all made in 
Cincinnati. 

Block, Spar, and Pump makers. Five shops. — Eighteen hands ; 
products, twenty-one thousand dollars; value of raw material, 40 
per cent. 

Boilers for Steam- Engines. — There are ten boiler yards, employ- 
ing ninety-seven hands. The product for 1850, is seven hundred 
and thirty-five boilers ; three hundred and forty -nine thousand dol- 
lars in value, inclusive of repairing operations; raw material, 70 
per cent. 

In 1840, four yards, with ninety hands, made but one hundred 
and sixty thousand dollars worth of work. 

Washington McLean, on Congress, east of Ludlow street, employs 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 175 

sixteen hands ; and manufactures boilers to the value of fifty-two 
thousand dollars. 

Bonnet bleaching and 'pressing. Ten shops. — Thirty -three hands; 
product twenty-two thousand dollars ; raw material, 5 per cent. 

Book-binding. Fifteen binderies, with one hundred and thirty- 
six hands. Of these, some are connected with printing offices or 
book publishers, whose work they finish — others, with booksellers 
and stationers in the blank-book, pamphlet, or job line — others, 
again, work principally or entirely on job-work. Of these binderies, 
again, some are branches of publishing houses, and some of printing 
offices; which makes it difficult to present accurate statistics of bind- 
ing business operations. The amount of binding for publishers, is, 
therefore, not included in this article, as it will be embraced in the 
value of books published, in a subsequent paragraph. 

The value of products in these establishments, exclusive of what 
is done for publishers, is one hundred and twenty-two thousand 
dollars ; raw material, 35 per cent. 

James T. Morgan & Co., book-binders, 111 Main street, bind for 
a number of publishing houses ; employ thirty-eight binders and 
folders, and execute work to the value of thirty thousand dollars 
annually. Their binding, of which " Cincinnati in 1851," is a spe- 
cimen, will compare favorably with the highest order of work, in 
this line, done for the New York and Boston publishers. 

J. F. Desilver, blank-book bindery. Among those who have 
spared neither efforts nor expense, to supersede the dependence of 
Cincinnati on the eastern cities, for the finer class of blank-books, 
is this establishment. Books of accounts or of records, may be had 
here, in a style unsurpassed elsewhere. Spring backs and raised 
bands, which as well as the ends and fronts, are of prime Russia 
leather, confine the pages as firmly as if on clamps ; so that whether 
laid open or shut, the edges are kept mathematically exact, and the 
book is rendered strong enough, to resist the strain to which such 
heavy books are exposed by constant use. The ends, fronts, and 
backs are finished with gold filleting of the richest style. The 
paper, cream or blue laid, of superb texture, and made of the finest 
linen materials. 

Boots and Shoes. — Of these, there are every variety made in Cin- 
cinnati; fine and coarse work for foreign markets, and custom work 
for home consumption. The purchases of our own citizens alone, 
annually, reach four hundred and fifty thousand pairs of boots and 



176 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

shoes; worth more than one million two hundred and fifty thousand 
dollars. Two-thirds of these at least, are made here, wholesale, or 
at custom shops. There are three hundred and seventy-four boot 
and shoemakers, with seventeen hundred and sixty hands ; and a 
product of eleven hundred and eighty-two thousand six hundred and 
fifty dollars ; value of raw materials, 40 per cent., as an average. 

Filley & Chapin, corner of Pearl and Main streets. Every 
day is adding to the variety, as well as to the extent, of our manu- 
facturing operations. When the statistics in this line, of the census 
of 1840, for Cincinnati were taken, although the value of the leather 
annually manufactured in the place, was three hundred and thirty- 
five thousand dollars, yet, at that period, the entire consumption of 
leather here, was by custom-work boot and shoemakers, and the 
amount of raw material beyond that demand, was exported east, 
whence it came back, to a great extent, worked up into the cheaper 
qualities of ready-made boots and shoes. 

Within the last three years, a beginning and successful progress 
has been made in changing this course of things, by Filley & 
Chapin, C. W. Williams, M. A. Westcott, and other business 
houses, who have entered the field, as wholesale boot and shoe 
manufacturers; and there is no doubt, that in the course of ten 
years or less, not a pair of boots or shoes will be brought here, of 
New England manufacture ; and a high probability exists, that 
within a few years more, we shall be supplying the very markets 
in which we now purchase. 

A brief statement of the business of Filley & Chapin, will illus- 
trate the subject. Their manufacturing operations are carried on in 
the upper stories of the Clayton building, on Second and Sycamore 
streets. Here they occupy eight rooms, of a space equal to four- 
teen thousand and eighty square feet. Their operations are in fine 
and coarse shoes and boots, principally the last. The leather, with 
the exception of a small portion of hemlock tanned sole, is all made 
in this city. They work up yearly, ten thousand sides sole leather, 
twenty thousand sides upper leather, No. 1, and 2, in equal quanti- 
ties ; twenty thousand sheep-skins, and two thousand five hundred 
calf-skins : of value — sole leather, twenty thousand dollars ; upper 
leather, thirty thousand dollars ; sheep and calf-skins, each five thou- 
sand dollars. This, with five thousand pounds boot nails, six hun- 
dred bushels shoe pegs, and other trimmings, run up their annual 
supply of raw material, to a value of sixty-seven thousand five hun- 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 177 

dred dollars. As nine-tenths of these materials are manufactured 
in Cincinnati, these details exhibit the manner and extent to which 
this, as every other new branch of business embarked in here, aids 
existing manufacturing operations, or contributes to the establish- 
ment of new ones. 

Messrs. Filley <fe Chapin, employ two hundred hands in the vari- 
ous branches of their business, principally journeymen, although 
the stitching and binding is done by women. It is pleasant to no- 
tice, that one beneficial result of this enterprise has been to find 
employment for the poor and the destitute. A case occurred here, 
recently, where a woman with three boys, earned in this business, 
three dollars a-week, and each of the boys, three more ; and another, 
in which an elderly man, who was out of employment when he 
came to Cincinnati, is now earning, with three or four children, 
twenty dollars per week. These are evidences, that employment 
for our poor, is of more efficiency, as well as less burthensome to the 
community, than the periodical efforts made to relieve distress in 
the community, after it is rendered apparent. 

This firm manufactures, weekly, at the rate of one hundred and 
forty cases, or seven thousand five hundred cases of boots annually ; 
what falls short of this, is made up in shoes. Sixty thousand dollars 
is paid out yearly to the hands, and not less than one thousand living 
beings are fed by earnings in this establishment alone. 

Every description of boots and shoes, as has been ascertained at 
this factory, can be made as cheap here as at the eastward, and the 
finer kinds much cheaper. 

The only inducement to purchase in eastern markets that remains, 
is the long credit of four and eight months given there, which 
tempts new beginners of limited capital to submit to the higher rate 
of cost, which carriage and exchange — at least ten per cent. — to say 
nothing of traveling expenses, imposes on our dealers who lay in at 
the east. 

This is so well understood by capitalists here, that heavy dealers, 
who can afford to buy for cash, make their purchases principally of 
this firm. As an example, the heaviest shoe and boot merchant in 
Louisville, himself owner of a boot and shoe factory, in Grafton, 
Mass., deals largely with Messrs. Filley & Chapin, and has a 
standing order on their books to the value of eleven thousand dol- 
lars, in deliveries of one hundred and forty dollars per day, or in 
that proportion weekly. The country merchant can buy always to 



178 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

better advantage in the west, also, not merely in the saving of tra- 
veling expenses and freight or carriage, but in the certainty of 
getting his goods almost at his door at a day's notice, and of indi- 
viduals within reach, of responsibility for the wares they manu- 
facture. 

Thomas Sharkey, a journeyman in Filley & Chapin's employ, 
has frequently made six pairs of these boots per day of eight hours, 
and has more than once made twelve pairs at a sitting of fifteen 
hours in each instance, and will make a pair of boots at any time, in 
the presence of any one curious to witness the performance, in one 
hour, or even less. 

These are feats which cannot be paralleled or even approached in 
New England, the head-quarters of the boot and shoe manufactures. 

Another class of boot and shoemakers consists of those who 
measure for customers, beside keeping a supply on hand, of the same 
quality, for those who require to be supplied on short notice, or 
without notice at all. A proper representative of this class, is 
Eshelby, No. 16 West Sixth street, a man, who has acquired con- 
siderable celebrity in business. He employs, on an average, thirty 
hands, manufactures as many pairs of women's and children's shoes 
as of men's, and all of the finest quality of materials. He makes to 
the value of thirty thousand dollars annually. 

Eshelby makes one article that deserves special notice ; this is a 
substantial calf-skin boot, tanned with the hair on, which is turned 
inside, and is designed for winter wear, especially of persons whose 
business exposes them to travel through the snow or water — sur- 
veyors and railroad parties, for example. 

Yet another class exists. There are persons in large numbers 
in cities, who rarely, or never bespeak their boots and shoes, but 
purchase at the period of want, and many of them at its last 
moment. They expect, however, to get an article equal to the best, 
both in neatness and service. 

C. M. Williams, Fifth, east of Walnut, supplies this line of cus- 
tomers, and on the most extensive scale. He employs from seventy- 
five to one hundred and twenty-five hands, all upon fine work of 
men's dress boots, congress boots, and fine shoes, and ladies' gaiter 
boots, buskins and slippers. These are of every suitable material, 
calf-skins, morocco, lasting, and patent leather of the best material 
and finish. He makes what is termed seamless gaiter boots for 
ladies, which are so constructed, that there is no strain whatever 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 179 

upon the boot except at the corded side, which being gored with 
elastic cloth, accommodates itself to the pressure. As these gaiters 
adjust themselves to the shape and fullness of the ankle, they are 
equally neat and durable. Mr. Williams sells yearly to the value 
of sixty-seven thousand dollars, and like all city manufacturers, 
for cash only. 

Every article here is sold under guarantee of its quality, both of 
work and materials, and the extent of the sales enables Mr. Williams 
to supply his customers at as low rates as they might otherwise pay 
for an article inferior to his. 

There are great advantages, in manufacturing, over purchasing at 
the eastward for this market. The latter course requires keeping 
large stocks on hand, part of which lies over and deteriorates in 
various ways, by lying on the shelves ; the sizes put up in assorting 
the cases do not run out equally ; the extreme small and extreme 
large lying on hand. 

The seller here is held responsible for the quality and durability 
of an article for which after his purchases reach home, he finds no 
corresponding responsibility. On the other hand, by manufacturing 
for himself, he can use up his stock as closely as he chooses ; he can 
take off or put on hands according to his convenience or interest, 
and fill up the demand with the exact kind or size he happens to 
want ; — and his journeyman is just as responsible to him for faithful 
work, as he is to his customers. 

M. A. Westcott, No. 42, and 197, and 199, Walnut street, is in 
the same line of business, substantially, as Mr. Williams ; and much 
of the statement just made will apply also to his business. He 
employs one hundred hands in various capacities, and manufactures 
to the value of forty-five thousand seven hundred dollars. 

E. G. Webster & Co., corner of Fifth and Lodge street, and 
opposite Fifth street Market-house, is at the head of yet another 
class. He employs one hundred hands, who make, annually, sixty 
thousand pairs of ladies', misses', and children's shoes. They use 
French and Philadelphia calf-skins, colored roans, patent and 
enameled leather, morocco, French and English kids, drillings, and 
shoe-duck, lastings, French sateens and Italian cloths. This list of 
materials, exhibits the variety of the stock they keep on hand, all of 
their own manufacture. They manufacture gentlemen's dress boots, 
also, although theirs is principally a ladies' shoe-store. 

They are also extensive wholesale dealers in eastern boots and 



180 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

shoes, and keep constantly for sale the various materials already 
specified, as well as other trimmings. 

There is lastly, a class who make ladies' shoes to measure, in all 
cases : such as Todd, Fifth street, who employs twenty hands, and 
makes ten thousand dollars value of ladies' and misses' shoes. 
These are all of the finest quality of work and materials. 

Brand, Stamp, and Venetian Blind Chisel makers. Six shops — 
Sixteen hands ; thirteen thousand five hundred dollars, product; raw 
material, 10 per cent. 

Breweries. — Of these, there are twenty-one in Cincinnati, which 
employ one hundred and seventy-two hands. These make respec- 
tively, per annum, of half barrels beer or ale : 

25,000 13,040 6220 

25,000 12,500 6220 

25,000 12,500 6220 

25,000 12,500 5240 

16,900 10,400 4160 

16,900 8,320 2780 

13,540 7,480 2080 

257,000 

Of this, there are : 

Beer £05,000 at $2 $410,000 

Ale 52,000 " 3 156,000 



$566,000 

Of this product, 75 per cent, is raw material. 

Bricks. Sixty brick makers. — Employ three hundred and sixty- 
seven hands ; value of product, two hundred and seven thousand 
dollars ; raw material, clay and wood, 40 per cent. 

Bricklayers and Plasterers. Two hundred and eight master 
workmen. — Eight hundred and seventy-six hands ; labor value, 
four hundred and eight thousand, six hundred and fifty dollars ; 
raw material, 5 per cent. 

Bristle and Curled Hair dressers. Four establishments. — One 
hundred and four hands ; product, forty-eight thousand eight hun- 
dred dollars ; raw material, 5 per cent. 

Britannia Ware. — Two factories, which employ thirty-two hands, 
and make a product of thirty-eight thousand six hundred and ninety 
dollars in value ; raw material, 45 per cent. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 181 

Sellew & Co., 208 Main street, manufacture Britannia coffee 
and tea-sets, pitchers, cups, lamps, candlesticks, castors, tumblers, 
candle-molds, etc. This establishment is of long existence, and is 
constantly enlarging its business, as well as improving the quality of 
its wares, which find a market throughout the entire west and south- 
west. The firm employs twenty-two hands, and manufactures 
thirty thousand dollars in value. 

Brushes. Of these, there are fifteen factories, all small, except 
one or two— ninety hands ; annual product, sixty thousand five hun- 
dred dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Sleeper & Mintzer, 163 Main street, are making brushes to con- 
siderable extent, and in infinite variety. They manufacture not 
only most durable and convenient articles for housekeepers, but 
many descriptions of goods finished to a degree, that might gratify 
even the fastidiousness of a Parisian exquisite. They employ thirty- 
six hands. 

Buckets, Tubs, <£c— There is but one of these factories here, that 
of N. C. McLean, which is on an extensive scale. One thousand 
to twelve hundred buckets, and one hundred and fifty tubs are 
turned out every day at these works. These are all made by ma- 
chinery, and finished, including painting, in the best style ; annual 
product, eighty-four thousand two hundred dollars ; raw materials, 
48 per cent. 

The logs, which are brought from the head waters of the Alle- 
gheny river, are floated to the factory, by the agency of the Miami 
canal, at whose termination it is built. There they are sawed into 
stave lengths and bottom pieces, split into blocks of suitable size, 
and fed to a cylinder saw, which cuts them into staves of the proper 
thickness and curve. They are then put into the drying-house, 
jointed, hooped and sandpapered, to smooth the inner and outer sur- 
face ; eared and handled, and lastly, painted in the usual variety of 
colors. There are four large drying-houses, and eight of smaller 
size, through which the entire stock of material is passed, being 
kiln-dried or steamed, to the necessary point of thorough seasoning 
for use. It is hardly possible to name a single feature, in the com- 
parison of these buckets with the old-fashioned article they super- 
sede, in which they have not the advantage. 

These buckets come into market in competition with an article 
made at Beaver, Penn., which they must finally supersede to a 
great extent, if not totally, for the following reasons : 



182 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

1. The Beaver bucket is made with ears projecting above the 
edge, which are thereby unduly exposed to being broken off. The 
ears of these are made differently, and can be set below the edge of 
the bucket. 

2. The Beaver buckets are coated with paint mixed with glue, 
dissolved in water. These are painted in oil colors. 

3. Lastly, all purchasers prefer buying an article made on the 
spot, as they can avail themselves thereby, of a direct responsibility 
in the seller, if the article they buy prove inferior to the warranty. 
Every business man understands the advantage of this. 

Burr Millstone makers. Four factories. — Nineteen hands ; value 
of product, twenty-four thousand dollars; raw material, 65 per 
cent. 

James Bradford & Co., 65 Walnut street, manufacture yearly, 
seventy-five pairs burr millstones. 

The burrs, of which the millstones are composed, are imported 
from France, in cubes of about twelve inches average. We have 
the same material in our own west, but it is not hard enough for 
service. The burrs are cemented with plaster of Paris, which is 
received from Nova Scotia and the Lake Erie region ; and each 
stone is secured with four bands of iron, which being put on hot, as 
they shrink in cooling, serve to confine the whole under any amount 
of strain to which it may be exposed. 

Butchers. One hundred and twenty-one. — Occupy five market- 
houses. This does not include a large number, who slaughter cattle 
and sell them either by the quarter or entire carcass, outside the 
markets. There are six hundred butchers, employers and journey- 
men. The value of pork, beef, mutton, &c, cut up and sold in our 
markets to families, public houses, steamboats, and sent off to fami- 
lies in the vicinity of Cincinnati, reaches two millions eight hundred 
and fifty thousand dollars, per annum; raw material, 80 per 
cent. 

Camphine and Spirit Gas. Three factories. — Seven hands ; pro- 
duct, seventeen thousand two hundred dollars ; raw material, 75 
per cent. 

Candies and Confectionaries . — Of these, there are twelve shops, 
with eighty hands ; value of product, one hundred and twenty-eight 
thousand one hundred and twenty dollars ; raw materials, 60 per 
cent. 

P. Hall, 52 Main street, employs at an average, twenty-three 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL TRODUCTS. 183 

hands, and makes six to eight hundred pounds candies per day. 
Large quantities of sirups for soda-water establishments, are also 
made here, when the weather is favorable. He has worked up 
fifteen boxes Havana sugar, weekly, into candies and sirups. 

Ccq)s — men and boys. Nine factories. — Employ fifty hands ; value 
of product, thirty-nine thousand dollars; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Carpenters and Builders. Two hundred and eighty-four shops. — 
Employ two thousand three hundred and twenty hands ; value of 
product, two million one hundred and sixteen thousand dollars ; raw 
material, 5 per cent. 

Cars and Omnibuses — railroad. Four establishments, for making 
and repairing. Employ one hundred and ten hands ; value of pro- 
duct, one hundred and eight thousand four hundred and forty-seven 
dollars ; raw material, 70 per cent. 

Carriages, Buggies, etc. Twenty-four factories. — Two hundred 
and twelve hands ; product, two hundred and forty-seven thousand 
four hundred dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

J. W. Gosling, corner of Sycamore and Sixth streets, employs 
forty-five hands ; makes buggies, barouches, carriages, etc., to the 
value of fifty thousand dollars. There is a novelty introduced 
here, of a carriage step, which by hidden machinery, is so con- 
nected with the door, that the opening of the door uncovers and 
lets down the step, as its shutting restores it to its place and 
covers it. The step is, therefore, out of sight, except for the brief 
space during which it is in actual service. 

George C. Miller & Sons. This is a long established house, who 
have recently put up spacious work and sale-rooms, on Seventh, 
west of Main street. They make every description of fine carriages, 
buggies, and barouches ; employ thirty hands, and manufacture to 
the value of thirty-seven thousand five hundred dollars. 

I. & B. Bruce & Co., 75 Walnut street. This establishment 
makes every variety of wheeled vehicle, including carriages, buggies, 
barouches, omnibuses, hose-reels, and light wagons ; it employs 
sixty hands. It does the largest repairing business, in its line, of 
any shop in Cincinnati. The concern is about to open separate work- 
shops on Elm, below Columbia street. 

Carpet weavers. Eighteen shops. — Sixty-five hands; fifty-six 
thousand dollars, labor product. 

Carvers in wood. Three shops. — Seven hands; value of pro- 
duct, seven thousand dollars ; raw material, 5 per cent. 



184 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

A. W. Anderson, Second, west of Race street, makes figure-heads 
for/steamboats and sailing vessels, Ionic, Corinthian, and composite 
capitals and columns, and patterns for ornamental castings. The 
full length statue of Jefferson, on the Vine street engine hall, was 
executed by Mr. Anderson. 

Castor Oil. One factory, that of Conkling, Wood & Co. — Em- 
ploys eight hands, and produces to the value of fifty-five thousand 
dollars ; value of raw material, including barrels, 75 per cent. 

Charcoal, pulverized for rectifiers. Three establishments. — Nine 
hands ; value of product, eighteen thousand five hundred dollars ; 
raw material, 50 per cent. 

Chemicals. Five laboratories. — Seventy -nine hands; product in 
value, two hundred and twenty-six thousand dollars ; raw material, 
40 per cent. Here are made oil vitriol, copperas, alum, prussiate 
of potash, prussian blue, etc. 

J. C. Baum, on Dunlap street, south of Hamilton road, works 
twenty hands, in the manufacture of prussian blue and prussiate 
of potash ; manufactures to the value of twenty-five thousand 
dollars. 

Cistern builders. Three. — Thirty-six hands ; value of product, 
seventy-five thousand dollars. 

Jos. S. Cook has been several years engaged in cistern-building — 
has built all the public cisterns in Cincinnati — was the first man that 
ever turned an arch in this line of business, and has never been 
called upon to repair or alter a cistern built under his charge. 

Cloaks and Visites. Two shops. — Six hands; three thousand 
dollars value ; raw material, 65 per cent. 

Clothing manufactories. — This is a very extensive business here, 
which is principally engrossed by the Israelites of Cincinnati. One 
hundred and eight stores and shops; employ nine hundred and 
fifty hands at their workshops. More than nine thousand women 
work at their own houses, for these establishments. Value of pro- 
duct, one million nine hundred and forty-seven thousand five hun- 
dred dollars ; raw material, 60 per cent. 

There are six establishments alone, in the city, which manufacture 
more than half a million of dollars of clothing. Cincinnati is the 
great mart for ready-made clothing, for the whole south and west. 

Coffee roasting, etc. One establishment, with seventeen hands, 
and a product of thirty-eight thousand dollars ; raw material, 75 
per cent. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 185 

Combs. One factory. — Employs eighteen hands ; value of pro- 
duct, eighteen thousand dollars ; raw material 60 per cent. 

Composition-roojing. Four establishments. — Eighteen hands ; 
value of roofs, forty thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

S. M. & C. M. Warren, put on these kind of roofs, very exten- 
sively. They first introduced them here, in 1847. 

The usual covering hitherto, has been shingles, sheet-tin, slate, 
and sheet-zinc. The two last very expensive ; the others far from 
durable. Warren's composition roofs, in their first cost, are not 
much higher than shingles, and taking durability into view, are 
much less expensive. 

The composition is a preparation of tar and sand upon paper, 
which is fastened to the sheeting usually prepared as a basis for 
shingles. Thick and strong paper is first secured to the boards, 
and two or three coats of prepared tar are then spread on the sur- 
face. Sand or fine gravel forms the final coat or covering. 

Such a roof does not leak, even when just made, and a few months 
serve to render it perfectly dry and indestructible by fire. 

The advantages of this roof are : 

1st. Its durability. To this no period can be assigned, save that 
it will last as long as the house it covers. 

2d. The beauty it confers upon a roof. The slightest possible 
declivity serves for such a roof, as the water cannot penetrate it in 
the slightest degree. The benefit of this light slope, is also a mate- 
rial advantage. Usually, the upper rooms of a house, are of little 
value, the greater part not being high enough to permit persons to 
stand upright. With these roofs, the whole of the upper floor can 
be readily used for ordinary purposes. 

3d. Its efficiency. Such a roof becomes so substantial that rain 
cannot, in the slightest degree, penetrate it. 

4th. Its indestructibility by fire has been often tested, and always 
with success. The workshop of the Messrs. Warren, themselves, 
took fire not long since, and although the sheeting of the roof was 
charred through to a coal, the fire could not pass through the roof, 
and the adjacent buildings were saved thereby from the extension 
of the fire. 

5th. Not least in the advantages, is the perfect foothold it affords 
in the surface as well as in the slope. These roofs may be walked 
over in perfect safety, except when covered with sleet. 

Coopers. There are sixty-three shops, with seven hundred and 



186 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

ainety-six workmen employed ; value of product, three hundred and 
eighty-seven thousand dollars ; raw material, 20 per cent. 

One shop alone, works one hundred and fifty hands, and turns 
out cooperage, annually, to the value of ninety thousand dollars. 

Copper, Tin, and Sheet-Iron workers. Forty-two shops. — Two 
hundred and forty hands ; value of products, two hundred and 
fifty -eight thousand six hundred and forty dollars ; raw material, 
copper-ware, 60 per cent.; tin-ware and sheet-iron-ware, 30 per 
cent. ; average value of raw material, 48 per cent. 

Copperplate Printers. Two establishments. -Employ twelve hands ; 
labor product, fifty thousand dollars ; raw material, 10 per cent. 

E. C. Middleton, Odd Fellows' building, is one of the inventors 
and patentees of a novel press, which enables the copper-plate 
printer to execute his work without lifting the plate after it has been 
placed on the bed. Every artist can appreciate the importance of 
such improvement. 

Cordage, etc. Nine rope-yards. — One hundred and thirty hands; 
value of product, one hundred and eighty thousand dollars ; raw 
material, 35 per cent. 

Cured Beef, Tongues, etc. — There are thirteen establishments, 
with forty hands, in this line, most of them operating on a small 
scale, or carrying it on as an adjunct to business of greater magni- 
tude. Of this latter class, is the firm of Stagg & Shays, which 
does a heavy business in sugar-cured hams, and has this year put up 
one hundred and fifty thousand pounds dried beef; and cured fifteen 
thousand beef tongues. The rounds of thirty-one thousand two 
hundred beef cattle, have been cured here, this season, which, to- 
gether with that number of tongues, reaches a value of one hundred 
and thirty-five thousand dollars. Raw material, 65 per cent. 

Cutlery — Surgical and Dental Instruments — Tailors' Shears, etc. 
Four workshops. — Twenty-five hands ; value of product forty thou- 
sand dollars ; raw material, 20 per cent. 

W. Z. Rees, Sixth, near Walnut street, is one of the most im- 
portant of these. He makes surgical instruments of admirable 
delicacy of construction and finish, and his couching or cataract 
needles, are preferred in the United States, to those of any others 
made in this country. Drs. Mussey, Taliaferro, Smith, and others, 
surgeons, get all their instruments here. 

Daguerreotypists. — Thirty-two, with seventy-eight assistants ; pro- 
duce to the value of eighty thousand dollars; raw material, 60 per cent. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 187 

Our daguerreian artists stand high everywhere. Reed, the artist, 
who carried portraits taken by Hawkins and Faris, to Europe, 
states, in a letter home, that their works were recognized at a glance 
in Florence, by Frenchmen and others, as American productions, 
and superior to anything produced on the continent of Europe. 

Hawkins, in addition to his daguerreotypes, produces, what he 
terms, a solograph picture. These are portraits and miniatures 
which possess the beauty of superior oil paintings, and the exquisite 
finish of highly-wrought miniatures. Nothing can exceed their 
truthfulness of likeness and life-like coloring:. 

They possess the great advantage of not being liable to change : 
while, on the contrary, like a fine painting, they improve by time. 

While these pictures are equal to finished paintings in color, they 
excel even the daguerreotype, in fidelity. 

Dentistry. — There are thirty-six dentists, with forty-four assist- 
ants ; value of operations, ninety-two thousand dollars ; raw material, 
65 per cent. 

Die sinkers. Three shops. — Five hands ; value of product, five 
thousand dollars; raw material, 10 per cent. 

Domestic Liquors — Brandies, Wines, Cordials, etc. — Of these, there 
are eight extensive establishments, and as many more on a small scale, 
employing forty-six hands, which manufacture sixty-six thousand 
barrels of forty gallons, annually, worth at eleven dollars per barrel, 
seven hundred and twenty-six thousand dollars ; raw material, 60 
per cent. 

Kellogg, Brothers, on Second street, consume sixty barrels whis- 
ky, per day ; other materials, proportionately. Here may be seen 
a tub or tun employed in the manufacture of native sweet wine, 
which is oi fifty thousand gallons capacity, the staves being three inches 
thick; the bottom of six inch timber, and bound with nineteen 
iron wagon -tire hoops, of four and a-half by one quarter inches. It 
is twelve feet high, and over twenty-five feet diameter. There are 
five other tubs, which in the aggregate, contain as much as the great 
mastodon just described, and which, if seen anywhere else, would be 
considered of enormous capacity ; but whose size here, is lost sight 
of, in the contemplation of the largest one. 

This firm supplies brandy, gin, old reserve whisky, sweet wines, 
cordials, etc., to the south-east and south-west. 

Dyers. Fifteen dyeing and scouring establishments.— Twenty- 



188 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

four hands ; value of product, twenty-eight thousand dollars ; raw 
material, 25 per cent. 

William Teasdale, corner Walnut and Gano street, carries on 
these various operations, on an extensive scale. He has never 
failed at the various state exhibitions and mechanics' fairs, to receive 
premiums and diplomas for superior tints and permanent colors. 

Edge-tool makers. Nineteen factories. — Seventy -two hands ; value 
of product, ninety-seven thousand nine hundred dollars ; raw ma- 
terial, 35 per cent. 

J. F. Fowler & Co., on Lock street, fabricate all kinds of edge 
tools, pump augers, tanners', fleshers', and lath knives, hatchets, 
plane bits, carpenters' and coopers' tools, of all descriptions. 

James Galbraith, Seventh, west of Main street, makes annually, 
one thousand two hundred dozen stone hammers, lathing and shing- 
ling hatchets and drawing-knives, chopping, broad, and carpenters' 
axes, of the value of eighteen thousand dollars. 

Edge-tool grinding. — A. Cunningham, Lock street, employs eight- 
een hands. Value of annual labor product, twenty thousand dol- 
lars ; raw material, 5 per cent.; grinds two thousand four hundred 
pieces every week. Fancy grinding and polishing, is also done here. 
Engravers. — There are eight wood, and six steel and copperplate 
engraving establishments here; thirty engravers, including assist- 
ants ; value of labor product, fifty thousand dollars ; raw material, 
10 per cent. 

Fancy job printing. Two establishments. — These are those of 
Messrs. Schmidt & Storch, Third street, east of Main; and C. 
Clark & Co., of the Ben Franklin office, on Walnut street. Their 
ornamental work in bronze or silver and gold, and in tints and 
colors are executed in a style unsurpassed at other offices, here or 
elsewhere. The gold lettering of Schmidt & Storch, upon ultra- 
marine paper, is truly magnificent. These are largely employed in 
wine labels, for our native wine manufacturers. C. Clark & Co., 
are extensively engaged on fancy steamboat bills, printed also in 
gold and silver letters. Both these firms execute fine circulars, 
checks, notes, bills lading, bill-heads, and indeed, every species of 
letter sheet printing. Twenty-five hands are employed in these 
job offices ; value of product, thirty thousand dollars ; raw material, 
30 per cent. 

Some notion of the extent of Clark & Co.'s operations, may be 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 189 

formed, by the statement here made, that they employ in their job 
office, more than one thousand fonts of type; and keep employed, 
seven hand presses, four power presses, two card presses, one tip 
press, and one embossing press. They occupy more business space, 
and are provided more extensively with business materials, than 
any establishment of the kind in the Atlantic cities. 

Feed and Flouring mills. — There are fourteen mills here, the more 
important of which, manufacture wheat flour, and steam-dried corn 
meal, for foreign markets. They grind oil-cake into meal, and make 
feed for horses, etc., by grinding up corn in the cob, and oats, and 
by chopping rye and buckwheat, etc. Value of aggregate product, 
one million six hundred and ninety thousand dollars; employ 
sixty-five hands ; raw material, 75 per cent. 

C. W. West & Co., have two mills, one on the Miami, the other 
on the Whitewater canal ; manufacture three hundred and fifty 
barrels flour per day. Their flour is of the highest reputation in 
the markets. 

C. S. Bradbury, corner Eighth and Broadway, manufactures one 
hundred and fifty barrels superfine flour, and one hundred and forty 
barrels steam dried corn-meal per day. Prepares from wheat and 
corn, using only the germ of the grain, farina of the finest quality. 
This is the basis of various delicious culinary preparations, such as 
puddings, custards, blanc-mange, etc. Five hundred pounds of 
this article is made at this mill daily. His steam dried corn-meal, 
is shipped to every part of the globe. 

A. Erkenbrecher, Lock street, north of Miami canal, makes and 
sifts corn-meal for family use, buckwheat flour, chopped feed, and 
pearl barley. Also, kiln dried corn-meal, for exportation. 

Fire-engines, Hydraulic Apparatus, etc. — One very important manu- 
facture which has been established during late years in Cincinnati, 
is that of fire-engines and other hydraulic apparatus. These are 
made by D. L. Farnam, on Elm, between Fourth and Fifth streets. 
Mr. Farnam is the inventor, as well as manufacturer of these hy- 
draulic fire-engines. They are constructed on the novel principle 
of working horizontally, the firemen being seated in the body of the 
engine. Those who have handled, in times of fire, engines on the 
ordinary principle, know what an exhausting process it is to work 
them with spirit, even for twenty minutes. In the present descrip- 
tion of engine, the men exert themselves as if rowing a boat, the 
motion of the body and the muscles employed, being precisely the 
16 



190 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

same. Eubank, in his celebrated work on hydraulics, appears to 
have referred to this very kind of engine as a desideratum, in say- 
ing, "when a man's strength is applied as in the act cf rowing, the 
effect is nearly one hundred and fifty per cent., more than in moving 
a pump lever. This is sufficient to induce efforts to supersede the 
present mode of working the pumps of engines." 

In these engines, the firemen sit with one or both feet braced up 
nearly level with the seat. In this position, a man of ordinary 
strength can raise a weight of one hundred and fifty pounds, thirty 
inches, and keep that weight passing up and down that distance, as 
many times a minute as the usual number of strokes of an engine. 

As it has been ascertained that firemen working on side-engines, 
do not apply on an average over thirty pounds, and on an engine 
with long levers working across the ends, about fifty pounds, the 
advantage this engine possesses over its predecessors is manifest. 
This does not include the greater power of enduring protracted 
exertion in the position of rowing, which is as five to one against 
the old fashioned exercise of the arms. Accordingly, it has been 
found that these engines, with less working power, deliver more 
water a greater distance, than those on the ordinary principle. 

On a recent trial, twenty men forced water up Race street, on an 
ascent of thirty-five feet, a distance of six hundred and fifty feet, 
and threw it from the nozzle at the end of the hose, a further dis- 
tance of one hundred and twenty feet. 

Another great advantage these engines possess., is their being one- 
third to one-half lighter in weight, than those already in use ; a dif- 
ference which enables the first two or three who reach the engine 
house to start off to a fire at once, as well as lessens the labor of 
dragging the apparatus the whole distance. 

Of these engines, thirty-seven have been already built, and orders 
are on file, sufficient to keep the concern employed for the ensuing 
six months. 

There is in this establishment, a double acting force-pump, 
just finished, that has been ordered for a flouring mill at Hamilton, 
Ohio. Another of the same is making here, for Zanesville, Ohio. 
These are designed for the protection from fire, of the mills, being 
worked by the water-wheel, with which they are connected. When 
wanted for use, sixteen streams of one inch each, can be thrown at 
once, the volume of water being one foot diameter in capacity. 
These afford not only protection to the mill or factory which uses 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 191 

them, but may be carried on in pipes through a town or village, and 
taken from water plugs at various points by an attachment of hose, 
so as to perform the duty of a fire-engine, without the labor or 
expense of that apparatus. In this way, at trifling cost, compara- 
tively, any place which has water or steam power employed in 
manufacture, can protect itself from the ravages of fire. 

With the exception of castings in the rough, every part of these 
hydraulics is made on the premises ; thirty-seven hands are employed 
here. Value of product, sixty-five thousand dollars ; raw ma- 
terial, 50 per cent. 

This is the only hydraulic apparatus factory, west of Philadelphia. 

Flooring -mills. — Beside planing machines, which face boards, as 
well as shave other lumber, there are fourteen of Woodworth's ma- 
chines, for planing and tonguing flooring-boards. These supply an 
aggregate of three hundred and fifty-one thousand two hundred 
dollars, as a product, and a value of raw material, of 65 per cent. 
Seventy-two hands. 

Florists. — A large amount of plants are disposed of wholesale and 
retail, in this market. There are fifteen sale gardens, whose annual 
sales reach one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. Thirty-five 
hands; raw material, 10 per cent. 

J. S. Cook, has recently commenced a sale garden and nursery, 
on the Madison road, just beyond the Lane Seminary. It is of 
twenty acres extent, and as every dollar made from it for years, 
will be invested in further improvement, it will eventually become 
one of the most charming flower-gardens in the west. As to the 
nursery, Mr. Cook is determined to have nothing for sale which is 
not of his own planting, budding, or grafting, as the case may be ; 
and the purchaser can therefore, always rely on obtaining with cer- 
tainty, the very article he desires to purchase. 

Foundery castings. — This is one of our heaviest branches of manu- 
facture, and is carried on in every possible variety, in which iron 
can be cast, from a butt hinge to a burial case. A number of these 
founderies, include finishing shops. A few of them, simply supplv 
castings in the rough ; others finish their work to the last degree of 
polish required by the purpose to which it is applied. A share of 
them confine their products to a single great staple or two of manu- 
facture, and in the case of others, a thousand different articles are 
the product. It would be impossible, therefore, to reduce these 
founderies, with their products, to classes ; and the aggregate being 



192 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

first stated, the operations of a few of them will be given, as samples 
of each class. 

There are forty-four founderies, one-third of which, are mainly or 
entirely in the stove trade, which is itself a heavy department of the 
business, as high as one thousand stoves having been manufactured 
here, in one day alone. The value of foundery products, : ^ three 
millions six hundred and seventy-six thousand five hundred dollars ; 
hands employed, four thousand six hundred and ninety-fiv r aver- 
age value of raw material, 22 per cent. 

Horton & Macy, Fifth, between Elm and Plum streets, employ 
sixty hands, and manufacture to the value of seventy-five thousand 
dollars. These products are, iron-railing castings, in every variety 
of pattern, for exportation ; also, for cemeteries ; enameled grates ; 
one-third for home use, two-thirds sold for the supply of other mar- 
kets. Iron mantles, hat racks, chairs, and settees ; value of raw 
material, 20 per cent. 

There are some of the hands in this foundery, who earn twenty 
dollars weekly. 

A. B. Holabird, west Front St., makes steam-engines principally — 
fifty per year, for the last three years ; will this year increase those 
figures. These are worth one thousand five hundred dollars each. 
One hundred corn shellers, which sell for one hundred dollars each. 
Their repairing and small machinery business, fifteen thousand 
dollars. 

A finished engine on the premises, of his own manufacture, ?nd 
of novel construction, is worth a visit ; for finish and ease of work- 
ing, and general efficiency, it cannot be surpassed. 

Reynolds, Kite & Tatum, build steam-engines and be ^d 

are brass and iron founders ; fitters of wrought iron welu-^J. pipe, 
for steam, gas, etc. ; fitters of lard-oil, stearine, star candle and 
soap apparatus, and steam fixtures for rendering lard, tallow, and 
oil ; make to order, all kinds of tools and machinery; also, tanks for 
rendering lard, under Wilson's patent. They employ eighty hands ; 
value of product of labor, eighty-five thousand dollars. Their 
repairing business alone keeps twenty hands occupied. 

Niles & Co. The principal business of this ■ stablishment, is 
sugar-mill and steam-engine building, for the south. P. A. Cham- 
pomier, in his statistics of the sugar crop of Louisiana, for 1850, says : 

Since 1346, there have been erected in the State, three hundred 
and fifty-five engines and sugar-mills, most of them to replace old 



; e> 






MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 193 

ones, or those previously worked by horse power. Of these engines 
and mills, the founderies of Cincinnati have furnished two hundred 
and eighty-one ; Pittsburgh, thirty-seven ; Richmond, seven ; Bal- 
timore, four; Louisville, three; New Orleans, ten; Algiers, La., 
two; Gretna, La., six; and the Novelty works, New York, five. 

It will be seen by this statement, that Cincinnati has built four- 
fifths of these engines ; and so great as well as rapid, has been the 
absorption of that business to this point, that probably, in two or 
three years, not a sugar-mill and steam-engine will be built for 
Louisiana, Texas, and Cuba, but at Cincinnati. This is owing, not 
only to the superior quality of work and materials here, but to the 
fact, that we can deliver these articles at New Orleans, at a price 
10 per cent, less than they are made in the eastern cities. As an 
index of the future, all the sugar-mills, etc., of 1851, for the coast, 
as it is called, and the Cuban market, with the exception of six at 
New York, have been contracted for at Cincinnati. Niles & Co., 
will have built by the 1st July, ensuing, which is the close of the 
business year in this line, seventy sugar-mills and steam-engines, of 
the value of two hundred and eighty thousand dollars. Their 
other operations, including repairing, increase this amount to four 
hundred and ten thousand dollars. They employ two hundred 
hands ; value of raw material, 25 per cent. 

The view in these pages, of this foundery, exhibits distinctly and 
faithfully, its external appearance. 

Tunnicliff & Co., east Front, near Butler street, manufacture 
stoves of every variety, and for every purpose, and to a great ex- 
tent. They also make grates, hollow-ware, wagon-boxes, charcoal 
furnaces, sad-irons, stove fronts, sash weights, water gutters and 
shoots ; and, to order, every other description of castings. Employ 
sixty hands, and manufacture to the value of ninety thousand 
dollars. 

J. H. Burrows & Co. Foundery, Second, west of Elm street, 
manufacture steam-engines and various descriptions of castings, to 
the value of thirty thousand dollars. Their principal manufacture, 
however, is of portable mills, intended for the south and south-west, 
and especially for sections of country, where water-power is scarce. 
This is an invention of Mr. Burrows, senior of the concern, and is 
every year extending its popularity; the firm having made four 
hundred of these mills, worth sixty thousand dollars, during the past 
year. This mill merits a special description, as it is an invention, 



194 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

equally simple and ingenious. It proposes to perform in a small 
compass, with less expense, greater safety and equal efficiency, the 
work of a merchant mill. If it does not accomplish all this, it is 
nevertheless, a remarkable improvement. 

The mill is a square frame with four stout pillars, on which the 
mill-stones, which are of burr blocks, cemented as usual, rest. The 
whole apparatus forming a cube of about four feet. The upper 
mill-stone is inclosed in a cast iron case of suitable weight, which 
supersedes the usual iron bands, and gives all the power in an 
equable and steady motion, which is derived in the larger class of 
mill-stones by extra thickness or height ; thus rendering them top- 
heavy, and producing an inequality of pressure and motion, which 
is obviated here. 

The mill-stones are two to two and a-half inches diameter. Owing 
to the casing referred to, there is at once the proper degree of pres- 
sure, and at the same time, elasticity, which furnishes the perfec- 
tion of grinding ; avoiding, on the one hand, the irregular motion of 
a top-heavy upper stone, and on the other, the evil of friction and 
want of spring, which results from the old-fashioned plan, in port- 
able mills, of fastening down the upper mill-stone by screws, to say 
nothing of the greater liability of getting out of order. These mill- 
stones can be run with greater velocity, compatibly with safety, 
than the large ones, the two feet making two hundred and forty, 
and the two and a-half feet, two hundred revolutions per minute. 

The power necessary to drive one of these mills, is not more than 
that of three horses, or the equivalent water or steam power ; with 
these they will grind fourteen to sixteen bushels per hour, which is 
as good a performance as a merchant mill ; the quality of the flour 
being superfine, and passing inspection as such, in our markets. 

These mills are driven according to the necessity or convenience 
of the case, and to equal advantage, by either horse, water, or steam 
power. This is of importance, because the great mass of these mills, 
go to the west and south-west. 

How capricious are all measures of value. In 1790, when the 
early pioneers ground all their corn by hand, and were obliged to 
dispense with the luxury of wheat, from inability to reduce it to 
flour, one of these portable mills would, even at its present low 
price, have bought all Cincinnati, from the canal, north, and Syca- 
more street, west. 

Two facts, both of which are striking and unimpeachable, attest 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 195 

the quality of flour made in these mills. The " Chapultepec mills" 
flour, sold by Sprig-man & Camp, has no superior, and for family- 
use, few brands equal it in this market. It is all made upon one of 
these portable mills. Another remarkable incident, is, that the 
family flour made by C. S. Bradbury, of this city, which carried off 
the premium for the best barrel of flour, at the recent Ohio State 
agricultural fair, was also ground upon one of these mills. It car- 
ried the prize from a number of competitors, whose flour brands 
have always stood among the highest in the Miami valley. 

Miles Greenwood, Walnut, from Canal to Twelfth street ; at this — 
in addition to the heavy machine and other castings, common to all 
founderies — are made a great variety of small castings, especially 
those adapted to the house building business. Of these, many 
articles are new inventions, superseding, by their convenience and 
adaptedness to the object, the awkward and imperfect contrivances 
of the past, and others are improvements which convert the flimsy 
and rough articles of twenty years ago, into neat, exact, and ser- 
viceable substitutes. 

Here are made, among other things, which within the lifetime 
of the present generation, could only be had from England, or until 
the last five years in the eastern factories, pendant pullies, shutter 
lifts, shutter screw bolts and fastenings, steamboat shutter catches, 
sash weights, and side and screw pullies, shutter sliding bolts and 
turn buckles, butt and parliament hinges, stubbs and plates, spit- 
toons, tea-kettles, and sad-irons. 

No judges of builders' hardware can examine these articles with- 
out being forcibly impressed with the superiority, not only over the 
foreign hardware of 1825, but even over most of the manufactured 
articles at this time at the east. It is in the department of hinges, 
however, that most important article of builders' use, that the su- 
periority of those made in Cincinnati, is distinctly manifest. The 
English hinges are unequal in thickness, imperfectly jointed, and 
too light for service, and are, therefore, apt to give way when ex- 
posed to sudden jars or strains. M. Greenwood's hinges, on the 
contrary, are made substantial, and cast as evenly as if made by 
machinery. 

Nearly every article referred to here, is in some respect or other 
of superior excellence to those imported from Europe. The tea- 
kettle lids, and the sad-iron handles, are very neat and appropriate. 
So with the counter weights, which are finished in superior style, 



196 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

and every weight in the set graduated to the city standard before it 
leaves the foundery. 

The whole west, is now supplied from this city with the various 
hardware for building and our own consumption, no limited supply, 
in a city which constructs one thousand five hundred houses annu- 
ally within its limits and immediate suburbs, is furnished entirely 
by this establishment. 

Nearly all the hinges sold in our hardware stores, are of Cincin- 
nati manufacture, and the few that are brought from abroad are 
sold to country customers only. 

The annual sales of hinges alone, at this establishment, are 
stated, to be about fifteen thousand dollars, and the show of neatly 
papered and labeled goods in the warerooms, is worth a visit from 
all who desire to see our country in fact, as well as in name, inde- 
pendent. 

Let us add one fact. In 1808, only forty years since, as clerk 
to a hardware house in Philadelphia, the writer of this article, filled 
the spring order in that line, of the principal business house in Cin- 
cinnati, doing at that time, at least one-fourth of the hardware busi- 
ness here. On that occasion, he put up eighteen dozen butt hinges, 
being at the rate of about one hundred and fifty dozen of that article 
for a year's supply, a quantity which would now not suffice for more 
than a single day's sales in our market. Such is the west. 

A separate department in this establishment, is occupied by the 
firm of M. Greenwood & Co., in the manufacture of malleable cast 
iron into an infinite variety of important articles, heretofore the pro- 
ducts of wrought iron and hand labor. In this department are 
made carriage wrenches, staples, pole crabs, nuts, screw wrenches, 
table hinges, pen racks, tailors' shears, and a variety of other articles. 
All these, when put to the appropriate tests, prove equal in every 
respect for service to the correspondent wrought articles. As 
regards drilling, they seem tougher. Cards of these articles were 
exhibited at the late mechanics' fair, and excited the general admira- 
tion of the visitors. 

The tailors' shears are remarkable articles, as may be inferred 
from the fact, that a pair finished with steel edges, was lately fur- 
nished for the English market, and sold for seventy-five dollars. 

Greenwood employs three hundred and fifty hands, and manufac- 
tures annually, a value of three hundred and sixty thousand dollars. 

W. C. Davis & Co. Foundery, Hunt street, east of Broadway; 







* 





WHOLESALE HARDWARE MERCHANTS, 



MAIN STREET. BELOW FOURTH 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 197 

sale-rooms, north-east corner Ninth and Main streets. This is prin- 
cipally a stove establishment, in every variety of use and pattern, 
and on a very extensive scale, employing one hundred and twenty- 
five hands — two-thirds of whom, are molders. This firm melted, 
last year, three thousand tons pig-iron, including three hundred 
tons scraps. Their present operations, are at the rate of four thou- 
sand two hundred tons. They also make plain and ornamental 
grates, sad and dog-irons, mold-boards, cauldrons, potash and sugar- 
kettles, and a variety of other castings. 

Davis & Co., have recently constructed an extensive foundery 
and warerooms, five stories high, exclusively for the manufacture 
and fitting up of Fisk's patent metallic burial-cases, a new article, 
and every way superior to the ordinary cabinet ware coffins, which 
they must supersede. These cases, in their figure, follow the 
general outline of the human body in a recumbent position, and con- 
sist of an upper and lower metallic shell, which are joined together 
in a horizontal line in the centre, each part being of about equal 
depth. The shells have each a narrow flange, which when placed 
together are bound by screws, and cemented at the point of junction 
with a substance which becomes as hard as the metal itself. The} 7- 
are thoroughly enameled both inside and out, and thus rendered as 
entirely air-tight as any case can be constructed. The upper shell 
is raised-work, and ornamented in the casting, with the appearance 
of rich folding drapery thrown over the body. A heavy glass plate, 
oval in its shape, and corresponding in size and position to the 
human face, affords to the last moment, a view of the lineaments of 
the deceased, while the air-tight character of the case, cemented 
together as it is, will preserve the body, it is believed, for any 
period of time. It has been thus far tested for two and a-half years 
only, the longest period it has been in use, and exhibits in this case, 
the unchanged and undecomposed features of a child of ten years 
in their pristine expression and loveliness. 

These cases afford great facilities for transporting those who have 
died at a distance from their surviving friends, to be brought home 
to family vaults and burying-grounds. The indestructible charac- 
ter of these receptacles, also so greatly facilitates the raising and 
reinterment elsewhere, when necessary, at any period, however 
remote, of the relics of departed friends, and so thoroughly divests 
exhumations of their usually revolting features, as to justify the be- 
lief, that these burial-cases will soon become of general and extensive 
17 



198 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 



use. These burial-cases are sold wholesale, at from three to twenty 
dollars, the sizes ranging from twenty -eight inches, to six feet six 
inches. 

W. & R. P. Resor. One of the best specimens for convenience, 
extent, and adaptedness of all its arrangements to their appropriate 
purposes, is the Phoenix Foundery, belonging to this firm, at the 
intersection of Smith street with the river landing. It is a striking 
example of economy in space, and still more in the labor required 
to carry on a furnace ; accomplishing in these respects, more with 
the same number of hands, than any other concern of the kind in 
this vicinity, if not anywhere else. 

The establishment bears the title of the Phoenix Foundery, and is 
designed for the casting of stoves and hollow-ware principally. It 
is in the form, externally, of an L, occupying a space of eighty-two 
by one hundred and eighty-eight feet in depth upon the Smith street 
front, and sixty-six by one hundred and forty-three feet on the 
river front. Two molding floors, seventy-five by sixty-six, and one 
hundred and fifty-nine by sixty-six feet, occupy the interior of the 
foundery. These are intersected with five feet alleys radiating 
from the cupolas, which are paved with bricks and protected with 
curb -stones. The grade of those which connect directly with the 
cupolas, is a descending one ; so that the hands take their loads 
along a gentle descent, and return with the empty ladles by a cor- 
responding ascent. This, and the treading a smooth brick surface, 
which permits none of the melted iron, when spilled, to become im- 
bedded in the walk, are advantages to both owner and hands, which 
every one conversant with the business can appreciate. The pig- 
metal, in lieu of being pitched up on to a platform, as is the usual 
tedious and laborious process, is wheeled up by an inclined plane, 
standing along the outside foundery wall, which, after reaching the 
proper height, crosses to the cupolas by a platform, which stretches 
over the intermediate space, being supported as in bridge work, by 
substantial rods, secured by heavy timbers, which form part of the 
building. 

On the Smith street front is a warehouse five stories high, the 
lower floor being employed for weighing and assorting the various 
plates, which are raised to the second story, where they are mounted, 
put together, and distributed to the different warerooms above. All 
the hoisting, drilling, punching, etc., are carried on by steam. 

The two cupolas are situated at the angles of the L, forming a 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 199 

central point to the molding operations. The hot-blast process, 
similar to that in use at the blast furnaces, is introduced here, and 
placed above the cupolas, heated by hot air which escapes from 
them, and which otherwise would be wasted. 

The cupolas are lined, and of thirty-six inches diameter. They 
are of a capacity to melt twenty tons per day. 

The pig-iron is also of that fine metal, made in Lawrence and 
Scioto counties under the hot-blast process, and the result is, that 
pots and kettles are made here, of such ductility, as to receive in- 
dentations by the hammer, without any risk of cracking the article. 
This foundery casts door fronts, also, to considerable extent. It 
employs seventy hands. 

Williams & Adams, Novelty Works, Pearl street, manufacture 
house fronts, tobacco and cotton presses, iron staircases, balcony 
and graveyard railings, wagon-boxes, awning posts, iron gutters 
and stoves, sash weights, cistern tops, gratings, hitching-posts, grate 
bars, star anchors, vault grates, clock weights, hoisting-wheels, 
and mill work generally. They employ twenty-three hands. 

James Todd & Co., corner of Seventh and Smith streets, build 
steam-engines ; manufacture planing machines, turning lathes, cot- 
ton, hay, lard, and tobacco screws, portable corn and flour-mills, 
thrashing machines and horse-powers, castings of all descriptions ; 
also, various kinds of tools. They employ fifty hands. 

A. B. & E. Latta, Buckeye Works, Fifth street, east of Broad- 
way, manufacture all kinds of lathes and machinists' tools. Steam- 
engines, high and low pressure, stationary, locomotive and marine. 
Also steam, water, and vacuum gauges, reliable for quality and 
correctness. 

This firm obtained a premium at the last fair of the Ohio Mechan- 
ics' Institute, for their improved steam-engines, as unsurpassed for 
cheapness, durability, and economy of steam and oil ; and advice is 
given here, in the construction of machinery and mechanical opera- 
tions. 

Fringes, Tassels, etc.— Four establishments, mostly on a small 
scale ; value of product, twenty thousand dollars. Forty hands in 
employment ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Peter Ruhl, Fourth, below Walnut street, manufactures fringes, 
tassels, gimps, cords and fancy trimmings. Coach laces, carriage 
trimmings, Masonic and Odd Fellows' regalias, and military trim- 
mings, of every description 



200 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

Furniture. — Under this general head, is usually comprehended 
various equipments for housekeeping, such as bedsteads, bureaus, 
tables, stands, wardrobes, desks, bookcases, cribs, sofas, settees, 
lounges, divans, plain and fancy chairs, ottomans, etc. It would 
have been desirable to classify these by assigning them to their 
respective workshops, but in point of fact, these establishments are 
so various in their fabrics, some confining themselves to one or two 
prominent articles, others making every possible variety, and others, 
again, blending the chair business with what is called cabinet ware, 
that such classification becomes imperfect and unsatisfactory, and 
fails to exhibit a clear statement of this important department of our 
manufacturing interest; a general synopsis of the business will, 
therefore, be given in its aggregate of products, and number of 
workmen, and the various descriptions illustrated, as in the case of 
the founderies, by the statistics of particular establishments, as spe- 
cimens of the various classes that exist. 

" Cincinnati, in 1841," exhibited in its table of manufacturing and 
industrial pursuits, forty-eight cabinet ware factories, with a force 
of three hundred and eighty-four hands, and a product of three 
hundred and eighty-four thousand dollars. Of chairs, eleven fac- 
tories, exhibiting a force of one hundred and twenty-eight hands, and 
a product of one hundred and thirty-one thousand six hundred dol- 
lars. At that date, these branches of furniture were kept distinct, 
as they are yet to some extent. Since that period, the application 
of steam power and machinery, to general furniture fabrics, has 
greatly changed the entire business character of this branch of man- 
ufacture, as well as tended to increase its sale. 

Two or three popular errors exist, respecting the making of furni- 
ture by machinery, which it may be well here to refer to. One of 
these is, that the ware is not as exact in fit, or reliable for durabil- 
ity, as that made by hand; the reverse of this, is however, the 
fact. The least exercise of the reflecting powers, must suggest that 
work performed by machinery must be the more accurate. Another 
erroneous prejudice is, that the employment of machinery lessens 
not only the number of persons employed, but reduces their wages 
and profits. The fact, in reality, is, that the machinery, as a general 
result, takes the coarsest, hardest, and most unprofitable work out 
of the journeyman's hands — such as rough planing and ripping — 
and enables him to make his customary wages, at more pleasant 
employment. It is true, at the same time, that a great reduction 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 201 

in the price of these articles, is effected by the use of machinery, 
but this is done by the increase of product, which is both the cause 
and effect of low prices. But a comparison between past and pre- 
sent wages, will show clearly that the journeyman has been no 
loser, but in fact, gainer, by the introduction of machinery in the 
fabrication of furniture. 

There are several shops which make up furniture, as a supply for 
auction sales ; but the great bulk, beyond what is wanted for our 
own citizens, finds its market throughout the entire south and south- 
west. 

The entire product of cabinet ware, chairs, etc., amounts to one 
million six hundred and sixty thousand dollars, and the business 
affords employment to one thousand one hundred and fifty-eight 
hands ; value of raw material, 25 per cent. 

One of the most remarkable of our manufacturing establishments, 
is the bedstead factory of Clawson and Mudge, on Second below 
Vine street. 

The building, which is of brick, is five stories in height, and one 
hundred and ninety by seventy feet, on the ground. The machin- 
ery consists of seven planing and two tapering machines, sixteen 
turning-lathes, six boring, and two tenoning machines, four split- 
ting, and four buff saws, all which, are driven by steam. One hun- 
dred and thirty hands are employed in this establishment. A very 
vivid impression of the power of machinery is given in this case, by 
the fact, that one hundred and thirty bedsteads are made and finished, 
as an average, every day, or one bedstead to each workman ; while 
under the hand system of manufacture, a first rate bedstead is more 
than a week's work for one journeyman. The escape steam is em- 
ployed not only in warming the building, in winter, but softens the 
glue, and being taken through a cylinder in which the veneers are 
steamed, fits them for being fastened to the bedsteads. Three mil- 
lion feet of lumber are annually worked up here into bedsteads, of 
which, forty thousand are the yearly product, and two hundred and 
fifty thousand dollars, the aggregate value. The stock of lumber 
on hand is never less than one million five hundred thousand feet, 
and of bedsteads a value of fifty thousand dollars. The lumber 
used here, is seasoned by steam, and air exposure afterward. 

These bedsteads are of every variety of pattern and material, and 
degree of finish and cost ; not less than ninety-five varieties being 
manufactured on the premises. They range from one dollar thirty- 



202 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

seven and a-half cents, to seventy-five dollars in price, at whole- 
sale. 

Poplar, sycamore, black walnut, and cherry, are the lumber; and 
black walnut, mahogany, and rosewood, the veneers employed in 
the fabrication of these bedsteads. 

The headboards of the finer kinds of bedsteads, are not morticed 
into the post, as usual, but are fastened at the ends by iron hooks, 
secured to the head posts, and are let down by mortises into the 
head-rail. This is obviously a very great improvement, and greatly 
facilitates their being taken to pieces and put together, when neces- 
sary. The market for these bedsteads, is throughout the west, 
south, and south-west. All the principal hotels in Memphis, Nash- 
ville, Mobile, and New Orleans, have been furnished with bedsteads 
from this factory. 

This is, probably, the most extensive factory of the kind in the 
United States, and if so, the most extensive in the world. There is 
no single manufacturing establishment here, which is better fitted 
than this to be shown a stranger, for the purpose of impressing on 
him a sense of the industrial and mechanical energies of Cincinnati. 
John K. Coolidge, corner Smith and Front streets. Here are 
made tables, stands, cribs, lounges, desks, and bookcases, by steam 
propelled machinery. Forty hands are employed, in this establish- 
ment. 

S. J. John, cabinet, chair, and sofa wareroom, Third, near Syca- 
more street. There are no finer articles made in Cincinnati, than 
his pier and sofa tables, covered with Egyptian marble; dressing 
bureaus, sociables, and vis-a-vis, mahogany wardrobes and canopy 
bedsteads, among a variety of fine furniture, are sure to catch the 
visitor's eye, and to open the visitor's purse. 

One of the remarkable articles in his line, is an extension table, 
which draws out to various lengths, and shuts up again, by turning 
a crank, affording, when opened to its full extent, a platform large 
enough for the guests at a sizable hotel, and when closed up, taking 
up no more room than an ordinary circular table. Large numbers 
are made, and of course, sold, of this article, which is a great con- 
venience everywhere that room is scarce. 

E. Howe, north-west corner Smith and Augusta streets, manufac- 
ture bedsteads, patent and common, including trundles, at from two 
to twenty dollars, wholesale. His workshop is four stories high, 
and stands eighty by thirty-five feet on the ground. He employs 



INDUSTRIAL PKOI 

thirty hands, and manufactures to the valu>. usamd 

doll;. - 

he9 £ Ramiv - _ >:eam furniture factory, at the corner 
of John and Second sta - le and exhibition rooms. Second 

street, between Main and Sycamore. This, which is one 1 

our furniture - >hi - - 5 is g 

the case with the others, confine irs op*. 

articles, but comprehends in its fabrics almost every description ef 
cabinet ware and chairs. Two-thirds of their business, however, is 
cabinet ware manufacture. The lot on which this :ands, 

is eighty by one hundred and tm The main buildir » 

eupies three-fourths of A s . I b, and the entire depth tsn 

stories hi^h. and filled with workmen and ma: . - 
capacity. Other buildings take up the residue of the pre mis. - 

In the manufacture of furniture, the rough work - rmed 

here, bv machinery, with great celerity and exactness — 
si -.r furniture shops, executed by comj 
skillful workmen. This concern employs, dirt 
two hundred and i - 5, 1 '-id manufactures I >ae of 

two hundred a: - :. dollars annu. 

The various artiel 9$ mad _ 

M bv the ag | series r s Every r 

here, from the ripp : _ ss - .o the 

finest slitting, v - - with inconceivab. . 
forming at the rate of from two thousand five hundred to three 

3 nd revolutions in a minute ; a speed which renders 
o! the saw absolutely invisible to the eye. 

As -v.-i: - hundred pieces of furniture, and the various 

Bftrias, prepar. s 3 fast aa 

9G at a time, are taken from - -. 

s, they receive their final 
market. 

The sale-rooms referred to. occupy -' « s> . beiag 

tour by ninety feet, and dis - .-/niture. in 

pattern, and ["kisie 

s biishments in Cincinnati, w - ry the 

south, west, and sonth-west, with materials for houseke*. 
- on an ex as - ale. 

• ,1 . a* KammelsberiT. are at 

:ruetion, for which they have the . uring 



204 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

right in this market. The improvement made, is by connecting the 
rail to the post by a dovetail, thus dispensing entirely with screws, 
and enabling the bedstead to be put up and taken down in less than 
five minutes ; which of course, affords great facilities to the removal 
of this article from house to house, or room to room, and of readily 
taking them out in case of fire. 

Burley & Lyford, south side Third, east of Sycamore street, manu- 
facture all kinds of ornamental cabinet ware : cottage furniture, 
chamber sets, enameled or painted in scroll, landscape, and flowers. 
French, Italian, and Grecian bedsteads, bureaus, sinks, wardrobes, 
commodes, wash-stands, and toilets, grained to imitate every variety 
of wood. 

Their styles of fabrics are admirably adapted to the equipment 
of steamboats, as well as for family furniture, of a light and elegant 
description. 

Henry Boyd, Broadway, above Eighth street. This establish- 
ment has long enjoyed a distinguished reputation for bedstead work 
of high finish, fancy style, and excellent quality, although its opera- 
tions are not confined to that article alone. Boyd works twenty 
hands. 

The peculiarity of Boyd's bedsteads — which are the patent right 
and left, wood screw, and swelled rail — is the solidity of fit, when 
put together ; which enhances their durability; as well as forms a 
perfect protection from vermin, which find no harbor at the joints. 

John Geyer, Fourth, east of Main street, occupies in his manu- 
facturing and sale of cabinet ware and chairs, a building fifty-six 
feet front, by one hundred feet deep, and five stories high. He has 
recently succeeded to A. McAlpin ; a well known establishment, in 
the cabinet making line, on whose business he has engrafted, to a 
great extent, a fancy style of articles of the richest cast. Among 
these, are, cottage, Italian, and Minster parlor chairs, reclining and 
lounging chairs, fancy sofas; black, white, and Egyptian marble 
centre tables, with oval and lozenge-shaped slabs ; fancy dressing- 
bureaus, etagers, corner etagers with closets, papier-mache work- 
stands and tables, ladies' cabinet and writing desks, Italian marble 
slab and mahogany work-tables, with fancy basket around the pe- 
destal. 

Geyer manufactures furniture and chairs, also, of the staple 
articles and patterns, and of all descriptions, as regards quality and 
style. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 205 

One of the most commodious, as well as extensive factories in 
Cincinnati, is that of George W. Coddington, on Vine, between Front 
and Second streets. Having been built for the express purpose of 
carrying on the business, nothing can surpass the convenience and 
efficacy of its machinery and arrangements. The factory is forty- 
six by ninety feet on the ground, and six stories in height. 

The machinery of this establishment is propelled by two steam- 
engines, each of twenty horse power. These drive four ripping, and 
seven circular saws, twenty-five cutters, two mortising, three boring, 
three planing, and twelve turning machines. One of these saws, 
which is concave, is a Cincinnati invention, of great ingenuity, and 
singularly well adapted to its purpose ; which is to cut out the chair 
tops in circular form and equal thickness. 

This factory has made as many as one hundred and eighty thou- 
sand chairs, yearly. These are principally low and medium-priced 
articles, although cane-seat and rocking-chairs, are made to a con- 
siderable extent. The prices range from four dollars twenty-five 
cents, to twenty -two dollars, and average eight dollars per dozen ; 
just such chairs may be bought here, at five dollars per dozen, as 
were bought, twelve or fifteen years ago, at sixteen dollars. Such 
is the economy and power of machinery. 

All the painting and gilding to the chairs, is done on the premises. 
The gilding of the finer qualities, is of the highest style of finish and 
ornament. 

The principal market for these chairs, is in the south and south- 
west, although they find customers throughout the west and the 
north-west. In the south they have entirely driven out the 
eastern article, their quality and price rendering them more ac- 
ceptable. 

There are at times as high as one hundred and eighty hands em- 
ployed in the factory ; and its annual product, in value, one hundred 
and twenty thousand dollars. 

In other articles, reference has been made to the benefit of ma- 
chinery to the interests of the working-man, in taking the roughest 
and hardest of the ripping and planing out of his hands, and leaving 
to him only those delicate operations, which give play to the exer- 
cise of skill and judgment. It may be added, on the same subject, 
that the low prices at which machinery permits articles to be sold, 
so increases the quantity made, that more hands are now needed in 



206 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

these factories, than found employment under the old order of 
things, and at an average of better wages than heretofore. 

M. L. Duncan & Brother. Factory, Augusta street, between 
Western row and John ; sale-rooms and office, Second, between Vin i 
and Walnut streets. This establishment manufactures wardrobes, 
breakfast and extension tables, stands, bureaus, cribs, lounges, 
desks, and bookcases, of mahogany and black walnut. Their mar- 
ket is exclusively the south and west, and their furniture disposed 
of at wholesale. They employ seventy-five hands, and manufacture 
to the value of one hundred thousand dollars annually, of which are 
two thousand wardrobes, worth from ten to forty dollars ; three 
thousand tables, two and a-half to six dollars ; five hundred book- 
cases, ten to twenty dollars ; five hundred desks, seven and a-half 
to twenty dollars. The largest share, of course, at the lower prices. 

Henry Clostermann, corner Augusta and John streets, employs 
seventy hands, and manufactures chairs to the value of sixty thou- 
sand dollars, principally cane-seats. Large quantities of black wal- 
nut and mahogany, are worked up in this establishment. 

Dobell & Hughes. Manufactory, corner of Smith and Augusta 
streets, make breakfast, dining, circular, centre, card, and end 
tables, cribs, tin safes, stands, children's bedsteads, etc. 

E. B. Dobell. Chair and cabinet factory on Lower Market street, 
manufactures chairs, bureaus, tables, looking-glasses, mattresses. 

Cincinnati steam bureau manufacturing company, D. F. Meader, 
agent; corner Front and Smith streets, manufactures rosewood, 
mahogany and walnut dressing and plain bureaus, sideboards, 
writing desks, inclosed and plain wash and workstands, wardrobes, 
card-tables, bookcases, tin safes, etc. Employs eighty hands, and 
manufactures yearly, to the value of ninety thousand dollars. 

The buildings in which these articles of furniture are made, are 
respectively, one hundred and forty-two by forty-five feet, five stories ; 
one hundred by thirty feet, four stories ; and fifty by fifteen feet, 
two stories in height. The work, as far as practicable, is done by 
machinery driven by a steam-engine of forty horse power. 

In the first story are located the engine, a large turning-lathe, the 
machinery for a scroll saw and for mortising, and the apparatus by 
which the veneering is done, the glue and cauls for which, are heated 
by steam. The second story is occupied by three heavy planing 
machines, and four saws. Here the lumber is dressed, and cut 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 207 

into convenient sizes for use in the third story, where are three 
smaller circular saws, and where the tenoning, boring, and grooving 
are all done, which being accomplished, the stuff is elevated by- 
steam to the fourth story, and there put together. 

The fifth and sixth stories are divided into finishing rooms, where 
the bureaus are varnished, and finally prepared for market. From 
these rooms, seven thousand bureaus are annually taken out, which 
are sold, on an average, at ten dollars each. In their manufacture, 
over seven hundred thousand feet of lumber are consumed, with 
about seven thousand dollars worth of veneering, and at least nine 
hundred gallons of varnish. 

Connected with the manufactory, is a lumber yard, three hun- 
dred and eight feet long, by one hundred and eight wide. The 
amount of lumber, at all times, stacked in this yard, will average one 
million feet. 

Refuse lumber and shavings are all consumed, and the entire 
rooms are warmed by the escape steam, which is conducted through 
the building in iron pipes. 

Shaw & Rettig, north side Fourth, between Main and Sycamore 
streets. This establishment confines its operations entirely to fine 
and fancy furniture of fashionable styles. Here are to be found 
every variety of carved rosewood, mahogany, and walnut chairs 
and sofas of antique and gothic patterns, with fancy seating of 
plush, Louis XIV, and brocatelle. Parlor tables, with lozenge-shaped 
tops of marbles, of every variety and shade of tint, Egyptian, Italian, 
etc. Cottage furniture, chamber sets, enameled and painted in 
scroll, landscapes and flowers. French, Italian, and Grecian bed- 
steads. 

Smith & Hawley. Factory, south-west corner John and Augusta 
street ; salerooms, 64 Sycamore street, north of Lower Market. The 
manufacture here, is altogether of fine cabinet and upholstery ware, 
such as fine dressing bureaus, centre and card-tables, sofas, lounges, 
sociables, divans, ottomans ; all varieties and patterns of mahogany, 
cane, and stuffed hair and plush seated parlor chairs ; rocking and 
easy chairs. Rosewood and mahogany and walnut veneers, are ex- 
tensively used here, as materials. This firm employs sixty hands, 
and makes yearly, one thousand two hundred sofas, two thousand 
five hundred parlor chairs, and one thousand centre and card-tables. 

The largest building employed in the manufacture of chairs in 
this city, or anywhere else, is that of CD. Johnston, on the south 



208 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

side of Second, between John and Smith streets. His operations 
have been heretofore confined to a building forty by eighty feet, and 
six stories high, a space, large as it is, entirely inadequate to that 
demanded for a first class chair factory in Cincinnati, working on the 
scale required of late years. He has, therefore, recently made an 
addition, eighty-six by sixty-eight feet, which affords him a front 
on Second street of one hundred and twenty-six feet, and an average 
depth of seventy-four feet. The new building is seven stories high, 
the additional story affording a favorable opportunity to carry out, 
from the upper floor of the one, to the roof of the other building, the 
chairs, as fast as they are ready for drying in the open air. This 
extensive building fronts on two streets, which affords it thorough 
ventilation and ample light. 

An engine of twenty horse power, drives by steam the various 
machinery employed on the premises, and the escape steam from 
the engine is carried, story by story, through seven hundred and 
sixty feet cast iron pipe into every part of the edifice, during the winter 
season, so as perfectly to dispense with the use of fire throughout the 
building. On the same account, steam is taken direct from the 
boiler to prepare the glue and the cauls for use. 

Mr. Johnston's business is entirely wholesale, and extends the 
whole range of the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi — that is, the 
country watered by these rivers and their tributaries. All the import- 
ant towns or cities in the south and west are extensively his custom- 
ers. As an illustration of the magnitude of his business, he has a 
standing order on his books, from the largest furniture sale house in 
the west, for thirty thousand chairs of the various descriptions made. 
This is the house of Scarritt & Mason, St Louis. Chairs are made 
here from the finest mahogany cane, to the ordinary wood seats. The 
manufacturing value, when the new building is fully occupied, will 
exceed one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars yearly. 
Hands employed, one hundred and sixty, mostly Germans. 

In concluding the subject of furniture, it will be appropriate to 
add that Joseph Walter, who was the first individual in Cincinnati 
to apply machinery propelled by steam-power, in the manufacture 
of cabinet ware, has just made arrangements to resume that busi- 
ness on a very extensive scale. 

The application of steam to the melting of glue and preparing the 
cauls for veneering, which originated in his factory, is one of the 
most important improvements in this line, for several years past. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

^ and Colce-Tho Cincinnati Gas and Coke company employ 
fifty hands, and manufacture to the value of sixty-five thousand 
dollars annually ; raw material, 60 per cent. 

Gas-FUtina Two establishments.-Twenty-four hands, value 
of product, forty-five thousand dollars; raw material 50 per cent. 

Goodin & Mahon, Main, above Court street, are extensively en- 

o-ae-ed in this business. , 

Gas Burner Cavs. This is an ingenious article recently invented 
here and calculated so to consume the escaping gas, as to increase the 
intensity of the light fifty per cent., or if many burners be used to 
reduce the expense one-third. D. Andrews, jeweler and s.lver- 
smith, Fifth, near Race street, is the inventor and patentee. 

Gilders Ten establishments.-Thirty-six hands; amount ot 
product, thirty-nine thousand dollars; raw material, 50 per cent 
P Thomas Bown, Fourth, between Main and Sycamore s reets, 
manufactures every description of gilt work for pictures, etc of 
fancy and ornamented styles, as well as plain work. Employs ten 
hands, on a product of twelve thousand dollars. 

Glass wrfcr.-Two; value of product, forty thousand dollars, 
employ thirty hands. _ 

The largest of these, that of Gray & Hemmgray, is on a scale 
so much inferior in magnitude to those of Pittsburgh, that the statis- 
tics just given, would have eoncluded this subject, but for the con- 
viction which the writer of this entertains, that Cincinnati w.ll here- 
after lead Pittsburgh in cotton fabrics, rolling mill products and 
glass manufactures, as we already do in everything else. It be- 
comes, therefore, an object of interest and solicitude to examine the 
detailsofwhatitisevide.it, is the germ here, of a vastly important 
branch of industrial pursuit, as suggestive of the great future, band, 
pearl-ashes, and lead, are the main constituents of glass, I he 
sand necessary for glass works in Pittsburgh and Cincinnati is 
brought from Missouri, and the lead from Illinois, both a less 
expense to this point, than to Pittsburgh; and the pearl-ash, 
always rules in price lower here, than in the markets of our 

5 ' Nor is this all ; the means of living here, are lower than at Pitts- 
burgh every item but rent, being so much cheaper, as to more than 
equalize general expenses. In this state of the case, and with the 
rapidly growing business of this establishment as an encouragement, 
other glass works must spring up ; and as their operations enlarge, 



210 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

a point of purchase in these articles will be created, which must con- 
centrate large sales of glass here, of city product, which have here- 
tofore been made elsewhere. 

Gray & Hemingray, make tumblers, decanters, packing-bottles, 
lamp glasses, apothecary shop furniture, and generally, most articles 
manufactured in Pittsburgh. A greater variety of perfumery glass 
is manufactured in these works, than at any in Pittsburgh. All the 
operations alluded to, are of flint glass, except insulators, which are 
made for lightning rods and for telegraph lines, here, and at Pitts- 
burgh ; which place is entirely supplied from this point. 

Glove factories. Three. — Employ thirty-three hands, principally 
females ; value of manufacture, twenty thousand dollars ; raw ma- 
terial, 65 per cent. 

Glue. Five factories. — Forty hands ; value of product twenty- 
eight thousand dollars. 

Forgey, Warren & Co., manufacture glue, curled hair for up- 
holsterers' use, also dress bristles, etc. Employ twenty-two to fifty 
hands, according to the season ; these articles requiring to be made 
or prepared in the fall or winter, principally. There are twenty thou- 
sand pounds glue made, and twenty thousand pounds long curled 
hair, and two hundred thousand pounds short curled hair, and ten 
thousand dollars worth of bristles prepared here, for market. The 
curled hair is purified by chemical processes ; the long being put to 
use in first quality mattresses or in chairs and sofa seats, and the 
short filled into a more common article. 

Gold Leaf and Dentists' Foil. — One factory, that of James Leslie, 
employs five hands, and makes a product of eleven thousand dol- 
lars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

The beating of gold leaf affords a striking illustration of the diffu- 
sibility, or rather extension, of substances. A piece of gold equal in 
size to ten grains No. 1 shot, will beat out seven thousand five 
hundred square inches, and each shot a surface of gold suffi- 
cient to cover an extra imperial sheet, as large as the " Cincinnati 
Enquirer." 

Gold Pens. One factory. — Three hands ; value of product, thirty- 
five hundred dollars ; value of raw material, 50 per cent. 

Grate manufacturers. Two. — Number of hands employed, fifty- 
two ; value of product, forty-five thousand dollars; value of raw 
material, 20 per cent. 

Grinders of Spices, Coffee, Drugs, etc. Six establishments. — Fifty- 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 211 

six hands ; value of product, one hundred and forty thousand dol- 
lars ; raw material, 60 per cent. 

Harrison & Eaton, 101 Walnut street, grind pepper, allspice, 
ginger, cloves, cinnamon, mustard, African cayenne. These are 
put up in bulk, or in packages for the retail trade. They also grind 
coffee and rice, and roast coffee and pea-nuts. These are supplied 
at all times, perfectly fresh and warranted pure. 

Ground Drugs and Concentrated Medical Preparations. — Jacob S. 
Merrell, Steam Drug mills, grinds or powders every species of drugs, 
to order, and prepares concentrated extracts of vegetable medical 
articles, such as podophyllin or mandrake, sanguinarin or blood-root, 
macrotin or black cohosh, leptandrin or black-root extracts. 

These extracts are so highly concentrated by chemical processes, 
that the active principle of an article worth not more than ten 
or fifteen cents the pound, acquires a value of one dollar per ounce. 
These preparations are sent out the whole length and breadth of the 
United States, and even into Canada. 

The vegetables whose roots furnish these extracts, are indigenous 
to the west, abounding especially in Indiana and Missouri. Em- 
ploys ten hands, and a thirty horse-power engine, and manufactures 
to the value of thirty thousand dollars, annually ; raw material, 
30 per cent. This is a rapidly growing establishment, and must 
become one of extensive operations. 

Ground Mustard. Two establishments. — Ten hands ; fifteen thou- 
sand dollars product ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Ground Marble Dust. Two establishments. — Employ four hands ; 
annually grind fifteen hundred barrels for use of mineral water estab- 
lishments ; value of product, thirty-five hundred dollars ; raw ma- 
terial, 5 per cent. 

Gunsmiths. Six establishments. — Thirty ha^nds ; thirty-five thou- 
sand dollars, value of product ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Eaton & Kittridge, 236 Main street, are engaged in the manufac- 
ture of rifles, shot-belts, etc. Employ ten hands. These rifles are 
of every quality and price. Make and finish two hundred and fifty 
rifles, and two hundred dozen belts annually. Use black walnut 
and maple stocks. The business is yet in its infancy ; value of pro- 
duct, twelve thousand dollars ; of raw material, 50 per cent. This 
firm are extensive importers of guns, pistols, and sporting apparatus, 
gun makers' materials, powder, etc. It is the first wholesale house 
established here, and by far the most extensive in the west. 



212 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

Hats. Forty factories. — Three hundred and sixty-seven hands ; 
value of product, four hundred and forty-five thousand dollars ; raw 
material, 30 per cent. 

There was a period, when, if one of our citizens wanted a fine 
hat, Piatt Evans was commissioned to buy it in New York or Phila- 
delphia; nothing but cheap hats being at that time made here. 
Dodd, on Main street, was the first to engage in the enterprise of 
manufacturing hats of a quality which should supersede the hats 
made in the eastern cities, and now the fine hats for the entire mar- 
ket of the west, are made here by Dodd & Co., L. H. Baker & Co., 
C. B. Camp, Bates & Whitcher, and Sherwood & Chase. 

There are others who make hats, but on a limited scale 
of operations. There are no low-priced hats made here of late 
years. 

Dodd & Co., employ from twenty to forty hands, according to 
the season, and manufacture to the value of sixty-seven thousand 
dollars. 

Baker & Co., make silk and fur hats, two hundred and fifty 
per week. They work twenty hands on an average. 

C. B. Camp, employs eighteen hands at an average, and manu- 
factures fine hats to the value of forty thousand dollars. 

All those who are largely in this business, also sell the common 
article made at the east. The sales at our principal hat stores, 
including: those of their own manufacture, range from one hundred 
thousand to two hundred and fifty thousand dollars each. 

Bat-Block Factory. — William H. Carver, south side Pearl, between 
Vine and Race. Four hands ; value of product, four thousand five 
hundred dollars ; of raw material, 10 per cent. 

Horse- Shoeing. Twelve shops. — Thirty-five hands ; value of pro- 
duct, forty-eight thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Hose and Belts, etc. Four factories. — Twenty-six hands ; a pro- 
duct in value of ninety-six thousand dollars ; value of raw material, 
75 per cent. 

Cincinnati supplies hose as well as fire-engines, to the principal 
towns in its vicinity. 

Jeffrey Seymour, north side Fifth, between Main and Sycamore 
streets, manufactures steamboat, fire-engine, factory, and garden 
hose, to the value of twenty thousand dollars, annually. His hose 
is all copper or iron riveted, and of the best quality ; also makes 
belts and bands for machinery, elevator belts, etc. 




DODD & Co. — HATTERS 

MAIN' STREET, BELOW FOURTH. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 213 

George E. Minister, 31 Sycamore street, makes hose — garden, 
steamboat, and fire-engines ; also machine belts, fire hats, capes, belts, 
trumpets, spanners, torches, branch pipes, nozzles, etc. Engines, 
etc., are also repaired here. Minister makes of these various articles, 
to the yearly value of twenty-five thousand dollars. 

Hot Air Furnaces. — A. Lotze, 219 Walnut street, is extensively 
engaged in this line. These furnaces have been put up in almost 
all our churches and public buildings, and to a great extent in pri- 
vate dwellings of the finer class. By the introduction of evapora- 
tory radiators and registers, the air is kept moist, which obviates 
that dry heat, the presence of which, in public assemblies, is directly 
indicated by the short tickling cough it provokes. Product of ma- 
nufacture, sixty thousand dollars per annum ; raw material, 60 per 
cent.; employs twenty hands. 

Ice. Ten ice dealers. — Sixty hands ; value of product, one hun- 
dred and fifty thousand dollars ; raw material, 10 per cent. 

Milton Shute, in his ice operations, employs thirty men in getting 
out ice, and thirteen in its delivery to customers. He has three 
spacious ice-houses at Troy, and three more at Social Hall, on the 
Miami canal, beside the necessary buildings in which to pack it 
away here, when ice of sufficient thickness is made in Cincinnati. 
His sales for 1850, were twenty-one thousand four hundred and 
twenty-two dollars. 

Iron — Bar, Boiler, Plate, Sheet, Hoop, Round, Square, Wire, 
JVails, etc. Five rolling-mills. — Five hundred and fifty hands ; an- 
nual manufacture, ten hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; raw 
material, 45 per cent. 

Licking Rolling Mill — Morrell, Jordan & Phillips, employ one 
hundred and twenty hands, and is in steady operation throughout 
the year, day and night, Sundays excepted ; consumes annually, 
one hundred and seventy-five thousand bushels of coal. The yearly 
products are, fifteen hundred tons small, round, and square, hoop, 
etc. One thousand tons large, round, and square, railroad chair 
iron, etc. One thousand tons fire-bed "and sheet-iron. Five hun- 
dred tons boiler-iron, heads, etc. Four thousand tons iron, of all 
descriptions, averaging in value, seventy-five dollars per ton ; aggre- 
gate, three hundred thousand dollars. 

The sheet-iron made here, is annealed on the surface, which 
renders its appearance almost equal to the Russia sheets. 

This establishment consumes annually, over three thousand tons 



-1-1 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS 

pig-iron, and one thousand tons Tennessee clear blooms. The 
company has six acres of ground upon which the works stand, requir- 
ing room for large improvements, which are now in contemplation. 
The main building, is one hundred and eighty by one hundred and 
fifty-five feet, and covered with sheet iron. Three furnaces have 
been added to these works, within the last year. The actual cost 
of the entire works, as they now stand, amounts to about eighty 
thousand dollars. 

Globe Iron and Wire Works — Worthington & Co., proprietors, ma- 
nufacture every description of rolled iron, such as bar, sheet, boiler, 
and fire-bed, etc. Yearly product, two thousand six hundred tons. 
Also make railroad chairs, iron rivets, and wire of all sizes. Wire 
product, three hundred tons ; they work from one hundred and ten 
to one hundred and twenty-five hands, and produce to the value of 
two hundred and ten thousand dollars. 

Newport Iron works, D. Wolff, proprietor. Employ fifty-eight 
hands, and manufacture sheet, boiler, and fire-bed iron ; is now 
putting up machinery for the manufacture of bar-iron; value of 
annual product, one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars. 

Iron Safes, Chests, and Vaults. — Three factories, which employ 
fifty-six hands, and manufacture to the value of ninety-six thousand 
dollars ; raw material, 45 per cent. 

Charles Urban, Pearl street, west of Vine, makes the Salamander 
safe ; employs twenty-eight hands, and manufactures annually, one 
hundred and eighty safes, assorted sizes. They are a thoroughly 
tested and approved article. 

Iron Railing. Five factories. — Seventy-seven hands ; value of 
product, ninety-six thousand dollars ; raw material, 25 per cent. 

Horton, Leonard & Walton, east side of Elm, between Front and 
Second streets, make iron railing, bank doors and vaults, and jail 
safes. These safes are intended for the south, where materials 
for building jails securely, are scarce. They are made of three- 
quarter inch by two and a-half inch iron bars, which are put together 
so as to form a cage. When they get to their destination, walls 
of hard-burnt brick, and of proper thickness, are built on every 
side, so as completely to inclose the iron frame. A security is thus 
afforded the jails at the south, which is hardly possessed even here, 
in buildings of stone and mortar. 

Dorr, Thompson & Magness, corner of Western Row and Betts 
street, manufacture all kinds plain and fancy railing, for street fronts, 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 215 

burial-grounds, etc. ; gratings and balconies, iron stairs, jail doors 
and vaults. Employ fifteen hands ; value of product, twenty-five 
thousand dollars. 

Improved Filters.— J. H. Laning, makes these articles, and of ap- 
proved quality. They render our turbid river water as clear and 
sparkling as that which gushes from the purest spring. Four 
hands ; product, six thousand dollars. 

Japaned Ornamental, and Pressed Tin Ware.— There are four 
establishments manufacturing these articles, one only of which, 
that of Geo. D. Winchell, corner of Walnut and Pearl streets, is 
worthy of notice. A statement of what is here made, would be an 
extensive catalogue. Every article of Japaned ware, from a child's 
whistle to a beautifully ornamented water cooler, may be bought 
here. Among the principal articles, are tea-caddies and chests, 
knife trays, trunks, lard and lard-oil lamps, candlesticks, etc. All 
the ware here, is made by small machinery, of which there is on the 
premises, what has cost three thousand dollars. Winchell works 
up one thousand two hundred boxes tin-plate, worth twelve thou- 
sand dollars, and paints, varnish, and other articles, to the value of 
three thousand dollars more. He employs thirty-four hands; 
yearly value of product, fifty-two thousand dollars ; raw material, 
30 per cent. 

The water coolers made here, are a superior article, and excel 
alike in beauty and usefulness ; worth, according to size, from two to 
twenty dollars each. 

Mr. Winchell has twice enlarged his capacity for manufacturing, 
and expects shortly to put up more extensive buildings, adequate to 
his enlarging business. 

Lever Locks. — Ten factories, most of them on a small scale ; sixty 
hands ; value of product, fifty-three thousand dollars ; raw material, 
40 per cent. 

McGregor & Lee, 132 Fifth street, manufacture bank locks, store 
and house lever locks ; also plate hinges and screws, and put up 
house and hotel bells, with copper tubing to conceal and protect the 
wires. They employ nineteen hands. 

Their combination and detector bank lock, an invention of Mr. 
McGregor of the firm, is remarkable for its ingenuity. 

It not only defies tampering with ; twelve tumblers being required 
to be raised, which no skeleton key can accomplish ; but such is the 
exactness required to imitate the genuine key, that the thickness of 



216 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

a slip of bank paper suffices, when added to the size of its own key, 
to prevent that key from opening the lock to which it belongs. Its 
tumbler, also, may be so adjusted to its own key, that any person 
other than the owner, making use of that key, would have only one 
chance in favor of opening it, to four hundred and seventy-nine 
millions one thousand six hundred chances against his doing so. 
This renders it next to impossible for any person but the owner to 
open it. 

Lightning Rods. — These are made here, by Thomas Phillips, on 
Sixth, near Walnut street, of superior quality, and on an extensive 
scale. The whole country, of which Cincinnati is the business centre, 
purchases these rods, which have stood the test of public opinion for 
years. There are fifty hands employed, and the value of product 
is one hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Lithographers. — Four establishments, mostly on a small scale. 
Twenty-four hands ; aggregate value of labor product, twenty thou- 
sand dollars ; raw material, 30 per cent. 

Livery and Sale Stables. Cincinnati is the great horse market 
of the United States, and during the war with Mexico, horses in 
greater numbers, as well as finer quality, went from this city, than 
from all other points. We have here, forty-five livery and sale 
stables, one only of which, will be referred to in this place, as 
worthy of a visit by strangers. 

Isaac D. Johnson, the proprietor of this establishment, occupies a 
space of ground averaging seventy feet by upward of three 
hundred feet. His stables front on Walnut, above Eighth, and 
reach nearly to Main street. This is a space exceeding twenty-one 
thousand square feet of ground. The buildings are separated by 
St. Clair alley, on which they also front. These stables are two 
stories high, and are doubtless the largest in the west, and probably 
in the United States. Beside carriages and horses left in his charge, 
Mr. Johnson keeps not less than seventy-five buggies, carriages, 
barouches, etc., and one hundred horses for hire ; two hundred 
tons of hay, and twenty thousand bushels grain of various sorts, 
are consumed here yearly. In winter, the grain, whether whole or 
in meal, is steamed for feeding use. 

One hundred horses, together, cannot readily be found, to com- 
pare with these in condition, beauty, and fitness for service; and 
these stables are well worth a visit from those who are judges of 
the horse, and delight in examining fine specimens of the race. 






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MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 



217 



Looking-glass and Picture-Frame Factories.— The manufacture of 
looking-glass and picture frames, is carried on upon a small scale, 
by hand* labor, in five or six shops of the city, but the product is 
comparatively insignificant. There is, however, an establishment 
of the kind operating by steam-power here, worthy of a passing no- 
tice. This is the factory of E. Blakeslee, on Seventh street, near 
Broadway, whose saleroom is on Main, between Fifth and Sixth 

streets. 

Mr. B. has only established himself here recently, as a manufac- 
turer, although he has for years had those articles for sale, together 
with clocks of all sorts. His factory operations, until that period, 
have been carried on at the east. He keeps four circular saws in 
motion, and employs eight hands. Had he the necessary room, he 
could enlarge his operations to twice their present extent ; as it is, 
he finds sale for two thousand five hundred picture-frames weekly. 
All his frames, of every description, are to order, and the concern 
is not idle a single day for want of orders. All the mahogany ven- 
eers used here, are cut on the premises. 

The looking-glass and picture-frame business of Cincinnati, of 
which Mr. B. does the largest half, is of an annual value of forty- 
eight thousand dollars, and employs thirty hands. It is yet only in 
its commencement. 

Mr. Blakeslee' s marine time-pieces, or patent lever clocks, are a 
curiosity. These are of various sizes, the case shaped like that of a 
watch, and adapted accordingly, to steamboat, canal-packet, or rail- 
road car use. They can be carried either horizontally or perpen- 
dicularly, being no more affected by the roughest motion, than a 
pocket watch would be. They are in fact, admirable chronometers. 

These are at very reasonable prices, and well worthy of purchase 
by the captains or owners of our best steamboats; on board which, 
they would be articles equally of use and ornament. 

Machinists. — Most of the machine shops of this city are either 
appendages to, or are in direct business connection with, founderies, 
their products, etc., and have, therefore, been already included in 
the foundery statistics. A few, however, which sustain neither of 
these relations, may be grouped together, by saying that there are 
twelve of these last, who employ one hundred and twenty hands, 
and exhibit a product, in value, of one hundred and thirty thousand 
dollars. 

Burdge & Johnston, south side of Second, between Race and Elm 



218 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

streets, manufacture planing machines, portable mortising, ogee, 
and tenoning machines, circular saws, shafts, slide and hand lathes, 
shafting, small engines, tobacco, lard-oil, wine, cider, and bookbind- 
ers' screws. They also are manufacturers of Converse & Burdge's 
patent screw-cutter, for cutting screws on the heads of bed-rails ; of 
which it is sufficient to say, that it is employed to the exclusion of 
all other machines, at the great bedstead factory of Clawson & 
Mudge. 

Marble working. Seven marble yards and shops. — Employ one 
hundred and sixty-four hands ; value of product, one hundred and 
ninety thousand dollars ; value of material,. 50 per cent. 

D. Bolles, whose marble works are on Fourth, west of Walnut 
street, may be considered the introducer to this city of the modern 
style of monumental art. His marble works afford admirable speci- 
mens of ornamental, carved and sculptured marble in every variety. 
He employs twenty-five hands. 

Lowry & Rule, south-west corner of Broadway and Fifth street, 
are extensively engaged in maible works. They are also prepared 
to exhibit a variety of chaste and appropriate designs, as well as 
executed specimens of monument carving and sculpture. They 
employ sixty-five hands. 

If it should be asserted, as it here is, that tomb and monument 
work is executed here in a style of greater originality, taste, and 
excellence than in any of the Atlantic cities, the fact would doubtless 
be regarded as incredible, not only by eastern people, but by many 
individuals here who have not had it in their power to compare 
specimens. But the assertion is susceptible of easy proof. There 
are enough of eastern monuments in Spring Grove Cemetery to 
afford the necessary materials for comparison. Works of art — ceno- 
taphs, sarcophagi and obelisks — from the best marble works of New 
York and Philadelphia, are there. Now let any man for himself, com- 
pare the L'Hommedieu or Burrows family monument, by Bolles, 
with that executed in the same style, by Hargraves of Philadelphia, 
for John Bailey, and put up in the same cemetery ; or the obe- 
lisk for William H. Clement, by Lowry & Rule, with that made by 
R. I. Brown, the first artist in this line, of New York, for Henry 
Nye ; or the sarcophagus for Larz Anderson, from Lowry & Rule's 
yard, with that executed for G. R. Shoenberger, by the celebrated 
J. Struthers of Philadelphia : or the splendid Gothic monument by 
D. Bolles, to the memory of George Iuppenlatz, with any eastern 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 219 

work of corresponding character in any of our cemeteries, and he 
will feel the utmost surprise, that work of this description should 
have ever been brought from the east, when it can be so much more 
skillfully executed here. 

Another fact, which is conclusive on the subject. Nathaniel 
Silsbee, a well known individual, of Salem, Mass., on a recent visit 
to the west, accidentally saw specimens of mortuary sculpture and 
ornamental designs at Lowry & Rule's marble saloons, of so high 
an order of merit, as to induce him to leave an order for a monu- 
ment to a design exhibited to him here, and to be executed in the 
style of which he had seen abundant specimens. Mr. Silsbee, after 
visiting the marble yards of Boston, Philadelphia, and New York 
for designs, had concluded to order a monument from Italy, when a 
model, just suited to his views and taste, was offered him in the Far 
West. The monument, which is of a sufficiently costly character, 
is to the memory of a group of his children lost in infancy, and is 
singularly chaste and felicitous. It will be put up in Mount Au- 
burn Cemetery, and stand forever as an acknowledgment of Cincin- 
nati skill and taste. 

Masonic and Odd Fellows' Regalia. Four manufacturers. — Eight- 
een hands ; value of product, twenty-one thousand dollars ; raw 
material, 50 per cent. 

Mathematical, Optical and Astronomical Instruments. Six work- 
shops, principally on a small scale. J. Foster, Jr., on Walnut 
street, and Hasert, on Fourth, near Walnut street, execute instru- 
ments of a finish and accuracy that cannot be surpassed. Employ 
twenty-four hands ; value of product, forty thousand dollars ; raw 
material, 50 per cent. 

Mat maker. One factory. — Three hands; value of product, 
seven thousand two hundred and forty dollars ; raw material, 30 
per cent. 

Mattresses, Bedding, etc. Ten establishments. — Eighty hands; 
value of product, ninety-five thousand dollars; raw material, 50 
per cent. 

William Morehouse, furniture and bedding depot, 134 Sycamore 
street, manufactures spring wire mattresses, one of the best articles 
in that line ever made ; this mattress folds up conveniently in sec- 
tions; lines church pews, and makes all sorts of cushions. Feather 
beds and mattresses are renovated here. 

Millinery. — Miss Mulliner, 106, north side Fifth street, between 



220 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

Vine and Race streets, fashionable millinery and dress-maker ; em- 
ploys fifteen to twenty-five hands, and makes up annually to the 
value of twenty thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Mineral Water Factories. — The manufacture of soda-water, a very 
refreshing beverage during the heats of summer, has been carried 
on in this city for some years quite extensively, and the consump- 
tion of it at home and abroad, is increasingly great. 

Soda-water is made by impregnating water with carbonic acid 
gas, in the proportion of five parts in bulk of one, to twelve of the 
other ; the gas in a fountain of any given capacity, being condensed 
into a volume of one-twelfth its natural space. 

It is the expansion of that gas, when discharged, which creates 
effervescence, and the pungency of the soda-water, when taken 
at a draught. 

The following is the process of manufacture. The gas is gene- 
rated in a strong leaden vessel by the action of diluted sulphuric 
acid, on marble dust — carbonate of lime. It is passed into a gaso- 
meter, and thence forced by steam-power, acting on air pumps, 
into a fountain or the bottles, compressing fifty gallons of carbonic 
acid gas into the space of seven gallons in an inconceivably short 
space of time. The safety valve on the machine indicates a pres- 
sure of eighty-five pounds to the square inch. 

There are eight of these factories here, employing sixty-four 
hands ; value of product, one hundred and five thousand dollars. 
Four-fifths of this value is contributed by labor alone. The opera- 
tions at one of these factories are propelled by a miniature steam- 
engine, so small that it might be packed in an ordinary coffin, and 
yet so powerful, the force being derived from its shortness of stroke 
and strength of steam, as to be equal to a four-horse power. It is 
capable of making four hundred and eighty revolutions in a minute. 

Mineral Teeth. One factory. — Five hands; value of product, 
nine thousand dollars ; raw material, 20 per cent. 

Morocco Leather. — Seven establishments, for tanning and dressing 
this article. Two hundred thousand sheep skins are annually 
brought to this market and converted into morocco. Not only does 
our regular sheep market for food, contribute largely to this sup- 
ply, but great quantities are rendered here and in the vicinity, for 
the hide and tallow. Two butchering and rendering establishments 
alone, tried out this season, sixty thousand sheep. The skins, di- 
vested of the wool, are worth twelve and a-half cents each, and the 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 221 

dressed article commands four dollars per dozen ; aggregate value 
of product, sixty-seven thousand dollars ; raw material, 30 per 
cent. 

J. H. Ballance, on the Miami canal, near Race street, tans and 
dresses thirty thousand skins yearly, which are sold here for shoe- 
makers' and saddlers' use. The supply of skins here has increased, 
since 1840, six-fold. Ballance is also a wool dealer, extensively. 

Musical Instruments. — Pianos are made here on a small scale, in 
two shops, which employ four hands. A value of four thousand 
five hundred dollars is the product ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

There is also an organ factory, which employs twelve hands; 
builds organs to the value of twenty thousand dollars annually. 
Raw material, 40 per cent. The largest business in this line, is, 
however, that of making melodeons or melopeans and reed organs. 
Of these, there are three factories, which employ from forty to fifty 
hands, and make to the value of sixty-five thousand dollars ; raw 
material, 50 per cent. This is a rapidly increasing business. 

Murch & v Tr hite, workshop on Fifth street, between Main and 
Sycamore ; saleroom, 74 Fourth, near Walnut street. Manufacture 
the melodeon pianos, with Carhart's patent exhausting bellows. 
These are sold at from forty-five to five hundred dollars, varying 
with size, increased capacity, and finish. The melodeon piano, is a 
new and splendid instrument, one that will supply the place of the 
piano-forte, better than any instrument ever made ; better, for any- 
thing slow and plaintive, than the piano. It is intended for parlor, 
lodge-rooms, churches, and singing societies, and is the cheapest and 
best parlor instrument extant. Murch & White are the only manu- 
facturers of these instruments west of the mountains, and the only 
manufacturers who make the double reeded and six octaves. They 
also manufacture Carhart's improved melodeon, four, four and 
a-half and five octaves. Their yearly sales here, are to the value 
of thirty thousand dollars. 

Murch & White keep also for sale, Gilbert's boudoir pianos, an 
article well worthy of inspection by those wanting pianos. 

George A. Prince & Co., also manufacture their latest improved 
melodeons at Buffalo, New York ; one of their principal depots is in 
this city, which will shortly become the place of its manufacture. 
Their wareroom is in the same building with that of Murch & 
White. 

As this is a novel instrument, having been only introduced within 
19 



222 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 



the last three years, a description of the article may not be out oi 
place here. 

The cases are made of rosewood, and are as handsomely finished 
as any piano-forte. The key-board is precisely the same as the piano 
or organ, and the tone — which is very beautiful — closely resembles 
that of the flute stop of the organ — the notes speak the instant the 
keys are touched, and will admit of the performance of as rapid 
passages as the piano. The pedal, on the left, is intended for a 
swell, and by which the most beautiful effects can be produced. 
The pedal directly under the instrument supplies the wind, and works 
so easily that a child can manage it without any exertion. The 
bellows — which is something entirely new, and for which a patent 
was granted in December, 1846 — is a reversed or exhaustion bel- 
lows ; and it is this, in a measure, which produces the peculiar tone. 
The instrument can be immediately made portable, without detaching 
any part ; the bellows receding into the body of the instrument, and 
the legs folding under and springing to their places, leave the whole 
in a compact form. Each instrument has a packing-case, secured 
by lock and key. 

The volume of tone is equal to that of a small organ, and by 
means of the swell, may be increased or diminished, at the pleasure 
of the performer ; it is sufficiently loud for small churches, and is 
well calculated for a parlor instrument. They have been examined 
and approved by hundreds of persons ; but the best evidence of 
their merit is their rapid sale. But it is a new instrument — a new 
invention, and is yet but little known in the musical world ; and it is 
for this reason that the attention of all lovers of music is called 
to it, under the conviction that there are thousands who would lose 
no time in securing one, were they aware of the existence of such an 
instrument, and the low price at which it can be obtained. 

Music Publishing, etc. — W. C. Peters & Sons, Melodeon building, 
are publishers of various approved works of instruction, for the piano, 
guitar, violin, etc., of which they are the authors, or hold the copy- 
rights. They also issue the newest and most popular music ; of 
which their catalogue presents a variety of solos, duetts, trios, and 
glees, adapted to vocal and instrumental use, marches, quick- 
steps, etc., to the extent of one thousand six hundred pieces, sixty 
of which, have been published during the last six months. Of these 
the paper is of Cincinnati manufacture, and the engraving, printing, 
etc., is all executed here. The firm supplies eastern publishers, and 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 223 

the business exchange is largely in favor of Cincinnati. Their 
stock of engraved copper and zinc plates, cost upward of thirty thou- 
sand dollars, and they have paid out, during the past year, three 
thousand dollars for copyrights; also manufacture ruled music 
paper for copyists. They employ thirty hands ; value of product, 
fifty thousand dollars ; raw material, 25 per cent. 

This establishment is largely in the piano-forte line of business, 
having since its first establishment as W. C. Peters, sold one thou- 
sand of A. H. Gale & Co.'s pianos, and upward of two thousand of 
those of Nunns & Clark, of New York. 

Nut and Washer Factory. — Edwin Hills, Eighth street, near 
canal, has just commenced this business with three hands. They 
make three hundred and fifty to four hundred pounds per week, 
which at ten cents, the wholesale price, is equal to twenty thousand 
dollars yearly ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Oil — Castor. One factory, that of Conkling, Wood & Co. — 
Seven hands ; value of product, sixty thousand dollars ; raw mate- 
rial, 75 per cent. 

OH — Lard and Stearine. Thirty-four factories. — one hundred 
and twenty hands ; value of product, three millions fifteen thousand 
nine hundred dollars ; of this, 65 per cent, is oil, and 35 per cent, 
stearine; raw material of lard oil, 93 per cent.; of stearine, 87 per cent. 

Mitchener & Co., are probably the largest operators in this line in 
Cincinnati or anywhere else. His annual manufacture of lard oil is 
one hundred and fifteen thousand one hundred and seventy-five 
gallons ; of stearine, seven hundred and thirteen thousand five hun- 
dred and eighty -three pounds ; aggregate value, two hundred and 
one thousand and sixty dollars. It would surprise most persons to 
learn that this immense business was carried on by six hands in a 
two story building, ninety by sixteen feet, from which is taken, on 
the lower story, a space of fourteen by sixteen feet for other pur- 
poses than this manufacture. 

Thomas Emery, 33 Water, between Main and Walnut streets, 
manufactures lard-oil, star and adamantine candles. These are of 
first quality, and the candles actual weight. Mr. E. is among the 
oldest manufacturers in this line of business. 

Oil — Linseed. Three mills. — Employ thirty-eight hands ; value 
of product, two hundred and sixty -three thousand dollars ; raw ma- 
terial, 75 per cent. 

N. C. McLean, at the intersection of High street and Miami canal, 



224 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

manufactures daily, two hundred and fifty bushels flax-seed ; pro- 
duct, five hundred and thirty-one gallons oil, and nine thousand five 
hundred pounds oil-cake ; employs seventeen hands. 

Oils — Vitriol, etc. — Eugene Grasselli, manufactures chemicals on a 
large scale. One thousand five hundred barrels alum and twenty- 
eight thousand carboys oil vitriol, beside twenty-five or thirty ar- 
ticles on a smaller scale. Employs twenty-four hands, half by day 
and half by night, the works being in constant operation. His sul- 
phuric acid or oil vitriol, is distilled in platina stills, imported from 
France, which cost him nine thousand one hundred dollars. A 
very heavy capital is invested in permanent buildings for his opera- 
tions. His annual sales are to the extent of one hundred and thirty- 
five thousand dollars. 

Packing -Box makers. — Twelve factories, which employ sixty-five 
hands, and produce the value of one hundred and twenty thousand 
dollars ; raw material, 45 per cent. Two-fifths of this amount is 
made in the steam-power factory of J. & J. M. Johnston, who ma- 
nufacture extensively , also, bathing-tubs and refrigerators. 

Painters and Olazers. Seventy -two workshops. — Six hundred 
and thirty-two hands ; labor value of product, three hundred and 
eighty-five thousand dollars. 

Hamilton Cummings, corner of Walnut and Baker streets, executes 
graining in a style that cannot be surpassed. Fine specimens in 
that style of painting may be seen at N. Longworth's and Larz 
Anderson's mansions, on Pike street. 

Paper — Writing, Wrapping, Printing, and Book. — Cincinnati 
having a large book and newspaper publishing business, the manu- 
facture in and for this market is correspondingly extensive. The 
Miami mills at Hamilton, Becket & Rigdon proprietors ; Graham's 
mills, also, in Butler county, manufacture almost exclusively for 
use and sale here, together with other mills nearer to the city. 
Value of product, seventy-five thousand dollars ; raw material 45 
per cent. Butler & Brother are their agents. 

The paper on which this volume is printed, is from the Miami 
mills, and compares favorably with that of any other market. 

E. 0. Goodman, Walnut, below Pearl street, is agent for L. F. 
Claflin & Co., Dayton mills, which make five hundred thousand 
pounds book and printing, and two hundred and fifty thousand 
pounds wrapping-paper per year ; for Nixon's mills at Clifton, which 
make five hundred thousand pounds printing and book paper and 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 225 

flat cap, and for other mills in the vicinity, which make two hundred 
and fifty thousand pounds printing, and two hundred and fifty thou- 
sand pounds wrapping paper. These mills make Cincinnati their 
market. Annual sales of eastern writing paper, thirty thousand 
dollars. 

W. Colville's paper factory, on the Miami canal, is the only estab- 
lishment of the kind in Cincinnati. Its appointments are ample and 
complete, and calculated for a mill of the first class. These con- 
sist of two rag-engines, carrying three hundred pounds each, pro- 
pelled by water. In the machine room is a sixty-two inch Foudrinier 
machine, of the latest pattern and improvements. This machine 
turns out one thousand two hundred pounds paper every twelve 
hours of daylight. Hands employed, seven men and seven girls. 
The water is supplied by two wells in the basement of the mill, 
which can afford the necessary quantity in the driest season. Two 
more rag-engines will shortly be added, which are to be steam pro- 
pelled. This will keep the machine in active employment at night, 
and double its paper manufacture. 

S. RufFner, manufactures wrapping paper at Lockland, in this 
county, exclusively for this market. Warehouse, corner of Western 
Row and Pearl street. He consumes, every day, one thousand pounds 
rags, and one thousand five hundred pounds straw. Employs nine 
hands in a daily product of two thousand pounds wrapping paper. 
The mill is propelled by water-power from the Miami canal, and 
runs about two hundred and fifty days in the year. Value of pro- 
duct, twenty-one thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Patent Medicines. Fourteen factories. — Ninety hands ; value of 
product, six hundred and sixty thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 
per cent. 

Pattern Makers. — Most of our pattern makers are connected with 
the various iron founderies. There are, however, ten which follow 
the business on their own account. Thirty hands ; value of pro- 
duct, twenty-five thousand five hundred dollars; raw material, 10 
per cent. 

Perfumery. — There are twelve manufacturers of perfumery, fancy 
soap, etc., principally, however, on a small scale ; employ seventy- 
five hands on an average, and manufacture to the value of one 
hundred and twenty thousand dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

A. E. Wetherill, manufacturer of perfumery, essences, extracts 
for the handkerchief, cologne waters in every variety, pomades and 



226 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

other hair preparations ; soaps and shaving creams, cosmetics and 
powders. This is the largest, and, in fact, the only establishment 
in the west that has ever succeeded in competing with eastern ma- 
nufacturers of perfumery. Sales store in Bromwell's Building, cor- 
ner Vine and Fourth streets. Laboratory, on Hammond street. 

This factory employs as large a number of hands as any in the 
country, and has not only controlled the market here, but to a great 
extent, as far south as New Orleans. It has recently entered the 
New York and Philadelphia markets with its products, where they 
have found a ready sale. 

H. David, manufacturer of fancy soaps and perfumery. Sale 
store, 203 Main street, west side. Value of annual product twenty- 
four thousand dollars ; employs twelve hands as an average. His 
sales are principally to the south and south-west. 

Mr. David is one of the longest established manufacturers in 
this line, and has repeatedly taken the premium at the fairs of 
the Ohio Mechanics' Institute, for the best specimens of fancy soaps 
and perfumery. 

Pickles, Preserves, Sauces, etc. Two establishments. — Twelve 
hands ; value of product, twenty-five thousand dollars ; raw mate- 
rial, 40 per cent. 

C. T. Hughes, & Co., 1 Hopple's Alley, put up pickles, preserves, 
sauces, catsups, and hermetically sealed articles, warranted to keep 
in all climates. Their customers are in every part of the south 
and south-west. 

Planes, etc. Seven factories. — Ninety-six hands ; value of pro- 
duct, one hundred and sixty-seven thousand dollars ; raw material, 
35 per cent. 

E. F. Seybold, 207 Main street, is one of our oldest manufacturers 
in this line. His products are planes, squares, gauges and saws, 
to the annual value of fifty thousand dollars. His salerooms are 
depots also of truss hoops. Coopers' and carpenters' edge tools are 
also made here, or in the immediate vicinity ; of which, are sold to 
the value of sixty thousand dollars. Fifty hands ; raw material, 40 
per cent. Sells also, extensively, mechanics' tools of all descrip- 
tions. 

C. B. Schaefer & Co., salerooms 224 Main street; factory on 
Miami canal, manufacture planes, squares, gauges, bevels, etc., of 
all descriptions ; value of planes, etc., fifty thousand dollars ; twenty- 
five hands ; also edge tools, such as cooper's, carpenter's, wagon 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 227 

makers' coach makers', etc. No finer article of edge tools is made 
anywhere else. 

Planing Machines. — These are made here, by B. Bicknell, as the 
commencement of an important branch of business. His manufacture 
is yet on a small scale, employing twelve hands ; value of product, 
thirty thousand dollars ; raw material, 25 per cent. Extra knives 
may be obtained when ordered. Leather or India-rubber bands 
forwarded to customers. 

Platform Scales, etc. — There are six factories in which scales, 
including platform scales, are made. Thirty-six hands ; value of 
product, sixty thousand dollars. 

W. J. Groves, on Second, Avest of Main street, manufactures plat- 
form and counter scales, beams, trucks, skids, and truck-wagons. 
Hay-scales built and put up to order ; employs eight hands, and 
makes annually, four hundred scales, twenty-two to seventy-five 
dollars each ; average value, forty dollars. 

Colville & Stryker. Factory and saleroom, north side Second 
street, east of Sycamore, manufacture brass and iron scale-beams, 
platform, and hay scales. On contract with the Secretary of State 
of Ohio, they have recently made scales and weights of exquisite 
finish and accuracy ; one for each county in the state, and deposited 
with the respective county auditors, as legal standards of weight. 

Plows. Six factories. — Twenty-four hands; value of product, 
forty-five thousand dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Garrett & Cottman, Seventh, west of Main street, manufacture 
steel mold-boards by machinery, and make annually, one thousand 
plows of light draft, which scour themselves in all sorts of soils. 
These average nine dollars in value, each. Large quantities of 
these mold-boards are sold to plow makers in the country. Three- 
fourths of the plows are retailed at the factory. 

Plumbers. Ten shops. — One hundred and thirty hands; value 
of product, one hundred and ninety-five thousand dollars; raw 
material, 40 per cent. 

George W. Brooks, Fifth, between Main and Sycamore streets, 
manufactures pumps, both force and lift, suitable for wells, cisterns, 
etc. Hydrants, bathing apparatus, water closets, with latest im- 
provements ; and lead pipes of all sizes, made and put up ; also 
battering-rams, for carrying water into upper stories. Employs 
thirty hands, and manufactures annually to the value of forty- 
five thousand dollars. 



228 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

P. J. Moore, 223 Fifth street, manufactures hydrants, pumps, 
bath and water closets, supplies lead pipe of every size, and puts 
up Douglass' improved hydraulic ram, for forcing water to any 
required distance or elevation, when a proportionate fall can be 
applied. Employs ten hands, and manufactures yearly to the value 
of twelve thousand dollars. 

Plug, Bung, and Tree Nail Factory. — Employs eight hands ; pro- 
duct, twelve thousand dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Potters' Ware. Ten potteries. — Fifty hands ; value of product, 
thirty-six thousand dollars ; raw material, 25 per cent. 

Pork and Beef Packing, Sugar- Cured Bams, etc. It would have 
been desirable to divide and classify these several operations, but 
the mode in which they run into each other, forbids the effort. 

Pork is our great staple, and hogs to the number of four hundred 
and ninety-eight thousand one hundred and sixty, have been cut 
up in the market in a single year. The yearly average number of hogs 
put up here, during the last four years, will not, however, exceed 
three hundred and seventy-five thousand. That of 1850-51, was 
three hundred and twenty-four thousand five hundred and thirty- 
nine. The beef business is of increasingly great extent. There are 
as many as thirty-three pork and beef packers and ham and beef 
curers on a large scale, beside numerous others, who do business on 
a smaller one. The number of hands, of course, varies with the 
various stages in the process of cutting up, pickling and curing. 
They may be averaged at two thousand four hundred and fifty for 
the various departments. The value of these products of beef and 
pork packed and cured here, is five millions seven hundred and 
sixty thousand dollars ; raw material, 90 per cent. 

In the city of Covington, on the opposite side of the river Ohio, 
is the pork and beef house of Milward & Oldershaw. This mam- 
moth establishment incloses an area of nearly two acres. Lofty and 
well ventilated cellars lie under the whole house — these are used 
for bulking the meat ; and so excellently adapted are they to the 
purpose, that spoiled meat is comparatively unknown on these pre- 
mises. The first floor, immediately over the cellars, is used for 
cutting and packing barrel pork. On a level with this, and of the 
depth of fifteen feet, are nine water-tight brick cisterns, each capa- 
ble of containing four hundred barrels pork. In warm weather the 
pieces of pork are packed down in these, and immediately covered 
with pickle. By this method, there is but a slight chance of any of 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 229 

the meat being pronounced " sour," by the inspectors in the various 
markets. 

The rendering-house is furnished with large kettles, capable of 
containing three thousand pounds each, while, for those who prefer 
to have their lard rendered by steam, two of " Wilson's patent iron 
tanks" are kept in constant work. 

The slaughter-house, which will contain four thousand hogs, is on 
the upper floor, and the hog-pens are on the roof, the hogs being- 
driven up an inclined plane, which may be seen on the north or right 
hand side of the illustration. The building measures three hun- 
dred and sixty feet front, and runs back one hundred and sixty feet. 
It is doubtless the largest building for the purpose in the United 
States, and the proprietors assert with truth, that a more commo- 
dious or more excellently arranged establishment can nowhere be 
found. They do a large business on their own account, but their 
avowed business is pork and beef packing on commission, for the 
home and foreign markets. Their brand, of all products, stands 
deservedly high, and eastern operators, intrusting their orders to 
them, will have them executed to their entire satisfaction. Part of 
the premises consists of a large singeing establishment, which was 
erected exclusively for the benefit of our friends on the other side 
the Atlantic. This establishment cut up and packed, last season, 
eleven thousand seven hundred and forty-six hogs, and more than 
three thousand beef cattle for the European markets. 

S. Davis, Jr. & Co., beef and pork packers, commission mer- 
chants, and curers of extra family hams — " Diamond Brand." 

An award of diploma and silver medal was made them by the 
Ohio State Board of Agriculture, at the fair held October, 1850, 
" For the best hams exhibited." 

Their packing, and warehouses are on the south-west corner Court 
street and Broadway — occupying ninety-four feet front on Broad- 
way, running to Miami canal, one hundred and fifty feet in depth. 
They cut and pack annually from fifteen to eighteen thousand hogs, 
and five to seven hundred head of cattle ; pack five thousand bar- 
rels pork. The number of hams cured here, in a season, varies from 
fifty to eighty thousand. A large proportion of these are put up in 
pickle for the eastern market. In the winter, when cutting and 
packing meats, they employ thirty to seventy hands. They are 
dealers, also, extensively in pork and provisions generally. 

The pork cutting and packing operations of Cincinnati, are suffi- 



230 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

ciently known, one department only excepted. This is that of hams 
and even shoulders of extra quality, put up for family use. And 
first, of Schooley & Hough's "Queen City" ham establishment. 

The extensive buildings occupied for the purpose of curing hams 
by this firm, are situated on the side of the hill, on the Deer creek 
road, East Court street. They were erected expressly for the pur- 
pose, and consist of a main curing and drying apartment, and three 
extensive smoke-houses, and commodious apartments for storing and 
packing during the summer. The main building is built of brick, 
and is three and a-half stories in height, ninety feet front, running 
back one hundred and forty feet to the washing department, and 
separated from it by a heavy brick wall, with doors and windows of 
iron. Underneath this building is a cellar of the same dimensions, 
w T hich will contain upward of seventy-five thousand hams at one 
time, under the process of curing ; this cellar is so constructed, that 
it can be kept throughout the winter at the same temperature, all 
being under ground with the exception of the front, which constitutes 
the first story of the building. The first floor above, is divided off, 
similar to the smoke-houses, and is used for the drying-room, where 
the hams go through a process preparatory to the smoking. In the 
third and attic stories are done the canvasing, coloring, decorating, 
etc., of the hams, which, during the appropriate season, are also 
hung up here. At the rear of the main brick building, is the wash- 
ing apartment, connected still farther in the rear with three smoke- 
houses, which are built separate and apart, having no connection, 
and at the same time under one roof; they are separated by twelve 
inch walls, slushed, with fire-walls on the roof. The hanging rooms 
are distant from the pits where the fires are made, from twelve to 
fifteen feet ; these smoking apparatus are so arranged as to make 
them absolutely fire proof. Each smoke-house will contain one 
hundred thousand pounds, giving to the three houses a capa- 
city of three hundred thousand pounds at one time, or equal to 
twenty-four thousand hams ; the only connection that these houses 
have with the main building is a temporary avenue, running from 
the second story, closed at the entrance with an iron door. 

Schooley & Hough cure from seventy-five to one hundred thousand 
hams every year, and the well-known care and skill they give to 
their extra curing and preparing for market, gives character to their 
brands. 

Diplomas and certificates were recently awarded them by the 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 231 

Ohio State Fair, and Ohio Mechanics' Institute, for the best article 
exhibited, and there can be no doubt that their sample of hams and 
shoulders sent to the World's Fair, London, will recommend our 
city fancy hams, etc., to the English epicures. This firm employs 
fifty-five to seventy men in their various operations, including can- 
vasers, cutters, inspectors, colorers, and decorators. 

Trowbridge & Beatty, cure beef; also hams and shoulders exten- 
sively. Their hams and shoulders are sugar-cured. Of the hams 
thirty thousand; of the shoulders, twenty thousand are annually 
cured here. 

They use up, for covers to these articles, thirty-seven thousand 
yards cloth. Most of these hams are sold for the supply of the 
retail market here, these hams being considered among the most 
juicy in the city. They are shipped, also, to Natchez, Vicksburg, 
New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, etc. 

On the 20th March last, from seven o'clock a. m. to five p.m., 
deducting the dinner intermission of forty-five minutes, there were 
four thousand and thirty one hams papered and covers sowed on, 
by twelve hands ; one of these, a boy of fifteen, sewed six hundred 
and seven hams as his share. This was the greatest day's work, in 
this line, ever yet done. 

Printing Ink. Two factories. — Employ eight hands, and manu- 
facture a value of fifteen thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per 
cent. 

Geo. S. Stearns, on Liberty street, makes yearly eight thousand 
dollars of printing ink, which is consumed in western and southern 
markets. 

Printing Presses, etc. — C. Foster & Brother, corner of Smith and 
Seventh streets, Cincinnati, manufacture power presses, hand, card, 
seal, standing, embossing, and all other kinds of presses. Brass 
rule, chases, galleys, composing sticks, cases, etc. They are pre- 
pared to fit out an office in twenty -four hours from the time of re- 
ceiving the order. 

This factory works thirty hands, and produces yearly fifty-two 
thousand dollars ; raw material, 30 per cent. 

The Cylinder hand press, recently invented, is calculated to 
print with twice the speed of any other hand press in use, and is 
designed for both book and newspaper printing. It is managed by 
one person only, inking the form and throwing off its own sheet 
by the same operation, and is less liable to get out of order than 



£32 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

the ordinary kinds. The price does not exceed that of other hand 
presses. 

This establishment has also just completed a new and improved 
card press, which for style, durability and cheapness, is not equaled 
in the United States. 

Publishers — Book and Xewspaper. — There are three large printing 
establishments, which issue largely for the periodical press. These 
are the " Gazette " Office, on Main street, with five power and cylin- 
der presses, and twenty-four hands ; Morgan & Overend, on the 
Miami canal, with nine Adams power presses, which employ thirty- 
two hands ; work off daily five thousand impressions each ; and the 
Methodist Book Concern, with four cylinder and power presses and 
twenty hands. These print books, newspapers, etc., to order. 
Beside these, there are the various newspaper publishers, who print 
at their respective offices. 

There are twelve regular publishing houses of booksellers, who 
issue their publications on the presses first alluded to, principally 
at Morgan & Overend's establishment. 

The value of these book and newspaper publications, is one mil- 
lion two hundred and forty-six thousand five hundred and forty 
dollars; hands employed, six hundred and fifty-six; raw material, 
40 per cent. 

H. S. & J. Applegate & Co., booksellers and publishers, 43 Main 
street. This is a new establishment, which has commenced the pub- 
lication of books here, during the past year, with great spirit, and 
on quite an extensive scale. They have issued within that period, 
one thousand copies Clarke's Commentary, four vols ; ten thousand 
copies Dick's works, two vols.; four thousand copies Plutarch's 
Lives; three thousand copies Rollin's Ancient History, two vols.; 
two thousand copies Spectator, two vols. All these are imperial or 
royal octavo. Also, Histories of Texas, Oregon and California, 
Christianity, Methodism Explained, Young Ladies' Companion, 
duodecimos, nine thousand copies ; Lyons' Grammar, five thousand 
copies, and the Parley History series, six thousand copies. To this 
should be added the Sacred Melodeon and Sabbath Chorister music 
books, ten thousand copies of each. 

The aggregate value of these various works will reach sixty-two 
thousand five hundred dollars. 

W. H. Moore & Co., 118 Main Street, have been publishing school 
books, during the last eight years, and they are now entering the 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 233 

field as general publishers of standard literature, of which, their re- 
cent publications, " Footprints of the Creator," by Hugh Miller, 
and "The Course of Creation," by J. Anderson, D.D., are the 
commencement. These have attracted general and favorable notice 
at the east, as evidences that books can be got up in the west, as 
regards paper, printing, and binding, in a style not inferior to those 
in the east, and that miscellaneous literature can be published to ad- 
vantage in Cincinnati, although a contrary opinion prevails in our 
Atlantic cities. 

W. B. Smith & Co. This is a veteran publishing house, whose 
operations are principally confined to school books, in which their 
issues are counted by millions, one million two hundred and fifty 
thousand copies having been put to press since 1 840. They have 
also published that masterly work, "Drake on the Diseases of the 
Mississippi Valley," which is sufficient for the fame of its accom- 
plished author, if he should never write anything else. This is an 
edition of one thousand two hundred and fifty copies, large octavo, 
of nearly nine hundred pages. 

J. F. Desilver, 122 Main street, publishing bookseller, has issued 
various law and medical books, the most important of which, are 
" Hope's Pathological Anatomy," Lawson's edition, with two hun- 
dred and sixty lithographic illustrations, five hundred copies ; Wor- 
cester on Cutaneous Diseases, illustrated in similar style. The paper, 
printing, engraving, coloring and binding will compare advantage- 
ously with any eastern publications of the same cast — " Harrison's 
Therapeutics," two vols. All these are of royal octavo size. 

He has also put to press the first four vols, of " Hammond's Ohio 
Reports," and by the 1st November next, will complete the publi- 
cation of the whole series, in seven volumes. The remaining three 
are edited by M. E. Curwen, of the Cincinnati bar, and one of the 
professors in the Cincinnati law college, who is known to the pro- 
fession as the author of several works on the Ohio statutes and 
reports. These publications will bring his issues, during the past 
twelve months, to more than twenty-seven thousand dollars. 

Desilver is agent for the publications of the Philadelphia house of 
Thomas, Cowperthwaite & Co., the publishers of Mitchell's series of 
School Geographies, etc. 

E. Morgan & Co, 1 1 1 Main street. This is one of our oldest, as 
well as most extensive houses in the publishing line. Within the 
last twelve months, they have issued from the press twenty thou- 



234 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

sand, Family Bibles; fifteen thousand, Josephus's Works; five thou- 
sand each, Pilgrim's Progress and Hervey's Meditations ; ten thou- 
sand, Life of Tecumseh ; ten thousand, Psalms of David ; ten thou- 
sand, Talbott's Arithmetic ; ten thousand, Walker's School Diction- 
ary ; one thousand, Macaulay's History of England, and one hun- 
dred thousand, Webster's Spelling Books, with various other pub- 
lications in smaller editions. Total value, fifty-four thousand 
dollars. 

J. A. & U. P. James, book publishers. This is also a long estab- 
lished publishing house. Within the past year, they have issued 
Guizot's Gibbon's Rome, two vols, one thousand one hundred and 
fifty ; Library of American History, five hundred ; Universal Pic- 
torial Library, one thousand ; Library of General Knowledge, three 
thousand ; Dick's Theology, five hundred ; Erskine's Works, two 
hundred and fifty, all imperial octavo. The Gem, one thousand ; 
Burns' Works, five hundred, and of other octavos, two thousand. 
Among these are Collins' History of Kentucky, Young's History of 
Mexico, etc. Various duodecimos, to the extent of twenty-two thou- 
sand copies. Pamphlet editions, octavo and duodecimo, forty-five 
thousand vols. Primers, and catechisms, twenty thousand. Almanacs 
for 1851, ninety-six thousand. One thousand five hundred, quarto 
Family Bibles, stereotyped, and first edition just issued. Seven 
thousand James' Traveler's Companion, first edition just out. Be- 
side these, within the last two years, the firm has published fourteen 
thousand, Hughes' Doniphan's Expedition. Most of the octavos 
are put into substantial library binding; many of the Poets, etc., in 
fancy ind extra gilt covers. 

Not the least in importance in our publishing establishments, 
although among the last referred to, is the Methodist Book Concern, 
south-west corner of Main and Eighth streets. There are issued 
from their presses, of the Western Christian Advocate, twenty-one 
thousand copies ; Ladies Repository, sixteen thousand five hundred ; 
Sunday School Advocate, twenty -five thousand; Christian Apolo- 
gist — German, three thousand. They keep five steam presses in 
constant occupation; employ twenty-five hands in the printing- 
office, and forty-six in the bindery. 

Beside these periodicals, they issue various religious publications. 
Value of books and periodicals published last year, one hundred 
and twenty-five thousand dollars. 

Roofing, Patent Composition. — James Mc George, office, corner 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 235 

Fourth and Race street, employs, at an average, twelve hands. This 
covering is made of stiff, thick paper, stretched in courses upon the 
sheeting, the entire length of the roof and fastened down at the ends. 
A coat of boiled tar, mingled with fine gravel, is spread over the en- 
tire surface to a sufficient depth, and becomes perfectly hard and im- 
penetrable by heat or rain, as soon as it cools and hardens. Thirty- 
six thousand dollars value of work, is annually executed in this line ; 
raw material, 30 per cent. 

Nearly all our best houses are now covered in this mode, which, 
taking durability into view, is cheaper than shingling. 

Saddlery, Collar and Harness makers. — Of these, are forty shops, 
which employ two hundred and twenty-two hands, and produce a 
value of three hundred and forty-six thousand five hundred dollars ; 
raw material, 50 per cent. 

Wilson & Hay den, 17 and 19 West Second street, manufacturers 
of saddlery and coach hardware, carriage trimmings, saddle-trees, 
hog skins, are engaged in the handling and finishing of saddle 
and harness leather which they make to the value of fifty thousand 
dollars; saddle-trees and saddlery hardware, to the value of forty 
thousand dollars ; raw material, 80 per cent. Their annual sales 
of saddlery, etc., including those of their own manufacture, extend 
to two hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars. 

E. N. Slocum, 102 Main street, manufactures the finer qualities 
of saddles, harness and trunks, carpet bags, ladies' satchels, etc. 
Employs twenty-five hands ; value of product, thirty thousand dol- 
lars. As high as fifty saddles have been sold here in one day, and 
harness for two hundred and fifty horses — all stage or carriage 
harness — during the last six months. Four hundred and fifty-five 
trunks, ranging in price from eighteen to twenty dollars each, have 
made a part of their last year's sales. The saddlery here, is equal 
to any in New York or Philadelphia, and the trunks, a superior 
article. There have been sold here, bridles of a quality command- 
ing fourteen dollars each. Side saddles worth fifty dollars, and 
sets of harness for two horses, at two hundred and fifty dollars. 

Saddle Trees. — One shop, with five hands ; manufactures forty- 
five hundred dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Sail makers. Four shops. — Fifteen hands; a product of nine 
thousand dollars ; raw material, 65 per cent. 

Saleratus. Three factories. — Employ six hands. Three hun- 
dred tons are annually sold in this market of this article, two-thirds 



236 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

of which is made here ; value of product, fifty thousand dollars ; 
raw material, 65 per cent. 

H. Emerson, Walnut, below Second street, manufactures two 
hundred thousand pounds yearly. The article made in his factory 
does not deliquesce on exposure to the atmosphere. This has been 
tested by filling a box with saleratus and exposing it to the open 
air for twelve months. 

Sand-Paper. Two factories. — Ten hands; value of product, 
twelve thousand dollars ; raw material, 30 per cent. 

Sarsaparilla Cough Candy, etc. — I. Baker, College building, is 
largely manufacturing these articles. Sales of sarsaparilla, seventy- 
two thousand dollars, and of candy, twenty thousand dollars annu- 
ally. Ten hands ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Sash, Blind and Door Factories. — Of these, there are twenty-five, 
all but two of hand operations ; value of product, three hundred 
and twelve thousand dollars ; raw material, 25 per cent ; employ 
two hundred and twenty hands. 

One of the largest manufacturing buildings in the United States, 
is the sash, blind and door factory and floor-board planing machine, 
on Front street, opposite the gas works, of Hinkle & Guild. This 
edifice occupies a space of two hundred and fifty feet in depth, by 
sixty feet breadth upon Front street and the river. The building is 
six stories in height on the river front, and five stories and base- 
ment upon the Front street face. The first and second story walls 
are of stone masonry, two feet thick, and the residue of the building 
with the partitions of brick, of which as many as eight hundred thou- 
sand have been employed to construct the edifice. It was built for 
a planing-mill and a sash, blind and door factory, and is the largest 
buildino- in Cincinnati, that carries its length and breadth to such a 
height. The lot which the building occupies, is one hundred and 
twenty-two and a-half by three hundred and seventy-five feet, and 
such is the extent of the operations of this firm, as well as of the 
manufactured article kept on hands in this new and important busi- 
ness, that they calculate to occupy every available spot upon this 
vast space. 

Persons at a distance, who contemplate building, are supplied by 
this establishment with their carpenter work, in whole or in part, as 
they may need, so much cheaper and better prepared for the 
purpose, as to make it their interest to pay transportation on the 
finished work to any point in the west and south-west, either by land 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 237 

or water carriage. This will be readily understood, when it is con- 
sidered that everything here, is made out of materials already sea- 
soned, fitted together with great exactness by machinery, of course 
at cheaper rates than even the lowest charge for carpenter work by 
hand can supply it here, and at one-half the price that a carpenter 
in the country must charge. It would be impossible, in a publica- 
tion like this, to go into full exemplifications of these facts, but one 
feature of these operations will suffice as a specimen of the rest. 
Eight by ten inch window sash are supplied here, at three and 
a half cents, and ten by twelve at four and a half cents per light. 
There are very few places, outside of Cincinnati, where a carpenter 
will make them at less than twice this price — the employer being at 
the expense of the lumber beside. Every other building article, 
panel doors, blinds, shutters, door and window frames, weather- 
boarding, base, shelving for stores, flooring-boards and plank, etc., 
will exhibit a proportionate saving to the purchaser. 

Hinkle & Guild have been several years engaged in this business, 
at the corner of Smith and Fourth streets, upon a lot supposed by 
them sufficiently large for their purposes, but the growing convic- 
tion in the south and south-west, that they can build to better ad- 
vantage by buying carpenter work in Cincinnati ready prepared for 
use, has compelled a removal to a more spacious site, as the only 
adequate means to do justice to this enlarging business. 

Sausages. Twenty-two shops. — One hundred and sixty-six hands ; 
value of product, one hundred and sixty -two thousand dollars; raw 
material, 40 per cent. 

Sawed Lumber, Laths, etc. Fifteen mills. — Two hundred and six 
hands ; manufacture a value of four hundred and eleven thousand 
dollars : raw material, 30 per cent. 

Saws. Two factories. — Employ six hands; value of product, 
six thousand seven hundred dollars ; raw material, 30 per cent. 

Turner & Sons, First Premium Saw Manufactory, on Seventh, 
north side, between Western Row and John street, manufacture 
saws of every description, warranted, and made of the best material. 
Circular, mill, and cross-cut saws gummed and hammered, hand, 
back, or butchers' saws, buckled or bent, restored as good as if 
new — also, retoothed, set and filed in a workman-like manner. 
Sheet-steel for sale ; also, cut and straightened, and all kinds of 
carpenters' and other mechanics' tools tempered ; all at the shortest 
notice. 

20 



238 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

Screw Plates. Two factories. -Ten hands; value of product, eleven 
thousand five hundred dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Sheetings, Cotton Yarn, Candle- Wick, etc. Five factories. — Em- 
ploy four hundred and ten hands ; manufacture to the value of six 
hundred and thirty-six thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Shirts, etc. — Fifteen shops, which employ two hundred and fifty 
hands, all females ; value of product, one hundred and fifty-seven 
thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

J. Richardson, shirt and stock factory, 119 Main street. This is 
of recent establishment, and manufactures the articles alluded to 
and supplies everything usually kept in a gentleman's furnishing 
store. Two hundred shirts are made here weekly, and stocks in 
proportion. A large manufacture for wholesale purposes, will shortly 
make a part of the business here. The articles made are of a 
fine class exclusively. Shirts, undershirts and drawers are also 
made here, of lambs' wool, merino and shakers' flannel, Canton 
flannel, buckskin and silk fabrics. 

Silver and Goldsmiths and Silver Platers. Five establishments. — 
Fifty hands ; value of product, ninety thousand dollars ; raw mate- 
rial, 75 per cent. 

J. R. Haynes, 40 West Fourth street, manufactures to order all 
kinds of jewelry and silver ware. Value of product, during the past 
year, five thousand dollars. He is also a dealer, wholesale and re- 
tail, in watches, jewelry, silver ware, pocket cutlery and fancy goods. 

Palmer & Owen, 135 Main street, keep three hands engaged in 
the manufacture of silver ware, on a product yearly, of twelve thou- 
sand dollars. Watches, silver ware, jewelry, etc., also sold here. 

Soap and Tallow, and Star Candles. — There are thirty-eight of 
these factories, some making soap principally, some making tallow 
candles and soap, and others star candles, either alone or in addition 
to what they produce in soap and tallow candles, or in the last 
article merely. These employ seven hundred and ten hands ; value 
of product, one million four hundred and seventy-five thousand 
dollars ; raw material, 75 per cent. 

Spectacle maker. — John Owen, Third, between Main and Walnut 
streets, employs four hands, on a product of nine thousand dollars ; 
raw material, 75 per cent. 

Spokes. Two factories. — Employ thirty-six hands, and manu- 
facture to the value of seventy thousand five hundred dollars; 
raw material, 20 per cent. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 



239 



Curtis & Byrn, spoke and felloe factory, intersection of Park street 
and the Whitewater canal, manufacture spokes, felloes, hubs, etc. 
They work up weekly, four thousand feet of ash and hickory, and 
employ nine hands. 

C. G. Shane & Co., Great Western Spoke Manufactory, sale- 
room, Second street, between Walnut and Vine, turn all sizes 
and patterns of white oak and hickory spokes out of the best sea- 
soned timber, of which they are making over three thousand six 
hundred per day. They also turn and keep on hand axe, pick, 
hammer and hatchet handles. 

Their spokes are used in every carriage shop in Cincinnati, and all 
along the river from Pittsburgh down ; and on our canal and rail- 
road routes, which is sufficient to show the estimation in which they 
are held by our carriage and wagon-makers. The price is such that 
they will bear transportation to any part of the country, and one 
trial is all that is necessary to insure their permanent use. 

This establishment employs twenty hands, and runs ten lathes. 

Stained Glass. — Painting in glass, which is another name for 
stained glass, is one of the long-lost, but finally recovered arts of 
antiquity. It is carried, in modern times, however, to a degree of 
perfection unknown to the ancients. Glass of this description is 
employed extensively in churches and in the finest class of private 
dwellings, where it serves admirably to distribute a mellowed light, 
more grateful to the eye, than that which passes in its full strength 
through perfectly transparent glass. 

Stained glass is prepared by coating one side of the plate with 
phosphate of lime in a flux of pulverized glass, in cases where it 
is designed to render the plate semi-opaque or obscure. This gives 
it the appearance of being ground on one face. Where the various 
brilliant colors are sought, oxydes of almost all the metals, such as 
iron, zinc, tin, antimony, cobalt, manganese, lead, silver and gold, 
are the agents resorted to, silver being the base of the yellow, as 
gold is of the purple, and cobalt of the blue. The coating, in a liquid 
state, being brushed over the surface of the plate, and lime sifted 
over it to prevent the adhesion of the glass, the plates are lodged 
in a furnace where they are submitted to a degree of heat which 
blends the coloring matter with the outside of the glass, which i* 
then suffered gradually to cool to its final and permanent tern 
perature. 

The white color is imparted by grinding figures upon glass made 



240 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

transparent, and colored on one side in the first instance, the grind- 
ing barely penetrating through the colored side. 

J. C. Miller, Third street, east of Sycamore, employs five hands, 
and manufactures to the value of fifteen thousand dollars ; raw ma- 
terial, 50 per cent. Miller is preparing illuminated windows for St. 
John's and the First and Seventh Presbyterian churches of this city, 
which will illustrate this article. This is the only establishment of 
this kind in the west. 

Stair Building. Three shops. — Eighteen hands ; value of labor 
product, twenty-four thousand dollars. 

Starch. — Five factories, which employ forty-two hands, and 
make a value of ninety-eight thousand dollars ; raw material, aver- 
age, 60 per cent. 

Starch has heretofore been made principally from wheat, and a 
portion of it is still made here from that grain. Of late, Indian 
corn has been resorted to in the manufacture of starch, and with 
great success, although the discovery is comparatively recent. Yet 
it is found to contain almost as great a proportion as wheat. The 
per centage of starch, in the best varieties of corn, is about sixty per 
cent.; nitrogenous substances, 15 per cent., with a considerable por- 
tion of sugar, and 10 per cent, of oil and gum. All practical men 
are well aware of the great superiority of corn over every other 
kind of grain for fattening purposes. 

The amount of starch, in sweet corn, is very small, not over 18 or 
20 per cent.; but the per centage of sugar is very great. The 
nitrogenous matter about 20, gum 14, and oil 11 per cent. If it 
could be made £6 yield as much per acre as the more hardy kind, it 
would be the most profitable, because the most nourishing of all the 
varieties. 

Everding & Erkenbrecher, on the Miami canal, manufacture 
three thousand pounds starch, weekly. For this purpose, they con- 
sume one hundred and twenty-five bushels wheat in the same space 
of time. Their starch bears a high reputation in this market. 

Steamboat Building and Repairing. — Seven establishments, which 
employ five hundred and fifty four hands ; value of product, four 
hundred and eighty-eight thousand dollars; raw material, 30 per 
cent. 

Stencil Cutters. Three shops. — Eight hands; value of labor pro- 
duct, five thousand dollars. 

Stereotypers. — Three establishments, which employ sixty hands, 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 241 

and produce to the value of forty-six thousand dollars ; raw mate- 
rial, 33 per cent. 

Stereotyping is the transfer to solid pages of type, by the interven- 
tion of a cast of plaster of Paris, of the contents of pages of mov- 
able type set for that purpose. The stereotype page is a thin plate, 
which is fitted to blocks so as to bring it up to the ordinary type 
height for printing. The object of stereotyping is to permit small 
issues at a time, of publications, so that if they should not prove 
saleable, a large surplus may not be left on hand, or if repeated 
editions should be needed, that the original type setting will suffice 
for the repeated issues. In this way, an opportunity is afforded of 
using up paper and paying for binding, no faster than the demand 
for the volume. Stereotyping, it will be thus seen, is costlier in the 
first instance, but cheaper in the entire course of business. All 
standard works, and most others, are now stereotyped. 

This business is rapidly increasing here in extent and importance. 
C. A. Morgan & Co., Hammond street, between Third and Fourth 
streets, are extensively employed in this line ; they have recently 
stereotyped, The Footprints of the Creator, The Course of Creation, 
Service Afloat and Ashore, and the present volume, any of which is 
a sufficiently favorable sample of their skill and taste. In all the 
facilities for executing work promptly and accurately, this estab- 
lishment will compare favorably, with similar establishments in the 
east. 

Stocking Weavers. Four shops. — Twenty-one hands ; value of 
product, thirteen thousand dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Stone Cutters. Twenty-two yards. — Employ two hundred and 
forty-nine hands ; value of product, two hundred and twenty -two 
thousand dollars: raw material, 40 per cent. 

The freestone used most extensively in Cincinnati, is that of the 
Buena Vista quarry, which is preferred for price and quality. 

An article like building stone, which constitutes so important a 
material to the physical improvement of Cincinnati, must always be 
of interest to the community, which has consumed it to the value 
of millions of dollars. Various quarries have been opened for the 
supply of this market, the stone of which has failed to inspire con- 
fidence in that compactness of grain which protects it from the 
action of frost. Other descriptions — Dayton limestone, for exam* 
pie — cost too high in the transportation, sawing and dressing, to 
render them suitable for general building purposes. 



242 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

The Buena Vista stone, is substantially the article which has been 
for a long series of years employed in our best buildings. It has 
all the requisite qualities of close grain, hardening under exposure 
to the atmosphere, fineness of surface, and comparative cheapness, 
which should give it a preference for our best buildings. Stone 
masons here, agree in stating it to be superior to all other stone for 
building use. 

Stone Masons. Thirty-six builders. — Employ four hundred and 
twenty-eight hands ; value of labor product, three hundred and 
eight thousand dollars. 

Straw Hats and Bonnets. Five factories. — Fifty hands ; value of 
product, sixty thousand dollars ; raw material, 60 per cent. 

J. Webb, Jr., straw bonnet and hat factory and fashionable mil- 
linery establishment, 168 Fifth street, employs fifteen hands, and 
manufactures to the value of fifteen thousand dollars. Bleaching 
and pressing bonnets, also, attended to here. 

Stucco workers. Two shops. — Fourteen hands; value of labor 
product, twelve thousand dollars. 

J. F. Taylor, manufacturer of stucco and ornamental plaster 
work, office, corner Vine and Baker streets. Designs and models 
all kinds of floral work, and every description of ornaments in the 
stucco line. Employs from twelve to fifteen hands, and executes 
work yearly, to the value of twelve thousand dollars. 

Tailors. — In this statement is not included the manufacturers of 
ready-made clothing, made here for sales to foreign markets, or for 
retail sales at home, the details of which, will be found in its proper 
department. Of those who make to measurement, we have ninety- 
eight merchant tailors, who employ eight hundred and sixteen 
hands, exclusive of women, who sew at their own dwellings. These 
produce to the value of eight hundred and thirty-two thousand 
dollars. Among our most fashionable tailors are : 

S. P. Thomas, south-east corner of Walnut street. He employs 
fifteen hands, and makes up garments, and sells other articles in his 
line, to the value of fifty thousand dollars. 

Mr. Thomas bears a high reputation in his line, among our city 
fashionables. Every variety of materials for articles of gentlemen's 
dresses, is constantly kept here. 

W. W. Northrop, 42 west Fourth street. This is a recently 
fitted up tailor establishment in fashionable style, by Mr. Northrop, 
formerly associated in business with Piatt Evans, on Main street. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 243 

Employs, as an average, thirty hands, and fits and finishes in the 
best style, every article of gentlemen's dress. The manufacturing 
department is in charge of Mons. Vandokum, recently from Paris. 
A full and well selected supply of materials for garments, and an 
assortment, in the furnishing line, to gratify every taste, always to be 
found upon his stands and counters. 

E. M'Elevy, merchant tailor, 1 Broadway, makes custom work 
principally, of the finest quality. Employs sixty hands ; value of 
yearly product, forty thousand dollars. 

M. C. Jennings, is one of our best known artists in this line, who 
has been engaged in the business for many years on Main, north of 
Third street, and has recently opened on Fourth street, opposite the 
First Presbyterian church. He keeps the usual assortment of fancy 
and staple goods for customers, and fits in the most approved and 
fashionable style, every article that constitutes gentlemen's dresses. 

C. S. Jelleff, west side Western Row, between Eighth and Kemble 
streets, is in the centre of a rapidly improving region of Cincinnati. 
He has an abundant stock of best materials for gentlemen's gar- 
ments on his shelves and counters. His work is of first-rate quality 
and fit. Youths' clothing also made here, and the usual assort- 
ment of fitting and furnishing for gentlemen, kept for sale. 

Tanners and Curriers. — This is another of our heavy manufac- 
turing interests, consisting of thirty establishments, which employ 
three hundred and eighty hands, and manufacture to the value of 
nine hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars. 

Richard Thornton, 9 and 310 Main street, tanner, currier and 
morocco manufacturer, makes every description of leather, suitable 
for shoemakers, saddlers, bookbinders, hatters, etc. Has tanned, 
during the past year, thirty-six thousand skeep skins, five thousand 
hides, and thirty thousand calf skins. Imports, also, English and 
French calf skins, roans and skivers. 

Tin, Copper and Sheet-Iron workers. — Forty-two shops, which 
employ two hundred and forty hands, and produce a value of two 
hundred and fifty-eight thousand six hundred and forty dollars. 
Raw material, tin and sheet-iron ware, 30 per cent.; copper, 60 
per cent.; average value of raw material, 48 per cent. 

W. & G. W. Robson, coppersmiths, Front street, between Pike 
and Butler, manufacture, and have constantly on hand, a large and 
general assortment in their line, such as copper wash, stew, tea and 
glue kettles, still and hatters' do. ; engine, well, cistern and liquor 



244 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

pumps, lift and force pumps, for wells and distilleries ; soda-founts 
and stands, Patten's generator, for making soda-water, etc. They 
manufacture brew-kettles, from three hundred to three thousand 
gallons. Engine and lard steamer work, on the shortest notice. 

Robson & Moorhead, tin-plate workers, on Second street, west of 
Walnut, employ twelve hands, and manufacture tin ware to the 
value of twelve thousand dollars. They are largely in the bathing- 
tub, shower-bath, and tin safe line, as well as manufacturing the 
usual assortment of tin ware. Their business is principally wholesale. 

Tobacco, Cigars, etc. — This business comprehends, first, those who 
in this city and in Covington manufacture tobacco in the wholesale 
line exclusively. Second, of those who make fine tobacco for regular 
customers, and third, of various factories, principally on a small 
scale, in which cigars and snuff are the main articles. 

There are sixty-two tobacco manufacturers here. Of these, twenty- 
eight factories in the wholesale line, employ one thousand one hun- 
dred and fifty hands, principally boys ; value of product, six hundred 
and sixty-five thousand dollars. The residue work two hundred and 
sixty hands, not including boys, and manufacture to the value of two 
hundred and sixty-six thousand dollars ; raw material, 55 per cent. 

Carpenter & Ford, 14 Front street, are largely engaged in the 
manufacture of Virginia, Missouri and Kentucky tobacco. Employ 
one hundred and fifty hands of both sexes and almost all ages ; 
value of product, one hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; raw ma- 
terial, 65 per cent. They operate fifty iron presses, which are 
supposed to be the largest in the United States. The manufacture 
of tobacco conduces to the health of the work hands. 

Nuilsen & Ficke, 233 Main street, manufacture cigars, at the rate 
of one hundred and twenty thousand per month, equal to Havana ; 
being made of the best quality of Spanish leaf. Snuff and smoking 
tobacco of all descriptions. Spanish, Ohio, and Kentucky leaf to- 
bacco, constantly kept for sale. They employ thirty hands, on a 
product, in value, of twenty-five thousand dollars. 

Charles Bodmann, 45 Walnut street, sign of the Indian Queen, 
manufactures lump tobacco, from five to sixteen plugs to the pound. 
Scotch rappee, fine scented maccoboy snuffs; best chewing and 
smoking tobacco, and every description of domestic cigars. Fine 
cut chewing, of best honeydew and sweet fine cut cavendish papered 
and on bulk. There are ninety-one hands in his employ, with a 
product of eighty thousand dollars in value ; raw material, 70 cents. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 245 

This is an offshoot of the establishment of F. Bodmann, long and 
favorably known here, for the quality of its snuff, tobacco, and 
cigars. 

Trunks, Valises, Carpet-Bags, etc. This is a manufacture con- 
nected with the saddle and harness business, to a great extent, es- 
pecially the finer qualities, but the principal amount is made in 
establishments which are devoted exclusively to the business. One 
of these, which makes low-priced articles principally, manufactures 
to the value of one hundred and five thousand dollars. Leather 
trunks are made in Cincinnati of every quality, from two dollars to 
thirty. The frames, in the low-priced articles, are of wood ; of the 
more costly and permanent, of the best quality of gasket boards ; an 
article more durable than wood, as well as not subject to split, and 
more flexible as well as lighter than iron, which it has superseded 
for this purpose. 

There are fifteen leather trunk makers, who employ two hundred 
and seventy-five hands, and manufacture to the value of five hundred 
and six thousand dollars ; raw material, 67 per cent. 

Parvin & Johnson, Broadway, between Front and Second streets, 
manufacture leather trunks, valises, carpet-bags and satchels or tra- 
veling bags ; employ thirty hands ; finish, annually, twelve thousand 
five hundred trunks, one half of which are low-priced articles ; the 
other half, first-rate or medium quality ; average wholesale value of 
trunks, forty-two thousand dollars ; one thousand three hundred 
valises and carpet-bags, value, three thousand five hundred dollars, 
and six hundred satchels. 

Turners. Thirty shops. — One hundred and forty-three hands ; 
value of product, one hundred and fifty-two thousand dollars ; raw 
material, 20 per cent. 

Warner B. Mahone, turner in general, corner of Western Bow 
and Laurel street, executes balustrades of any and every pattern ; 
columns of the several orders of architecture, and mahogany, oak, 
cherry, walnut and maple banisters. All kinds of turning used 
by cabinet makers, including nulling of every pattern, furnished at 
the shortest notice. Shade and map-rollers, turning in ivory, done 
in a superior style. 

Mr. Mahone employs steam power, with seven lathes and ten 
hands, and turns to order any article, from a column twelve inches 
diameter and twenty-five feet in length, to an ivory cane head. 

Type Founders. — There are two type founderies here, the Cincin- 
21 



246 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

nati Type Foundery Co., and the foundery of Guilford & Jones. 
Type are made of antimony, lead and tin, in certain proportions; the 
antimony being employed in hardening the lead; and the tin, as a 
means of amalgamating the other two. 

The Cincinnati Type Foundery was chartered by the Ohio legis- 
lature, January 12, 1830. It employs one hundred hands, men, 
girls and boys, and affords an annual product of seventy thousand 
dollars ; raw material, average, 20 per cent. More than seven 
hundred dollars are paid out weekly, in wages. Every kind of type 
that can be got at the east, is cast here, and more than two thousand 
different fonts may be found on the shelves in this establishment. 

They have recently cast fancy type by steam, under a preseure 
of two hundred pounds to the square inch, for the purpose of con- 
densing the metal and thereby hardening its face, with what effect, 
may be judged by the fact, that an ordinary size of duodecimo page, 
under this new process, weighs three additional pounds. 

Guilford & Jones, 41 Second street, execute type founding in all 
its branches. They employ twenty-one hands ; value of product, 
thirty thousand dollars. 

Undertakers. Fourteen establishments. — Four hands ; value of 
labor product, seventy-six thousand dollars. 

Varnish, Copal, etc. — There are two varnish factories in Cincin- 
nati, both on an extensive scale — that of the " Queen City" varnish 
factory, of which James Calhoun is agent, and the factory of Price 
and Pfaff. These are both on Walnut street, the one south of Se- 
cond, and the other north of Pearl street. There is so little differ- 
ence in the character, as well as the extent of their operations, that 
one statement will answer for the business statistics of either. 

Copal varnish is an article extensively used by cabinet, chair and 
coachmakers, and although made heretofore, in Cincinnati, as an ad- 
junct to the existing drug and apothecary business, has only for 
the last few years been commenced as a distinct operation, and on a 
lare;e scale, commensurate with the wants of the entire west and 
south-west. 

In one of these factories are manufactured of coach, furniture and 
japan varnishes, as high as eight hundred gallons per day, of which 
sales have thus far been effected as fast as made. In this factory 
is consumed daily, twelve hundred pounds gum copal, and shellac — 
principally the first — one hundred gallons linseed oil, and three 
hundred and fifty gallons spirits turpentine. The copal is melted 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 247 

at one furnace, while the oil which has already received the driers, 
is boiling- at another, and when brought to precisely the same tem- 
perature, they are then mixed in a cooler. These boilers are cop- 
per, and of sixty gallons capacity. The cooler is twice that size. 
When the substances unite in the cooler, so great an amount of 
latent heat is disengaged, that the most active and laborious stirring- 
is necessary to prevent running over. This is also the case when 
the turpentine is added, the whole mass foaming, as though placed 
on raging flames. The materials are thoroughly amalgamated, by 
being stirred to a point the exact degree of which, constitutes the 
great art of varnish making, and the varnish, in this stage, is passed 
through a cloth strainer, to divest it of impurities, into a reservoir, 
of which there are two in alternate use. These are large block-tin 
vessels hooped with iron, each of four hundred gallons capacity. 
In these it stands to cool, after which it is barreled off for market. 
The coach and furniture varnish are made of gum copal, the japan 
varnish, of gum shellac. They differ as much in the preparation as 
in the ingredients. 

The first and second qualities of furniture varnish differ in the 
character of the copal employed. Coach varnish is made of the 
purest gum, carefully selected, piece by piece. 

A large and increasing market is thus furnished for the linseed 
oil of the west, to the extent in which that ingredient is used in this 
manufacture. 

The cost of transportation east, on our oil, and the return trans- 
portation of the varnish, together with the profits of the manufacture, 
now remains at home, as so much revenue to the west. An addi- 
tional advantage is also gained to purchasers. They have respon- 
sible persons to look to at home, for the integrity of the article, that 
it is what it professes to be, and are not likely to experience impo- 
sition, which the introduction occasionally, of rosin, in an article 
where the maker's name is not apparent, and the means of redress 
five hundred miles from home, exposes them to, at times. In ad- 
dition to this, varnish needs always to be bought on guarantee, since 
it is impossible to test its quality in any other mode than actual use. 
Copal varnish made here, is disposed of not only in our city mar- 
ket, but throughout that extensive circle of country of which De- 
troit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Wheeling, Louisville, Lexington, Nash- 
ville, St. Louis and Galena form the edges or prominent points. Our 
own cabinet, chair and carriage business in Cincinnati, require also 



248 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

a large supply, especially during the spring and fall seasons of 
business. If, at any time, the manufacture accumulates so as to 
exceed the demand, it will be an advantage to both buyers and 
sellers, since varnish, like many other articles, improves by age. 

Gum copal is found in the islands of the Indian ocean and on the 
coast of Africa. An inferior article is brought from South America, 
also. The best is gathered at Zanzibar, in the dominions of the 
Imaum or Sultan of Muscat. It is not a concretion gathered from 
the living tree, as is usually the case with gums, but is obtained in 
deposits, frequently many feet below the surface of the earth. 
How it became thus buried, can be a matter of conjecture merely. 
It is supposed that the accumulation of sand, which covers it, has 
destroyed the trees while it buried the gum exuding on their sur- 
face. It is gathered by the natives, and loaded in bulk in the hold 
of the vessels, the gum requiring no package, as water makes not 
the slightest impression on gum copal, which is one of the most in- 
soluble of gums, neither alcohol, turpentine or ether serving to dis- 
solve it. The agency of heat, by melting, alone serves this purpose. 
Most of this article is imported at Salem, Mass. On its arrival, it is 
washed from adhering sand, assorted in qualities and boxed for 
market. 

As has been already stated, this description might substantially 
suffice for either factory, so little difference exists in their business. 
Four or five hands suffice for each establishment. These factories 
manufacture to the value of one hundred and thirty-five thousand 
dollars ; raw material, 80 per cent. 

Veneers. Two mills. — Twenty hands ; value of product, thirty- 
six thousand dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

For the benefit of multitudes who purchase the finer qualities of 
furniture, ignorant that the outside wood is a veneer or facing upon 
some other, which is either cheaper or stronger, or perhaps both, it 
may not be impertinent to state that most of what they buy is of 
this description. In this, there is, however, no deception, they 
being supplied with an article of furniture equally good, if not better, 
and much cheaper, than if made solid. The veneers brought to 
this market are mahogany, rose and zebra, of foreign woods, and 
black walnut and curled maple of domestic growth, much the larger 
share being of the first class. Already a reduction of 25 per cent, 
in prices has taken place, and we shall soon supply our own and 
foreign markets with native woods of unrivaled beauty in surface 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 249 

and figure. Not less than fifty thousand dollars in value of them 
have been annually sold or used here. 

In those revolutions of manufactures which are constantly occur- 
ring, Cincinnati is now becoming the head-quarters to the west for 
the supply of this article. 

There are no finer ornamental woods in the world for furniture, 
than those of American growth, the black walnut, cherry and curled 
maple, for example. Fashion has heretofore patronized those of 
foreign countries, on the principle which governs thousands, that 
nothing is valuable but what is "far sought and dearly bought." 
But fashion, like all despots, has her caprices, and the rose and 
zebra and mahogany are evidently declining in favor ; and as our 
native growth of woods appears winning its way into use in Eng- 
land and France, and challenges the admiration of foreigners, it 
will command a preference, before long, in the domestic as well as 
the foreign market. 

But our American woods are not only equal to any of foreign 
growth, but the various western articles are superior, for cabinet 
ware, to the corresponding kinds east of the mountains. This is no 
doubt owing to the greater rapidity of growth incident to our more 
fertile soil and milder climate. 

As a specimen of the value of western timber for these purposes, 
it may be stated, that black walnut forks have been sent from St. 
Louis to the eastern cities, sawed into veneers, and sent back and 
sold in that shape for twelve and a-half cents per superficial foot. 
These veneers are so thin that it takes thirty-two to make an inch 
in thickness, they being not as thick as pasteboards, and the same 
log which furnishes boards of a given quantity, will saw into veneers 
fifteen fold. Specimens of black walnut, plain and curled, sawed 
here and worked up into chair-backs, cabinet furniture, and piano 
frames, which cannot be surpassed anywhere, may be seen at our 
various cabinet and chair factories. 

The parts of trees adapted to ornamental purposes are the forks 
or crotches, curls, warts, and other excrescences, which, valuable as 
they are for this purpose, are fit for nothing else. As these have 
heretofore been sawed into boards, in which shape they are not 
one-fifteenth part as productive as in veneers, an inadequate supply 
only has been furnished the saw mills. But the increased supply 
created by their multiplication into veneers, will not only provide 



250 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

for our domestic markets, but furnish an extensive sale abroad in 
Europe, and our Atlantic cities. 

Our domestic veneers are now sawed entirely in Cincinnati, and 
are from black walnut, curled maple, cherry, sugar-tree, oak, ash, 
and apple ; which afford, when sawed up, an infinite variety of curls, 
dottings, waves, streaks and other fancy figures, some being of the 
most graceful, and others of the most grotesque appearance. These 
are furnished at the mill, at a price so low as from one and a-half to 
four cents, according to description, per superficial foot, and of first 
rate specimens. They also saw for the owners of the logs, if desired, 
and as low as at one dollar per one hundred feet. It is easy to con- 
ceive the increased demand and use, which this reduction in prices 
must create. Nor is it less obvious that, hereafter, the entire veneer 
supply of the west, will be sawed in the west. Independently of its 
own growth of woods, which, wherever it can be done, will be cut 
up on the spot, the foreign woods from Hayti, Campeachy, Hon- 
duras, and other places can be imported at as little expense into 
Cincinnati or any other place in the west, of steamboat access, as 
into any of the Atlantic cities. The freight from New Orleans, 
which is the butt end of the expense, is only twenty-five cents per 
cwt., and must become even less as the demand enlarges. 

Henry Albro, who was burnt out some months since, on Front 
street, has recently put up new veneer and saw-mills, for sawing 
mahogany, on Pearl street, west of Elm. These have been con- 
structed by Ferdinand Walters, who has the reputation of being 
one of the most ingenious machinists in the United States ; and cer- 
tainly there are many evidences of it on the premises, the machin- 
ery being greatly simplified as well as improved, one lever here 
serving to run the carriage back and forward ; while on most of 
these saw-mills, two, and even three are requisite. Nor must it be 
supposed, that it requires no more skill or judgment in these than in 
the ordinary saw mills, for eight or ten years in attending a veneer- 
ing saw, is preparation little enough for the employment. 

The veneering saws are driven with such power and velocity as 
to make three hundred and fifty revolutions in a minute. Each one 
has the capacity to cut two thousand feet per day, but such is the 
severity of its service, that more than half the time is occupied in 
sharpening it. 

One of these buildings is forty-two by twenty-two feet, and runs 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 251 

entirety upon veneering, having two seven feet, one four, and two 
three and a-half feet veneering saws. The other is designed for 
sawing black walnut and mahogany boards and plank, and prepar- 
ing the black walnut crotches for the veneering mill. 

Smith W. HortOn, Cincinnati mahogany saw-mill, north side 
Second, between Race and Elm streets, saws to order, scroll work, 
and chair tops of every material. Walnut and other veneers made to 
order and for sale ; walnut crotches, knots and mottled woods, 
constantly bought. Employs ten hands, and runs three veneer 
saws, one each, three, five and a-half and eight feet ; manufactures 
yearly, to the value of thirty thousand dollars. More than one 
hundred thousand chair tops are sawed here in twelve months. 

Vermicelli, Maccaroni, etc. Three factories. — Seven hands ; value 
of product, twenty-one thousand six hundred dollars ; raw material, 
40 per cent. 

Vinegar Factories. — This is a business of comparatively recent 
establishment. In 1 837, there were not one thousand barrels made 
in Cincinnati ; now, there are twenty- six factories, exclusive of those 
who manufacture vinegar, in connection with, and incident to, other 
business, as R. Conkling & Co., and Conkling, Wood & Co. The 
entire vinegar manufacture here, reaches a value of one hundred 
and sixty-eight thousand seven hundred and fifty dollars, the busi- 
ness employing fifty-nine hands ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Many persons suppose that the vinegar made here, is entirely a 
mineral and unwholesome product. Such, some of it, doubtless is ; 
and the sales of that description to families should be severely 
reprehended, it being only fit for mechanical and chemical purposes. 
But there is a great deal of cider vinegar made, Conkling, Wood & 
Co., having received five hundred barrels from Marietta in a single 
shipment. 

Sparkes & Gogreve, 62 and 64 Broadway, are largely in the 
vinegar manufacture. Their factory comprehends the second, third 
and fourth stories of the building. The upper is a loft in which 
the vinegar undergoes its highest degree of acidification, the sum- 
mer temperature of it ranging from one hundred and thirty to one 
hundred and sixty degrees Fahrenheit. Here are from one hun- 
dred and fifty to two hundred hogsheads at a time. In the third 
story is a mixing tub of one thousand five hundred gallons capacity, 
of which diluted beer, whisky, etc., form the contents ; another tub, 
holding two thousand five hundred gallons, is filled with diluted 



252 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

cider alone. Beside these, the third story contains thirty large 
vinegar stands of live hundred gallons capacity each. The yearly 
sales of this house, exceed nine thousand barrels. 

Wadding, Glazed Cotton. — Stearns & Foster, employ eleven hands, 
and manufacture a value of twenty-five thousand dollars ; raw ma- 
terial, 60 per cent. 

Wagon, Cart, etc., makers. Forty-two shops. — One hundred and 
thirty-six hands; value of product, one hundred and thirty-two 
thousand dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Wall Paper Stainers. Four factories. — Employ thirty-six hands ; 
manufacture to the value of thirty thousand dollars ; raw material, 
60 per cent. 

Wash- Boards, Zinc. Three factories. — Employ forty hands; 
value of yearly product, eighty-five thousand dollars ; raw material, 
50 per cent. 

There are more zinc wash-boards made here than in any one 
state in the Union, or any city in the world. 

Orrin Rice, the original patentee of this article, north side Second, 
between Race and Elm streets, has just recommenced business. 
Made last year, for six weeks, as many as twelve hundred wash-boards 
per day, and averaged during the year, more than six hundred per 
day. 

J. B. Holmes, Cincinnati zinc wash-board factory, north side of 
Seventh, between Sycamore street and Broadway, employs six men 
and eight boys ; value of product, twenty-five thousand dollars 
annually. Lumber, five thousand ; zinc, seven thousand ; nails, 
eight hundred dollars, consumed in the year's business. 

Whisky. — This is the great whisky mart of the world. That 
article is manufactured for the Cincinnati market, for several miles 
up and down the Ohio — along the lines of the Whitewater and 
Miami canal — along that of the Little Miami railroad, as far as 
Milford, and within the city itself, to the extent of one thousand one 
hundred and forty-five barrels per day. Yearly value of product, 
two millions eight hundred and fifty-seven thousand nine hundred 
dollars ; raw material, 65 per cent. 

White Lead, etc. Four factories. — One hundred and twenty- 
three hands ; value of product, three hundred and eighty-five thou- 
sand dollars ; raw material, 70 per cent. 

Conkling, Wood & Co., Court street, east of Broadway, manu- 
facture white lead, dry and in oil, red lead, litharge, colored paints, 




Hawfyjis /iit.r 



Xn./r.rvr.s 
X.I ./,;:<„/, Sr.- 



(of the firm of Gonkling Wood & Co.) 




MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 253 

putty, whiting, cider vinegar, etc., to the value of one hundred and 
twenty-six thousand six hundred dollars. They import their chalk 
direct from England. 

Wig makers. Two shops. — Five hands ; value of product, seven 
thousand five hundred dollars ; raw material, 20 per cent. 

Windoio Shades, and Oil Furniture Cloth. Three factories. — 
Employ forty hands, on a product of fifty thousand dollars ; raw 
material, 50 per cent. 

The manufacture of oil-cloth did not exist here in 1 834, except such 
as was afforded in a coarse article printed with wooden blocks. Dur- 
ing that year, Sawyer & Brackett commenced manufacturing oil- 
cloth, printed from copper blocks. Two or three years sufficed so 
to perfect their operations, that they found an extensive market in 
the eastern states, in which these goods were awarded premiums at 
several mechanics' fairs. New designs and metallic blocks were 
added, until a large amount had been expended in the business. 
They also manufactured oil-cloth in imitation of mahogany, mar- 
ble, etc. 

In 1847, the manufacture of transparent oil painted window 
shades, was commenced by Sawyer & Co. The firm has made 
such improvements, in quality and style of shade, as greatly to re- 
duce the price, and their operations are constantly on the increase. 
Sawyer & Co. employ fifteen hands, on a product of twenty thousand 
dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Wine. — This is a new and very important business, of which the 
great feature will be found under the appropriate section, " Culture 
of the Grape." In the various stages of wine growing and making, 
not less than five hundred persons are employed ; value of product, 
one hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; raw material, 25 per cent. 
In addition to wine manufacturers who produce a common 
article merely, there are eight or ten individuals whose brands have 
already become known abroad, or who are preparing for the pro- 
duction of superior wines, principally from the Catawba grape. 
Of these, Longworth is the oldest and best known. But there are 
others who also make fine wines. Among these are R. Buchanan, 
Corneau <fc Son, T. H. Yeatman and G. & P. Bogen, whose wines 
are already in market, and find purchasers at remunerating prices, as 
fast as they can be made ready for sale. 

Nicholas Longworth has been engaged in the cultivation of the 
grape thirty years, but has not given it that degree of attention 



254 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

necessary for full success until within a few years past. In a note to 
the writer of these pages, he says : " I have about one hundred 
and fifteen acres in grapes. I am now raising, and shall, in future, 
raise new seedlings extensively, both for wine and for the table, 
from our best native grapes, and may cross them with foreign 
grapes. I have within the past few years, grafted more than one 
hundred and twenty kinds of native grapes, obtained east, west, 
north, and south, and generally have them to bear the first year. 
I obtain them by express, and by mail, and private conveyance. 
We cultivate almost exclusively, the Catawba; we should exten- 
sively cultivate the Herbemont and Missouri. The former is our 
most vigorous grower, is a fine table grape, and makes a heavy 
wine, resembling, and equal to the Mansinaslla. The Missouri, a 
wine resembling Madeira, and the fruit less subject to rot than other 
varieties. 

Sparkling Catawba has hitherto been a losing business, as all ex- 
periments are. This was in part, owing to the small quantity made. 
The making of champagne wine is often a failure, except in very 
skillful hands, from want of effervescence. The breakage some- 
times is so great, in a single year, as to break up the establishment. 
This, the French writers tell us. In future, I hope to make up for 
past losses. The wine house and cellar I built some years since, 
was too small; the present establishment is forty-four feet by 
one hundred and thirty -five feet, four and a-half stories high ; bot- 
tom of cellar, twenty-five feet below the surface, double arches ; top, 
say twelve feet below ; basement wine cellar, half below the surface. 
I have not this season, for want of bottles, bottled as much as I in- 
tended ; quantity, say seventy-five thousand. I have this season aided 
Mr. C. Zimmermann with funds to buy up the best Catawba wine, 
to prepare to fill as dry wine. He is an experienced German wine 
merchant, and believes he can, from the Catawba, make a dry wine, 
superior to the best German and French. I have paid for wine 
enough to put up forty thousand bottles of dry wine, when of a 
proper age, and expect to increase the quantity yearly. Corneau & 
Son, are experienced French wine merchants, and will make supe- 
rior wines, and expect to do a large business. Much depends on 
the season, and neatness and care in gathering and pressing the 
grapes, and fermentation, for the quality of the wine, but equally as 
much on the skill exercised for the next two or three years. Pure 
wines require great attention and a cool cellar, or they will not keep. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 255 

From the Isabella grape a fine ladies' wine may be made. There 
are but two methods of having good sweet wines. The one by drying 
the grapes before pressing, the other by adding the best loaf sugar 
or candy, before fermentation. Where drugs are put in to prevent 
fermentation the wine is not good. The French sparkling wines 
are made from a mixture of three varieties of grapes. French 
writers say the one is to give aroma and flavor, a second, to give 
strength, a third, to give effervescence. I should believe the reason 
for the mixture true, if all cost the same price, but that which gives 
the aroma and flavor, costs three times the price of the others." 

Robert Buchanan being written to on the same subject, replies : 

" You ask for my experience in grape culture and wine making. It 
is but small, and acquired only within the past six or seven years. I 
commenced my vineyard in 1844 by planting about an acre, adding 
one or two acres annually, until it has grown to six acres, where I 
intend it shall remain. 

" Two hands are sufficient to attend and keep the vineyard in com- 
plete order — these cost twelve dollars per month, each, and their 
board. In the season of the vintage, additional hands have to be 
employed. The cost of gathering the grapes and making the wine, 
I estimate at about twenty-five to thirty dollars per acre, of attend- 
ing the vineyard and keeping it in order annually, sixty to seventy 
dollars per acre. 

"In 1848 I made from one and a half acres then in bearino-, five 
hundred gallons; in 1849, from two and a half acres, nine hundred 
gallons, and, in 1850, from three and a half acres, one thousand, 
six hundred and thirty-eight gallons. I have found a ready sale 
for my wine at one dollar and twenty-five cents per gallon, when 
prepared for market ; say, from one to two years after each vintage. 

"My wine cellar is ten feet deep. The wine press is in a cellar 
adjoining, seven feet deep. The grape vines are planted three by 
six feet apart in the vineyard. A vineyard, with the proper atten- 
tion and in a favorable position, should yield an average product of 
three hundred to four hundred gallons per acre, for a succession of 
years. Very good years five hundred gallons, and seasons subject 
to the rot, one hundred to two hundred Gfallons. 

"A bushel of grapes in bunches, will yield three to three and a 
half gallons of must or juice. 

"The loss, by evaporation, lees, etc., in fermenting wines, is about 
10 per cent. 



256 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

"The greatest care should be taken to select for pressing, only the 
sound and ripe grapes, and cleanliness is as absolutely necessary in 
making wine, as in making butter. When the grapes are sound and 
well ripened, no sugar or brandy should be added, these additions 
are only used in making inferior wines." 

Corneau & Son, manufacturers and dealers Catawba and other 
varieties of American wine, 82 West Fourth street, near Vine. 
Vineyard and wine presses, four miles beyond Covington ; employ 
five hands in the manufacture of the wine. In 1 849, their first vin- 
tage, put up three thousand ; in 1850, ten thousand bottles Catawba 
wine. They are preparing to make sparkling Catawba from their 
next crop, if the season be favorable. 

Their vineyard comprehends seven and a-half acres, and contains 
twenty thousand vines ; and they plant additionally every year. 

Messrs. Corneau estimate the wine product, as at an average of 
four hundred gallons to the acre for a series of five years, which 
must date after the vines commence bearing. 

G. & P. Bogen have fifteen acres in grapes, near Carthage, of 
which ten acres are in bearing condition. They have ten acres 
elsewhere, in smaller patches — two acres of which, are in the city. 
Will have the entire twenty -five acres bearing in the course of 1851 
and 1852. They have made, in favorable seasons, as high as from 
five hundred to eight hundred gallons to the acre. Grapes for wine 
are worth three dollars per bushel, and wine, when newly made, if 
of good quality, one dollar twenty-five cents per gallon. Of course, 
it is a more profitable business to bottle it off when fit, as good 
Catawba commands six dollars per dozen bottles. 

In 1848 made one thousand one hundred, in 1849, two thousand 
one hundred, and in 1850, three thousand three hundred gallons; 
would have been more but for three hail-storms. In 1850, bought 
five thousand gallons additionally. Twenty thousand bottles con- 
stitute half their present stock ; the other half is in casks. They 
make both still and sparkling Catawba. 

One side of their wine cellar, which is sixty feet in length, is filled 
with casks of wine. Of these, fifteen hold each, from three hundred 
to four hundred ; two, five hundred ; two, seven hundred and fifty ; 
two, eight hundred and fifty, and two, one thousand and fifty gal- 
lons each. 

No pains or expense has been spared, to make the cellar every- 
thing which a wine-cellar should be. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 257 

Wire ivorling. Five establishments, principally small.— Employ- 
thirty hands on a product of sixty-nine thousand dollars ; raw ma- 
terial, 50 per cent. 

Wm. Bromwell, wove and worked wire manufactory, Walnut 
street, three doors below Fifth street market space, makes every 
description of riddles and screens, for all kinds of grain, seeds, 
powder and sugar ; strainer wires of all numbers, wire for spring- 
house and cellar windows, hair sieves and strainers of all sizes ; safes 
and sieves, rat and mouse-traps, riddle and screen wire. Employs 
sixteen hands, on a product of fifty thousand dollars. 

Wool Carders. Four factories, principally small. — Thirteen 
hands ; labor value, ten thousand five hundred dollars. 

Wrought Kails. Four shops.— Twelve hands ; value of product, 
nine thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 



This chapter of ''Cincinnati in 1851," may be appropriately 
closed, with the following remarks of Horace Greeley, published in 
the Tribune after his return, in 1850, from Cincinnati. It affords a 
brief summary, and just estimate of our advantages and prospects as 
a manufacturing city. 

" It requires no keenness of observation to perceive that Cincin- 
nati is destined to become the focus and mart for the grandest circle 
of manufacturing thrift on this continent. Her delightful climate ; 
her unequaled and ever-increasing facilities for cheap and rapid 
commercial intercourse with all parts of the country and the world ; 
her enterprising and energetic population ; her own elastic and exult- 
ing youth ; are all elements which predict and insure her electric 
progress to giant greatness. I doubt if there is another spot on the 
earth where food, fuel, cotton, timber, iron, can all be concentrated 
so cheaply — that is, at so moderate a cost of human labor in produc- 
ing and bringing them together — as here. Such fatness of soil, 
such a wealth of mineral treasure — coal, iron, salt, and the finest 
clays for all purposes of use — and all cropping out from the steep, 
facile banks of placid, though not sluggish navigable rivers. How 
many Californias could equal, in permanent worth, this valley of the 
Ohio!" 



258 SYNOPSIS OF MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

SYNOPSIS OF MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 



1841. 



Factories, Shops, Works, Mills, Yards, etc. No. Hds. Product 



Agricultural machines 

Alcohol and spirits, wine distillers 

Animal charcoal factory 

Apple butter makers . . . , 

Architects 6 

Artificial flower factories j 

Awning, tent, bag makers 3 

Bagging factories ] 

52 
1 
2 



Bakers 

Band and hat box makers 

Baskets, cradles, makers.. 

Bell and brassfounders 8 

Bellows makers 2 

Blacking paste makers 2 

Blacksmith shops 52 

Blinds, Venetian, shops 

Block, spar, and pump makers 6 

Boiler yards 8 

Bonnet bleachers and pressers 

Book binderies 15 

Boot and shoemakers 166 

Brand, stamp, and blind chisel makers. ... 3 

Breweries ' 8 

Brick yards 35 

Brick masons and Plasterers 108 

Bristle and curled hair dressers 2 

Britannia ware factories 1 

Brush makers [ 4 

Bucket and tub factory 

Burr mill-stone makers | 2 

Butchers j 62 

Camphine and spirit gas makers 2 

Candy and confectionary makers ! 12 

Caps — men's and boys', makers 

Carpenters and builders [160 

Cars and omnibuses, railroad 

Carriage factories 

Carpet weavers 

Carvers in wood 

Castor oil factory 

Charcoal, pulverized 

Chemical laboratories 

Cistern builders 

Cloak and visites makers 

Clothing factories 

Coffee roasters 

Comb factory 

Composition roofers 

Coopers 

Copper, tin, and sheet-iron workers I 32 

Copperplate printers 5 

Cordage and rope makers 4 

Curers of beef, tongues, etc ' 



Mi 



87 

132 

5 

5 

62 

6 

12 

294 

20 
90 

102 

652 

7 

60 

175 

466 

42 

8 

15 

15 
157 

7 
35 

645 

87 
37 



29 
12 

813 

20 

176 

208 



1851. 



No. Hds. Product 



18 



17000 

12000 

78650 

259000 

9000 

2800 

81000 

12600 

11000 

311400 

26172 
106000 

100700 

488000 
6800 

126000 
87500 

208650 
16600 
12840 
19000 

10500 

1098015 

19000 

54000 

418600 

127000 
46000 



68000 
21300 

1223800 

18550 

167000 

211300 

21000 

33600 



1 
6 
1 

3 

10 
3 
7 
2 
140 
6 
7 

12 
3 
3 

82" 

6 

5 

10 

10 

15 

374 

6 

21 

60 

208 

4 

2 

15 

1 

4 

121 

3 

12 

9 

284 

4 

24 

18 

3 

1 

3 

5 

3 

2 

108 

1 

1 

4 

63 

42 

2 



30 
12 
12 
9 
15 
40 
66 

238 

445 
60 
30 

132 

8 

16 

223 
27 
18 
97 
33 

136 



$ 36000 

608260 
25000 
5000 
22000 
14200 
45000 

270000 

637662 
36000 
18000 

209500 
18000 
24000 

235395 
40000 
21000 

349000 
22000 

122000 
17601182650 



13500 

566000 

207000 

408650 

48800 

38690 

60500 

84200 

19 j 24000 

600'2850000 

7| 17200 

80! 128120 

50! 39000 

2320 2116000 

110] 108447 



16 

172 

367 

876 

104 

32 

90 

90 



212 

65 

7 

8 

9 

79 

36 

6 

950 

17 

18 

18 

796 

240 

9 

130 



247400 

56000 

7000 

55000 

18500 

226000 
75000 
3000 
1947500 
38000 
18000 
40000 

387000 

258000 
50000 

180000 



,3j 40; 135000 



SYNOPSIS OF MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL FRODUCTS. 259 



Factories, Shops, Works, Mills, Yards, etc. 



Cutlery, surgical and dental instruments — 

tailors' shears makers 

Daguerreotypists 

Dentists 

Die sinkers 

Domestic liquor factories 

Dyers and scourers 

Edge tool makers 

Edge tool grinders 

Engravers 

Fancy job printers 

Feed and flouring mills 

Fire-engines, hydraulic apparatus builders. 

Flooring mills 

Florists 

Founderies and engine shops 

Fringes, tassel, etc., makers 

Furniture factories 

Gas and coke works 

Gas fitters 

Gas burner cap factory 

Gilders 

Glass works, cutters, etc 

Glove factories 

Glue do 

Gold leaf and dentists' foil makers 

Do. pen factory 

Grates, etc., factories 

Ground spice and drug mills 

Ground mustard do 

Do. marble dust do 

Gunsmiths 

Hatters 

Hat block factories 

Horse shoers 

Hose, belts, etc., factories 

Hot air furnace builders 

Ice packers 

Iron, rolling mills 

Do. safe, chest, and vault factories 

Do. railing do 

Japaned filter maker 

Do. tin ware factory 

Lever lock do 

Lightning rod do 

Lithographers 

Looking-glass factories 

Machinists 

Marble workers 

Masonic & Odd Fellows' regalia embroid'r's 
Math., astron., &, optical instrument makers 

Mat maker 

Mattress makers and upholsterers 

Milliners 

Mineral water factories 



1841. 



1851. 



No. 


Hds. 


Product. 


No. 


Hds. 


Product. 


8 


13 


$ 10700 


4 


25 


$ 40000 


1 


1 


950 


32 


110 


80000 








36 


80 


92000 








3 


5 


5000 








16 


46 


726000 


10 


30 


15540 


15 


24 


28000 


8 


37 


41600 


19 


72 


97900 








1 


18 


20000 


8 


11 


23550 


14 


30 


50000 








2 


25 


30000 


10 


43 


816700 


14 


65 


1690000 


2 


13 


13750 


1 


37 


65000 


6 


31 


73000 


14 


72 


351200 








15 


35 


120000 


13 


563 


668657 


44 


4695 


3676500 


1 


7 


15400 


A 


40 


20000 


59 


335 


664000 


136 


1158 


1660000 








1 


50 


65000 






2 


24 


45000 








1 


3 


5000 








10 


36 


39000 


1 


5 


10000 


2 


30 


40000 








3 


33 


20000 






5 


40 


28000 








1 


5 


11000 








1 


3 


3500 








2 


52 


45000 








6 


56 


140000 








2 


10 


15000 


1 


15 


14000 


2 


4 


3500 


5 


15 


16842 


6 


30 


35000 


25 


181 


312000 


40 


367 


445000 








1 


4 


4500 








12 


35 


48000 


1 


2 


2109 


4 


26 


96000 








1 


20 


60000 








14 


60 


150000 


2 


148 


394000 


5 


550 


1050000 


1 


12 


114 '0 


3 


56 


96000 








5 


77 


96000 








1 


4 


6000 


1 


2 


2000 


1 


34 


52000 


5 


49 


39000 


10 


60 


53000 






1 


50 


150000 


1 


3500 


4 


24 


20000 


6, 17 


26000 


7 


34 


48000 


4 42 


77000 


12 


120 


130000 


1 


3 


10000 


5 


164 


190000 








4 


18 


21000 


3 


16 


30000 


6 


24 


40000 








1 


3 


7240 


10 


58 


84800, 10 


80 


95000 






60 


650 


820000 






i 


8 


64 


165000 



260 SYNOPSIS OF MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 



Factories, Shops, Works, Mills, Yards, etc. 



Mineral teeth factory 

Morocco leather yards 

Musical instrument makers , 

Music publishers , 

Nut and washer maker , 

Oil, castor factory 

Do. lard and stearine factory 

Do. linseed, mills 

Do. vitriol laboratory 

Packing box and refrigerator factories 

Painters and Glazers 

Paper makers 

Patent medicine factories 

Pattern makers 

Perfumers 

Pickles, preserves, sauce makers 

Plane, etc., makers 

Planing machine factory 

Platform scale makers 

Plow makers 

Plumbers 

Plug, Bung, etc., factory 

Potters 

Pork, beef, and ham curers factories 

Printing ink factories 

Do. press factory 

Publishers 

Roofers' patent 

Saddlery, harness, and collar makers 

Saddle tree makers 

Sail Do 

Saleratus factories 

Sand-paper factories 

Sarsaparilla, cough candy factories 

Sash, blind, and door do 

Sausage do 

Saw mills 

Saw factories 

Screw plate factories 

Sheeting, yarn, and candle wick factories. . 

Shirt and stock makers 

Silver and gold workers 

Soap and candle factories 

Spectacle makers 

Spoke factories 

Stainers, glass, 

Stair builders 

Starch factories 

Steamboat builders 

Stencil cutters 

Stereotypers 

Stocking weavers 

Stone cutters 

Stone masons 

Straw hat and bonnet factories 



1841. 



1851. 



No. 


Hds. 


Product. 


No. 


Hds. 


Product. 






$ 


1 


5 


$9000 








7 


76 


67000 


7 


18 


25000 


6 


62 


89500 








1 


30 


50000 








1 


4 


20000 








1 


7 


60000 


1 


4 


31000 


34 


124 


3015900 








3 


38 


263000 


2 


4 


36000 


1 


24 


135000 


8 


28 


39000 


12 


65 


120000 


41 


148 


78000 


72 


632 


385000 








9 


120 


330000 


4 


10 


68000 


14 


90 


660000 


2 


3 


3500 


14 


30 


25500 








8 


45 


120000 








2 


12 


25000 


4 


34 


95000 


7 


96 


167000 








1 


12 


30000 








6 


36 


60000 


6 


30 


37900 


6 


24 


45000 


4 


18 


48000 


16 


135 


195000 








1 


8 


12000 


2 


11 


12000 


14 


50 


36000 








33 


2450 


5760000 


1 


4 


2500 


2 


8 


15000 


2 


11 


9000 


1 


30 


52000 








12 


656 


1246540 








1 


12 


36000 


22 


102 


23100 


40 


222 


346500 








1 


5 


4500 








4 


15 


9000 








3 


6 


50000 








2 


10 


12000 








1 


10 


92000 


22 


90 


71700 


25 


220 


312000 




15 


21000 


22 


166 


162000 


6 


31 


73000 


15 


206 


411000 








2 


6 


6700 








2 


12 


16500 








5 


410 


636000 


5 


75 


40000 


15 


250 


157000 


B 


36 


56500 


5 


50 


90000 


17 


122 


322940 


38 


710 


1475000 








1 


4 


9000 








2 


36 


70500 








1 


5 


15000 








3 


18 


24000 


2 


16 


45000 


5 


42 


98000 


5 


306 


592500 


7 


554 


488000 








3 


8 


5000 








3 


60 


46000 


2 


7 


12000 


4 


21 


13000 


6 


70 


83000 


22 


249 


222000 


44 


218 


101000 


36 


428 


308000 








5 


50| 


60000 



SYNOPSIS OF MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 261 





1841. 


1851. 


Factories, Shops, Works, Mills, Yards, etc. 


No. 

2 
60 
21 
26 

12 
3 

5 
21 

3 
3 
4 

4 

2 

3 


Hds. 

6 
295 
126 
358 

27 

85 

11 

96 
43 

44 

8 
81 

12 

18 

37 


Product. 


No. 


Hds. 

14 

816 

380 

1310 

275 

143 

121 

56 

9 

20 

59 

11 

136 

36 

40 

123 

5 

40 

500 

30 

13 

12 

110 


Product. 




$ 6000 

276000 
335000 
225000 

28275 
45400 

30500 

104300 
34400 

121750 

6000 
73000 

13000 
30000 

145000 


2 
98 
30 
62 
15 
30 
2 

14 
2 
2 

26 

1 

42 

4 

3 

4 

2 

3 

40 

5 

4 

4 

38 


$ 12000 


Tailors . . 


832000 




965000 


Tobacco, cigar, and snuff factories 

Trunks, carpet-bags, etc., makers 


931000 
506000 
152000 




100000 




76000 




135000 




66000 




168750 




25000 




132000 




30000 




85000 




385000 




7500 




50000 




150000 


Wire workers 


69000 


Wool carders 


10500 


Wrought nail makers 


9000 


Whisky distilleries 


2857920 



This synopsis affords an opportunity to compare the past and present. 
The preceding table of manufactures and industrial pursuits classifies itself, 
as follows: 



Raw Material. 


Labor, etc. 


Aggregate Product. 


Per Cent. 
Raw Material. 


Pr. Ct. Labor. 


181100 


3440900 


3622000 


5 


95 


57400 


576600 


574000 


10 


90 


184800 


739200 


924000 


20 


80 


816200 


2893800 


3710000 


22 


78 


631000 


1893000 


2524000 


25 


75 


484500 


1130500 


1615000 


30 


70 


245000 


455000 


700000 


33 


67 


1801600 


2702400 


4504000 


40 


60 


681300 


832700 


1514000 


45 


55 


168000 


182000 


350000 


48 


52 


3155000 


3155000 


6310000 


50 


50 


511500 


418500 


930000 


55 


45 


3135600 


2090400 


5226000 


60 


40 


2641600 


1422400 


4064000 


65 


35 


562100 


240900 


803000 


70 


30 


3957000 


1319000 


5276000 


75 


25 


2876000 


719000 


3595000 


80 


20 


7898610 


877400 


8776000 


90 


10 


29988300 


25028700 


55017000 







262 



COMMERCE. 



XIV. COMMERCE. 



Our wholesale and retail dry goods, grocery, hardware, iron, 
crockery, glass, etc., trade, may be stated at thirty-six millions an- 
nually. One-fourth of this is a home consumption business. The 
following tables of imports and exports, illustrate this subject. It 
runs, as may be perceived, from 1845-46 to 1850-51, a period of 
six successive years. As the business year expires on August 
31st, the column for 1850-51 comprehends a period of forty-one 
weeks only, being to the 18th June. 

IMPORTS AT CINCINNATI, 
For five years, commencing September 1st, and ending August 31st, each year. 



green, 



bbls 



'45-'46 '46-'47 '47-'48 '48-'49 '49-'50 '50-'51 



Apples 
Beef, . . 

Beef, tierces 

Bagging, pieces 

Barley. 
Beans, 

Butter, bbls 

Butter,., .firkins and kegs 

Blooms, tons 

Bran, etc., sk 

Candles, boxes 

Corn, bushels 

Corn meal, 

Cider, bbls 

Cheese, cks 

Cheese, boxes 

Cotton, balesi 

Coffee, sks 

Codfish, drums 

Cooperage, pieces 

Eggs, boxes and bbls^ 

Flour, bblsj 

Feathers, sks 

Fish, sund., bbls 

Fish, kegs and kitsj 

Fruit, dried, bushels 

Grease, bbls; 

Glass, boxes 

(.llassware, packages 

Hemp,, .bundles and balesj 

Hides, loose 

Hides, green, fts; 



17502 

2420 

737 

6805 

90225 

10202 

3339 

6841 

42770 

3117 

241 

57245 

9289^ 

812' 

808 

99059 

4830 

55468 

220 

105915 

2400 

202319 

3514 

14613 W 

996 

2566 

426 

13088 

11058 

9167 

19781 

5007 



26992 

186 

5 

5561 

79394 

11668 

6345 

7090 

2017 

14594 

207 

896258 

56775 

3261 

483 

120301 

12528 

59337 

292 

186186 

561 

512506 

2767 

16836 

2142 

82871 

482 

18002 

17121 

26678 

24376 

7513 



28674 
659 

79228 

165528 

8757 

6625 

6405 

2203 

1941 

133 

361315 

29542 

2289 

164 

138800 

13476 

80242 

311 

179946 

4035 

151518 

4467 

19215! 



22109 

348 

27 

2094 

87460 

3067 

7721 

7999 

9519 

21995 

414 

344810 

5504 

4346 

281 

143265 

9058 

74961 

515 

147352 

45041 

i 



725 


1059 


27464 


38317 


585 


878 


20281 


33868 


15025 


19209 


15349 


11161 


.'{3745 


23766 


10829 


22774 



6445 

801 

15 

324 
137925 
5565 
3674 
7487 
2545 
49075 
718 
649227 
3688 
453 
97 
165940 
8551 
67170 
464 
201711 
2041 
447844|231859 
4908 3432 
18145| 14527 
1290 
11802 
1169 
34945 
25712 
12062 
30280 
14181 



16778 

1098 

18 

108531 

29760 

7237 

10099 

2452 

44257 

697 

443746 

4920 

1029 

74 

166980 

5702 

72719 

431 

133497 

6057 

434359 

1943 

16689 

2413 

40144 

770 

33217 

24562 

9592 

22558 

24244 



COMMERCE. 



263 



Hay bales 

J [erring, boxes 

Hogs, Lead 

Hops, bales 

Iron and Steel, pieces 

Do. do. . . .bundles 

Do. do tons 

Lead, pigs 

Lard, bbl 

Do., kegs 

Leather, bundle 

Lemons, boxes 

Lime, bbls 

Liquors, hhds and ps 

Merch'ise and sund. pkgi 

Do tons 

Molasses, h. bbl 

Malt, bushels 

Nails, kegs 

Oil, 

Oranges,, .boxes and bbls 

Oakum, bales 

Oats, bushel 

Oil Cake, . lbs 

Pork and Bacon,. . . .hhds 
Do. do. . . .tierces 

Do. do bbl 

Pork in bulk lbs 

Potatoes, bbls 

Pig Metal, tons 

Pimento and Pepper, bags 

Rye bushels 

Rosin, etc., bbls 

Raisins, boxes 

Rope, Twine, etc 

Rice, tierces 

Sugar, hhds 

Do bbls 

Do boxes 

Seed, flax, bbls 

Do. grass 

Do. hemp 

Salt, sks 

Do., bbls 

Shot, kegs 

Tea, packages 

Tobacco, hhd 

Do bales 

Do. . . boxes and kegs 

Tallow, bbls 

Wines,, .bbls and % casks 

Do.,. . . .baskets and bxs 

Wheat, bushels! 

Wool, bales 

Whisky, bbls 

Yarn, cotton,. . . .packages 
Do bales' 



'45-'46 



'46-'47 



8092 
2226 



130965 
31820 

358U 

25238" 

13898t< 

51870' 

1904 

1904 

9212 

1222>/ 

967868 

2815 

36510 

8758 

33207 

3706 

2863 

551 

106852 

1647462 

4089 

98 

53969 

6037163 

12707 

13685}/, 

1741 

8582> b 

2161 

12021 

4341 

3140 

13710 

4956 

2184 

20494 

2759 

400 

13147 

111005 

580 

4255 

5078 

655 

6918 

1734 

2621 

1331 

434486 

4471 

178336 

4367 

165914 



'47-'48 



7049 8036 

16031 4191 
38774 49847 

1064| 645 

188126J 197120 

33463 34213 

1685 827 
43675, 39609 
219911 37978 
22722! 41714 

5069 6579 

2185 1 3068 
32016 63364 

3369 3115 
263944 381537 

7941 7308 
27218 51001 
12562 7999 
54918J 59983 

5663 6618 

4137) 5007 

1100 1486 

372127! 194557 

2225988 2811793 

5476 ! 4420 

124 140 

4058P 69828 

8027399 9643063 

15829! 22439 

158681 21145 

3180 
41016 



5004 

11990 

8002 

1145 

16649 

7196 

5117 

25753 

4964| 

290! 



3455 
24336 
11668 
22796 

7806 

2494 
27153 
11175 

2928 
32260 

4968 
214 



56292 65265 
124360 94722 



1118j 
5443 

6200; 
822' 
9241 
1748 
4006| 
1419| 



809 

2931 
4051 
1229 
14815 
2472 
2252 
2272 



'48-'49 

12751 

2060 

52176 

238 

187864 

29889 

1768 

45544 

28514 

48187 

6975 

4181 

61278 

4476 

68582 

837 

52591 

29910 

55893 

7427 

4317 

1423 

185723 

1767421 

6178 

465 

44267 

9249380 

17269 

15612 

1257 

22233 

3298 

1492 

3950 

3365 

22685 

7575 

1847 

22859 

5920 

510 

76985 

76496 

818 

7412 

3471 

1311 

12463 

1829 

2663 

2101 



590809 570813 385388 322699 



'49-'50 

14452 

3546 

60902 

799 

L86832 

55168 

2019 

49179 

34173 

63327 

9620 

4183 

56482 

5802 

308523 

4540 

54003 

41982 

83073 

5049 

6819 

1799 

191924 

27870 

7564 

2358 

43227 

325756 

13898 

17211 

2558 

23397 

12349 

11936 

3061 

3556 

26760 

13005 

2467 

15570 

4432 

314 

110650 

114107 

1447 

9802 

2213 

887 

17772 

1225 

6874 

4296 



2960 
184639 

9271 
146541 



1943 
170436 

6403 
288095 



1686 
165419 

5562 
262893 



1277 

186678 

3494 

174885 



'50-'51 

12269 

3482 

102391 

687 

190059 

58168 

1163 

46736 

36658 

30961 

7832 

2817 

42507 

1465 

169050 

2196 

63032 

16034 

67040 

5856 

8702 

1329 

133711 

194000 

5878 

980 

31210 

14348204 

19127 

11482 

1879 

91681 

10727 

15388 

1923 

4672 

29917 

14879 

2721 

12693 

3982 

49 

37817 

61516 

1239 

5275 

2391 

1571 

14855 

3017 

3069 

2080 

360516 

788 

199248 

4726 

88915 



264 



COMMERCE. 



EXPORTS AT CINCINNATI. 
For six years, commencing Sept. 1st, and ending August 31st, each year. 



Cooperage, 

1'Vffs , 



Apples, green, bbls 

Alcohol, 

Beef, 

Do tierces 

Beans, bbls 

Brooms, dozs 

Butter, bbls 

Do., firkins and kegs 

Brau, etc, sks 

Bagging, pieces 

Corn, sks 

Corn-meal, bbls 

Cheese, casks 

Do., boxes 

Candles 

Cattle, 

Cotton, bales 

Coffee, sks 

pieces 

, bbls 

Flour, 

Feathers, sks 

Fruit, dried, bushels 

Grease, bbls 

Grass seed, 

Horses, head 

Hay, bales 

Hemp, 

Hides, pounds 

Do., No 

Iron, pieces 

Do., bundles 

Do., tons 

Lard, bbls 

Do., kegs 

Lard Oil bbls 

Linseed Oil, 

Molasses, 

Oil-Cake, tons 

Oats, sks 

Potatoes, bbls 

Pork and Bacon, hhds 

Do., tierces 



'45-'46 '46-'47 '47-'48 '48- '49 '49-'50 '50-'51 



3920 
1615 
8896 

11301 
2048 
1514 
1624 

20390 

i97l6 

1258 

604 

35459 

375 
168 



18388 

4787 

194700 

29 

684 

370 

642 

654 



2937 

1238 

22747 

135008 

1650 

455 



2792 
17944 
14956 
15287 

3874 



bbls 29302 



14444 
1943 

10367 
7970 

3782 

5108 

1348 

31194 

3842 

8867 

258198 

88882 

1132 

70104 

16622 

872 

5019 

13037 

41121 

10303 

581920 

4000 

16077 

694 

3967 

2026 

327 

8733 

164930 

12444 

68905 

9339 

5646 

49878 

150828 

6199 

6032 

9046 

5246 

140067 

34130 

31538 

7894 



8512 

1771 
14811 

3615 

1097 

3760 

2937 
28315 

3761 

12632 

53021 

19999 

30 

59374 55134 

29189, 39640 

733i 97 

6123| 4009 
18587| 18909 
36924 55617 

9450 5229 
201011267420 

3736 3824 

5074! 8317 

4268 6922 

2431 



5824 
3022 

12523 
9332 
1685 
3333 
1272 

24398 
233 

15910 

7176 

3660 

122 



1268 

94 

5659 

60880 

9024 

127193 

17351 

6916 



2387 

378 

1040 

2198 

73029 
7731 

43025 
7081 
6270 



81679J 37521 

208696130509 

8277 9550 

3878 3020 

18332; 17750 
4897 3274 



41675 
15687 
37162 

8862 



212 

7073 

39470 

10930 



137218196186186192 



3519 
3302 

7558 

6625 

2496 

7265 

964 

24393 

4322 

9353 

57248 

1179 

106 

86902 

67447 

30 

1896 

22030 

73637 

4246 

98908 

5380 

1850 

7597 

2528 

468 

564 

1164 

62865 

11225 

54075 

36245 

5767 

39192 

170167 

16984 

4879 

25878 

743 

5023 

5283 

23529 

22477 

193581 



Do., 

Do in bulk, pounds 404426 3478850 759188924256 2310699 

Pope, etc., packages 13037 8723 5556 4369 3151 

Soap boxes! 2708 

Sheep, head; 100 

Sugar, hhdsj .... 

Salt, bbls| .... 

Do., sksi 



10080! 11095 
726; 1400 

4998 11559 
65346 39656 

4416! 5057 



11303 1744: 
522 

8443 ! 
39960 

54031 



9650 

29509 

8301 



8064 

3483 
18949 

9028 

1590 

7898 

2748 
30490 

5769 

6407 
20008 

1988 

25 

102825 

102328 

364 

4097 
28002 
54588 

8309 
347471 

2828 
14328 

3600 

2611 
581 
588 

1881 
29180 
10301 
78937 
34898 

7187 
28900 
65638 
22330 
799 
21538 

873 
11708 
15889 
27309 
18849 
119858 
4742405 

4574 
15510 

460 
10250 
26659 

5301 



COMMERCE. 



265 



Seed, flax, 


bbls 


Sundry merchandise, 
Do., Do. 
Do. liquors, 


. .packages 

tons 

bbls 


Do. manufactures, 

Do. produce, 

Starch, 


pieces 

. packages 


Tallow, 


Tobacco, kegs 

Do 


and boxes 
hhds 


Do 




Vinegar, 


bbls 


Whisky, 


Wool, 


bales 


Do 


bs 


White Lead, 


kegs 


Castings, 

Do 


. . . .pieces 
tons 


Pork, 


boxes 



'45-'46 



138 

23603 

2106 

358 
7975 
1085 
2499 
3452 
1473 
3803 

"204 
133220 



'46-47' 



291 

224957 

18179 

7193 

22251 

17879 

5820 

4543 

9718 

6011 

275 

3814 

183928 

8452 

36710 



'47-'48 



'48-'49 



2785 

341363 

16849 

9364 

42412 

28822 

81771 

5682 

9352 

3812 

123 

2753! 

186509 

2298 

7037 



210049 

21466 

10913 

94934 

17609 

7904 

4975 

7497 

3309 

126 

1288 

136911 

1109 

10230 



'49-'50 



333 

615641 

11109 

11798 

56810 

10327 

9491 

4311 

6904 

4847 

77 

2404 

179540 

2156 

16841 

40294 

54399 

2385 

13448 



'50-'51 



368 

329397 

9725 

15580 

22103 

13858 

11856 

5883 

13957 

1620 

134 

2650 

188873 

2024 

37619 

27921 

935 

2956 



The commission business of Cincinnati is a heavy one, although 
there are not materials within reach to compute its aggregate. One 
house, that of Wann & McBirney, Reeder's building, 57 West 
Third street, may, however, be given as a sample. 

Their shipments of produce to Great Britain, from October 1, 

1850, to July 1, 1851, sums up $540,000 

Advances on Consignments to the eastern and southern 

markets, and sales here, for same period 362,170 

$902,170 
This, it will be seen, is a nine months business simply, and in the 
ratio of twelve hundred thousand dollars, annually. 

WANN & McBIRNEY, 

Are agents for the Philadelphia and Liverpool steamship, "Lafayette," and 
for McHenry's Philadelphia and Liverpool packets, sailing every month. 

Make advances on consignments of produce, to their friends at Liverpool, 
London, Dublin, Belfast, and all the eastern and southern markets. 

Draw sterling bills of exchange, for £1, and upward, payable on demand, 
which will be cashed without discount, at any of the bankers in the United 
Kingdom. 



266 CULTURE OF THE GRAPE. 



XV. MISCELLANEOUS 



CULTUEE OP THE GRAPE. 

This is already an important branch of horticulture in the valley 
of the Ohio, and rapidly on the increase. 

The time will come when our beautiful river may, not inaptly, be 
termed the "Rhine of America." 

The greatest number of vineyards in this valley are in the neigh- 
borhood of Cincinnati; and the "vine-clad hills" of the picturesque 
vicinity around us are among the most pleasing and attractive objects 
to strangers. Within a circle of twenty miles, we number more than 
three hundred vineyards, containing, in the aggregate, about nine 
hundred acres, one half of which are now in bearing. The product, 
last year, was estimated at one hundred and twenty thousand gallons 
of wine. This will, of course, be doubled when all come into bear- 
ing, within one to three years. New vineyards are annually planted, 
and additions made to the old ones ; so that it may be fair to infer, 
that within six or eight years the number of vineyards will be 
doubled. The business is as yet but in its infancy, but its profits 
will justify such efforts and experiments as must eventually lead to 
the most complete success. It has been fully and satisfactorily de- 
monstrated, that from our native Catawba grape, excellent wines can 
be made, rivaling the better qualities of the Rhenish wines, and 
more suited to the American palate. They are fast growing into 
public favor, and in due time, will displace — to a considerable ex- 
tent — their foreign rivals. 

The culture of the grape, for making wine, has been attempted 
in various parts of the United States, for the last fifty years — at Phi- 
ladelphia, New York, Lexington, Ky., Vevay, la., and in North and 
South Carolina — but nowhere, else has it succeeded so well as in the 
vicinity of this city ; and here only satisfactorily within the last ten 
years. Much of our present success is owing to the various experi- 
ments, and the indomitable perseverance of Mr. N. Longworth, to 
whose zeal and liberal expenditure in various experiments, both with 
foreign and native grapes, for the last twenty-five years, the wine- 
growers are greatly indebted. 



CULTURE OF THE GRAPE. 267 

But few publications have been made, in the West, on the subject 
of grape culture, except occasional articles in the neAvspapers, by 
Mr. LongAvorth and others. In 1826, a small book was published 
by John James Dufour, of Yevay — in 1 845, a pamphlet by C. A. 
Schumann — and in 1850, a short treatise on grape culture, with a 
copious appendix, by R. Buchanan. Nothing in this way can be 
perfect, for the business itself is but a new one, and every year's 
experience adds to our knowledge of the subject. 

The most favorable region for the grape is supposed to be the 
valley of the Ohio, from Marietta to the mouth of the river, and 
extending twenty to thirty miles wide on each side. Further north 
is thought to be too cold, and further south more subject to the 
"rot." 

As before stated, the principal vineyards of the West are in our 
own vicinity, say about nine hundred acres — near Ripley, fifty miles 
above, are some seventy-five acres — near Vevay, eighty miles below, 
thirty or forty — around Charlestown, la., one hundred miles below us, 
are over two hundred acres — at Belleville, 111., a few vineyards have 
been recently established, and at Hermann, a flourishing German 
settlement, about fifty miles above St. Louis, on the Missouri river, 
a number of fine vineyards have been started — in all, probably, forty 
or fifty acres, from which samples of excellent wine have been sent 
to this city. 

Near Lexington, Maysville, and Louisville, Kentucky, a few vine- 
yards have recently been planted, which are said to be in a flourish- 
ing condition. In Berks county, Pa., the Catawba and Isabella grape 
are said to succeed well on the slate lands — many vineyards have 
been established, and some excellent wines made. 

In North and South Carolina and Georgia, the culture of the 
grape has been pursued for many years past, and in some sections 
with considerable success. The " Scuppernong" is the favorite grape, 
from which, with the addition of sugar, a pleasant sweet wine is 
made. 

It is therefore evident, that in a country like ours, of vast extent, 
of great diversity of soil and climate, abounding in native grapes, 
and settled by an intelligent and enterprising population, the making 
of our own wines is no longer problematical, but will soon be estab- 
lished on a sure and permanent basis, as one of the great branches 
of home productions. 



268 



SUBURBS. 



SUBURBS. 

With the growth of Cincinnati, increasing the value of ground, 
and diminishing in the same degree, space for occupation and im- 
provement within its limits, has sprung up, a species of necessity, 
to add in all directions, suburbs to the city. Under this influence, 
subdivisions which either are adjacent to Cincinnati, or in the pro- 
gress of improvement, are expected to become so, have been made 
of farms and out-lots of ground, which have readily found purchasers 
among those whose occupations permit a residence at greater or less 
distance from their business. Omnibuses, stages, and railroad cars, 
bringing them into Cincinnati, in a briefer space, than a walk from 
the extremities of the city would require. 

There is yet another class of persons, whose business can be car- 
ried on as conveniently and more cheaply, at a still greater distance. 
They make up work and manufactures of various kinds, which they 
need not bring in oftener, perhaps, than at the close of each week. 
Obviously, the cost of traveling and transportation is of no import- 
ance, compared with the advantage of cheap rents and ample space 
to breathe in, which the country and country towns yield to resi- 
dents. To accommodate this latter class, the laying off towns at 
points contiguous, or otherwise of ready access to Cincinnati, has been 
extensively done. Among these is Industry, ten miles west, which 
will communicate with this city, by canal, the river Ohio, and the 
Ohio and Mississippi railroad, which makes it a point in the route. 
The site is well chosen, and a foundery and other improvements, 
have been recently made. It is already a thriving place. 

Caledonia, near the mouth of the Little Miami, is another favorable 
location, being on the Ohio, as well as of easy access from the city, 
otherwise. There is a foundery erected here, also, which like that 
at Industry, is on the principle of associative mutual labor. Cale- 
donia has been but recently laid out. 

Camden, at the intersection of the Little Miami railroad, with the 
river of that name, is a village, also, lately laid out. It is a beauti- 
ful spot. 

These are given as specimens of other towns, at various distances, 
and in various directions, designed to afford cheap lots for those 
who desire homes of their own, and whose pursuits in life, allow 
them to live outside of the great city which supplies a market to 
the business avails of their industry. 



2G9 

SUBURBS. 



There is another class of citizens, whose business is in Cincinnati, 
but who propose to reside outside its corporate limits, either to 
escape the heavy taxation, which city improvements impose, or in 
the expectation that the increasing facilities of railroads will enable 
them to reach their workshops, stores, or other places of employ- 
ment, at as early an hour as necessary. 

Covington, in Kentucky, which is only separated from us by the 
river which is usually crossed in a few minutes, and with little 
delay is one of these points. The inducements to reside here, held 
out to our citizens, have swelled the population of that city, from 
two thousand and twenty-six in 1840, to twelve thousand; its pre- 
sent number of inhabitants. Newport, under the same impulse, has 
increased during the same period, from one thousand and sixteen, 
to six thousand and twenty-six souls. 

If as is expected, a bridge shall be built across the Ohio at this 
point, these cities must increase, even beyond their present rapid 

ratio of progress. 

Another adjacency is the territory lying on both sides of Mill creek, 
on our west. The largest share of this is in fact within our city 
limits, but being subject to inundation from high-water in the Ohio 
river,' which spreads Mill creek, at times, over a large part of its 
surface, it becomes necessary, by embankment or otherwise, to 
obviate' this check on its progress. Measures are about being- 
resorted to, for this purpose, and " Mahkatewa," the aboriginal 
name of the stream which traverses it, must, eventually, become one 
of the most important sections of the city. 

Farther north, is Fairmount, a north-western suburb immediately 
adjoining our corporate limits. It rises from the west side of Mill 
ereek, in a gentle slope, and embraces some of the most charming 
knobs', or hills, within view of the city. The whole place is distin- 
guished for beauty of scenery and landscape. Commanding a full view 
of Cincinnati and the circumjacent vicinage of twenty miles diameter ; 
it embraces the valley of Mill creek to Spring grove cemetery; the 
Farmers' College, and a wide sweep of country chequered with villas, 
vineyards, gardens and groves. It is unsurpassed for healthfulness, 
removed from the smoke and dust of the city, enjoying pure air and 
wholesome water. 

About one hundred and fifty acres have been platted with large 
and small lots, to suit purchasers; and extensive sales have already 
been made. Many of the purchasers, being shrewd and wealthy 
23 



270 SUBURBS. 

citizens of Cincinnati. The Western Baptist Educational Society, 
have located their seminary at this place, and the Cincinnati, Hamil- 
ton and Dayton Railroad, passes directly through it. The Western 
Railroad to St. Louis, also, will enter the city through Fairmount. 

In the northern section of Cincinnati, east of Freeman street, lies 
a well located property, belonging to George Hatch, which is selling 
out at private sale only. He proposes to protect those who are 
willing to secure desirable lots for residences, from coffee-house 
neighbors and other business nuisances, by controlling, in his sales, 
the character of the buildings and improvements. 

Following the outer edge of the city to the north-east is Mount 
Auburn, in contiguity to which are Burnet and Reeder's subdivision, 
and the property upon Prospect Hill, of Drs. W. & P M. These 
offer great inducements for those who desire dwellings removed 
from the dirt, tumult, and impure air of the crowded city, on which 
the last looks down from a commanding height. This site was origin- 
ally abrupt and broken hill grounds, but the taste and industry of 
the proprietor, is carrying out a system of grading, filling and 
paving in connection with other improvements, which must render 
this part of Prospect Hill, eventually, one of the most desirable 
spots in the immediate vicinity of Cincinnati for residences. These 
lots are sold at a specified rate, the principal of which may lie for 
several years, six per cent, interest on the purchase-money being paid 
annually: the proprietor grades and paves all streets, <fec, at his 
own expense. 

The Burnet and Reeder property is a suburb also, which will be 
probably occupied with residences only. It embraces elevated 
ground of irregular surface, but which, when its grades shall be 
completed, will possess no more slope than sufficient properly to 
drain it. Pure air and water are the characteristics of this locality, 
which must become as densely populated as is desirable for private 
residences. 



BIOGRAPHY". 



271 



BIOGRAPHY.— S. P. CHASE. 

The subject of this sketch, was born in Cornish, N. H., on the 
13th of January, 1808. He is a lineal descendant of Capt. Aquila 
Chase, one of the original settlers in Newburyport, from whom have 
sprung a numerous progeny, now scattered over the United States. 

At the age of ten years, Mr. Chase was deprived, by death, of a 
father's care, and shortly afterward, he was sent to Ohio, and placed 
in the school at Worthington, then under the charge of his uncle, 
Bishop Chase, where he remained a few years ; when he came to 
Cincinnati, whither his uncle had removed, and became a student 
of Cincinnati college, under the Bishop's presidency. He entered 
Dartmouth college as Junior, in 1824, and was graduated in 1826. 

After his graduation, he repaired to "Washington, D. C, where 
he commenced the study of law, in the office of William Wirt ; and 
while thus pursuing his legal studies, a friendship was formed 
between the preceptor and the pupil, which terminated only with 
the decease of Mr. Wirt. While thus a student in Mr. Wirt's office, 
at the request of a respectable member of the Society of Friends, he 
drafted a memorial to Congress, praying for the abolition of slavery 
and the slave trade, in the District of Columbia. This memorial 
having been revised and modified, was signed by about eleven hun- 
dred citizens of the district, and presented to Congress in 1828, by 
whom it was received, and referred to the committee, for the dis • 
trict of Columbia. 

Having completed his preparatory legal studies, Mr. Chase was 
admitted to the bar bj T the Circuit Court of the United States, for 
the District of Columbia ; and shortly after his admission, he returned 
to Ohio, where he was admitted to practice, by the Supreme Court 
of the State, and then commenced his practice in Cincinnati, in 
1830. 

The leisure which usually attends the earlier years of a young 
lawyer's practice, did not, in his case, pass away unemployed. 
Finding that his own studies had been retarded by the confused 
state of the statutes of Ohio, he conceived the idea of embodying, in 
one work, all the general laws of the state, as well those which had 
been, as those which were in force. This purpose was carried into 
effect, and in the short space of three years, he gave to his pro- 
fession, a work of two thousand three hundred royal octavo pages, 
which at once established his reputation for diligence and fidelity of 



272 BIOGRAPHY. 

research, and ability of production. This work, enriched by anno- 
tations of all the decisions bearing upon the statutes, and by an able 
and accurate sketch of the history of Ohio, still stands a monument 
to his fame. His "years of leisure" soon passed away, and these 
were followed by years of unceasing toil and complete success. In 
1837, he made his first forensic effort for freedom, in the case of 
Matilda, who was claimed as a fugitive slave by a person from Mis- 
souri; but his effort was unavailing in her case, and the court 
remanded her to slavery. He afterward defended James G. Birney, 
upon an indictment for harboring a fugitive slave ; and although 
unsuccessful in the inferior Court, he succeeded in the Supreme 
Court, in obtaining a reversal of the judgment, and the acquittal 
of Mr. Birney. 

These efforts were followed by his masterly defense of John Van- 
zandt, in the Supreme Court of the United States, who also was 
charged with harboring and concealing fugitive slaves ; by his argu- 
ment in Ohio, in the case of Samuel Watson, claimed as a slave ; and 
by his public speeches and reports, made to the numerous state and 
national conventions, held with reference to the great question of 
human liberty, within the last ten years. In 1841, he became a 
conspicuous member of the Liberty party, to the democratic prin- 
ciples of which, as promulgated at Buffalo, in 1848, he still adheres. 

In February, 1849, he was called from his office labors, by the 
voice of the General Assembly of Ohio, to a seat in the senate of 
the United States, for the full term of six years; a position to which, 
although placed there from the walks of private life, his previous 
training, had peculiarly fitted him. 

As a lawyer, Mr. Chase is diligent, patient, and accurate, and as 
an advocate, he takes rank among the first in the country. In poli- 
tics he is a democrat ; and if, in his political action, he has not 
fully harmonized with the great party bearing that name, it is 
because of his conviction, that to nationalize, extend, and perpetuate 
slavery, i* irreconcilable with democratic principles. 

For twenty-three years past, he has been a member of the Episco- 
pal Church, and his character is without a stain. Of the various 
public and benevolent movements of the day, he has ever been a 
steadfast supporter, and to the poor and oppressed, he has always 
proved a disinterested friend. 

The fine mezzotint portrait of Senator Chase, in these pages, will 
be recognized at once, as a faithful and striking likeness. 



273 



FARMERS' COLLEGE. 

BOARD OF INSTRUCTION. 

The Faculty consists of the following members : — 

President. — F. G. Cary, Professor of Moral Philosophy and 
Rhetoric, and Superintendent of Buildings, Grounds, and Finance. 

R. H. Bishop, D. D., Professor of History and Political Eco- 
nomy. 

R. S. Bosworth, Professor of Chemistry, and its application to 
Agriculture and the Arts. 

J. S. Henderson, Professor of Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, 
and Astronomy. 

J. S. Whitwell, Professor of Ancient Languages and Belles 
Lettres. 

C. Sheferstein, Teacher of Modern Languages. 

G. S. Ormsby, Professor of Preparatory Course. 

BOARD OF DIEECTORS. 

President. — E. M. Gregory; Secretary — J. W. Caldwell; Trea- 
surer — S. F. Cary. 

Robert Crawford, Giles Richards, Timothy Kirby, Rev. John 
Covert, W. A. Bagley, James Huston, Joseph Longworth, Sylvester 
Ruffner, Thomas B. Wetherby, Paul C. Huston, J. P. Reznor, 
Samuel Wiggins. 

This institution, which is situated on a beautiful summit, six miles 
north from Cincinnati, and is fast rising in public estimation, had 
its origin in the seminary, called from the name of its founder and 
proprietor, Cary's Academy. 

Near the site of the present college, F. G. Cary, in the spring 
of 1833, commenced, with only four pupils, a boarding-school,which, 
at the expiration of eight years, numbered more than a hundred 
students. This institution was carried on until 1845, extensively 
by individual enterprise, when a rapidly increasing patronage made 
an enlargement and re-modification necessary. For this purpose, a 
joint-stock company was formed, thirty dollars constituting a share; 
and subsequently a charter was procured, granting the usual col- 
lege rights and privileges. 

In the fall of 1846, the building, under the name of Farmers' Col- 
lege, was completed, and the college organized. Mr. Cary, merg- 
ing into the establishment, his private interests, was appointed Pre- 



274 MARKETS AND MARKET-HOUSES. 

sident, and invested with the power of conducting the internal 
arrangements of the institution. 

Since the organization, there have been annually, over two hun- 
dred students connected with its various departments ; and in the 
eighteen years of its existence, one thousand young men have gone 
forth from its walls into the business of life. 

Six instructors have been employed, who have hitherto been re- 
munerated, exclusively, from the fees of tuition. A good chemical 
and philosophical apparatus, have been procured, comprising a tele- 
scope with a reflector of six and one-fourth inches aperture, made by 
Bruno Hasert, of Cincinnati. 

An effort is now being made, fully to endow this institution, and 
place it upon a permanent basis ; and the success which has hitherto 
attended this educational enterprise, gives encouragement to expect 
its speedy accomplishment. 

The prominent characteristic of this institution, has ever been the 
practical character of its course of instruction. To assert the dig- 
nity of labor, has been its object. 



MARKETS AND MARKET-HOUSES. 

There are six market-houses in Cincinnati, all spacious, and well 
arranged for the exposure and sale of fresh meat and vegetables. 
These are Lower Market, Canal, Pearl, Fifth, Sixth, and Wade 
street market-houses. The last named is two hundred and fifty 
feet long ; the others range from three hundred and seventy to 
three hundred and ninety-five feet each, in length, except the Pearl 
street, which is three hundred and forty feet ; most of these houses 
are thirty-six feet wide. But meat may be bought extensively in 
quarters outside of the stalls, and vegetables are sold in wagons 
and carts, and at stands, outside of, and beyond the market-houses, 
to equal extent with that sold inside. The supply to these markets 
is such as might be expected from the fertility of the Great and 
Little Miami and Mill creek farms. As high as seven hundred 
wagons have been enumerated in one day, at a single one of these 
markets ; most of these wagons, also, carried full loads for two 
horses. As many as nineteen hundred and fifty market-wagons 
carts, &c, have attended our various markets in the same day. 

Cincinnati has long enjoyed pre-eminence in putting up pork, but 



MARKETS AND MARKET-HOUSES. 2(0 

is little known abroad for the extensive beef operations of which 
this city is the theatre. There are no means at hand of comparing 
the magnitude of the beef business here with that of Chicago or 
other important beef-packing points ; but there is one remarkable 
feature of our beef, the quality of it, which has not only no superior, 
but no rival in the world for excellence. 

Christmas-day is the great gala day of the butchers of Cincinnati. 
The parade of stall-fed meat, on that day, for several years past, 
has been such as to excite the admiration and astonishment of every 
stranger in Cincinnati — a class of persons always here in great 
numbers. The exhibition, this last year, has, however, greatly sur- 
passed every previous display in this line. 

A few days prior to the return of this day of festivity, the noble 
animals which are to grace the stalls on Christmas eve, are paraded 
through the streets, decorated in fine style, and escorted through the 
principal streets with bands of music and attendant crowds, espe- 
cially of the infantry. They are then taken to slaughter-houses, to 
be seen no more by the public, until cut up and distributed along 
the stalls of one of our principal markets. 

Christmas falling last year on Tuesday, the exhibition was made 
at what is termed our middle or Fifth street market-house. This is 
three hundred and eighty feet long, and of breadth and height 
proportionate — wider and higher, in fact, in proportion to length, 
than the eastern market-houses. It comprehends sixty stalls, which, 
on this occasion, were filled with steaks and ribs alone, so crowded, 
as to do little more than display half the breadth of the meat, by 
the pieces overlapping each other, and affording only the platforms 
beneath the stall and the table, behind which the butcher stands, 
for the display of the rounds and other parts of the carcass. One 
hundred and fifty stalls would not have been too many to have been 
fully occupied by the meat exhibited on that day, in the manner 
beef is usually hung up here and in the eastern markets. 

Sixty-six bullocks, of which probably three-fourths were raised 
and fed in Kentucky, and the residue in our own State ; one hun- 
dred and twenty-five sheep, hung up whole at the edges of the stalls ; 
three hundred and fifty pigs, displayed in rows on platforms ; ten 
of the finest and fattest bears Missouri could produce, and a buffalo 
calf, weighing five hundred pounds, caught at Santa Fe, constituted 
the materials for this Christmas pageant. The whole of the beef 
was stall-fed, some of it since the cattle had been calves, their 



276 MARKETS AND MARKET-HOUSES. 

average age being four years, and average weight sixteen hunched 
pounds, ranging from 1388, the lightest, to 1896, the heaviest. 
This last was four years old, and had taken the premium every year 
at exhibitions in Kentucky, since it was a calf. The sheep were 
Bakewell and Southdown, and ranged from ninety to one hundred 
and ninety pounds to the carcass, dressed and divested of the head, 
<fcc. The roasters or pigs would have been considered extraordi- 
nary anywhere but at Porkopolis, the grand emporium of hogs. 
Suffice to say, they did no discredit to the rest of the show. Bear 
meat is a luxury unknown at the East, and is comparatively rare 
here. It is the ne plus ultra of table enjoyment. 

The extraordinary weight of the sheep will afford an idea of their 
condition for fat. As to the beef, the fat on the flanks measured 
seven and one-quarter inches, and that on the rump, six and one half 
inches through. A more distinct idea may be formed by the general 
reader, as to the thickness of the fat upon the beef, when he learns 
that two of the loins, on which were five and a half inches of fat, 
became tainted, because the meat could not cool through in time ; 
and this, when the thermometer had been at no period higher than 
thirty-six degrees, and ranging, the principal part of the time, from ten 
to eighteen degrees above zero. This fact, extraordinary as it appears, 
can be amply substantiated b}^ proof. 

Specimens of these articles were sent by our citizens to friends 
abroad. The largest sheep was purchased by F. Ringgold, of the 
St. Charles, and forwarded whole to Philadelphia. Coleman of the 
Burnet House, forwarded to his brother of the Astor House, New 
York, nine ribs of beef, weighing one hundred and twenty pounds ; 
and Richard Bates, a roasting piece of sixty-six pounds, by way of 
New Year's gift, to David T. Disney, our representative in Con- 
gress. 

The Philadelphians and New Yorkers confessed that they never 
had seen anything in the line to compare with the specimens sent 
to those points. 

The beef, &c, was hung up on the stalls early upon Christmas eve, 
and by twelve o'clock next day, the whole stock of beef — weighing 
99,000 pounds — was sold out ; two-thirds of it at that hour being 
either preparing for the Christmas dinner, or already consumed at the 
Christinas breakfast. It may surprise an eastern epicure to learn 
that such beef could be afforded to customers for eight cents per 
pound, the price at which it was retailed, as an average. 







/^S^*^? <3^J- 



.42- 



MARKETS AND MARKET-HOUSES. 277 

No expense was spared by our butchers to give effect to this great 
pageant. The arches of the market-house were illuminated by 
chandeliers and torches, and lights of various descriptions were 
spread along the stalls. Over the stalls were oil portraits — in gilt 
frames — of Washington, Jackson, Taylor, Clay, and other public 
characters, together with landscape scenes. Most of these were 
originals, or copies by our best artists. The decorations and other 
items of special expense these public-spirited men were at, reached 
in cost one thousand dollars. The open space of the market-house 
was crowded early and late by the coming and going throng of the 
thousands whose interest in such an exhibition overcame the dis- 
couragement of being in the open air at unseasonable hours, as 
late as midnight, and before day-light in the morning, and the 
thermometer at fifteen decrees. 

We owe this exhibition to the public spirit of Vanaken and Daniel 
Wunder, John Butcher, J. & W. Gall, Francis and Richard Beresford, 
among our principal victualers. 

No description can convey to a reader the impression which such 
a spectacle creates. Individuals from various sections of the United 
States and from Europe, who were here — some of them Englishmen, 
and familiar with Leadenhall market — acknowledged they had 
never seen any show of beef at all comparable with this. 



BIOGRAPHY -A. MORRELL, JR. 
Abm. Morrell, Jr., son of Judge Morrell, of Albany, New York, 
was born November 18, 1819, and emigrated to the West at the age 
of seventeen years, under charge of Thos. G. Gaylord, a relative. 
He became a partner, in 1839, with Mr. G., in the rolling-mill busi- 
ness ; which connection subsisted until 1850, when the firm of 
Morrell & Jordan — in the same line of business — was formed, by the 
co-partnership of A. M., Junr. and Richard Jordan, of the late firm of 
Bush & Jordan, of Covington, Kentucky. To the skill, industry, 
and activity of Mr. Jordan, whose talents as a manager of iron 
works are unsurpassed anywhere, as well as to the financial and 
salesman tact of Mr. Morrell, this firm is indebted for its marked 
success. This establishment has since become, Morrell, Jordan 
<fe Phillips, by the introduction of Thomas Phillips, of Cincinnati. 



278 THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS. 

THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS. 

The want of ready and cheap access to foreign markets, led the 
settlers of the western states, to raising hogs and distilling whisky, 
as a convenient means of taking corn, their great staple, in these 
shapes, to market. 

To comprehend this subject fully, it may be remarked, that from 
the year 1791, in which Indian corn was first exported to foreign 
markets, until 1 847, the annual export of that article, never exceeded 
two millions of bushels, and did not average half that quantity. 
This, in the comparison with the entire product of the United States, 
fell short of one per cent., and did not constitute, probably, ten 
per cent, of what was needed for domestic subsistence. In 1847 — ■ 
the great year of European famine, the export of corn reached, 
almost, to eighteen millions of bushels. It has sensibly declined from 
these figures since, although still greatly exceeding the export of 
years, prior to that date. But the large shipment of 1847 did not 
constitute more than three per cent., of the entire crop, of 1846, 
which had been a year of unexampled productiveness. It became, 
therefore, manifest, that a very small share of this, our most impor- 
tant cereal product, finds its way outside of the home market, and 
the farmer must feed his corn to hogs, or distill it, as the only means 
of disposing of an article so bulky and heavy, to its value, as Indian 

corn. 

The corn raised, in reference to the whisky market, is indepen- 
dent of that which is fed to hogs ; no price that can be paid by the 
distillers, affording adequate remuneration to growers of corn, who 
have to transport it far by land carriage. 

Cincinnati, being the business centre of an immense corn-growing 
and hog raising region, is, in fact, the principal pork market in the 
United States, and, without even the exceptions of Cork or Belfast, 
Ireland, the largest in the world. 

The business of putting up pork here, for distant markets, is of 
some twenty-six years' standing ; but it is only since 1 833, that it has 
sprung into much importance. 

The following tables furnish a list of hogs put up in Cincinnati 
each year since, including that of 1833, and in Ohio since 1843. 
The season begins in November and ends in March. Each year 
refers to that in which business closed : 



THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS. 



279 



rear. 
1833 
1834 
1845 
1836 
1837 
1838 
1839 



Year. 

1844 
1845 
1846 
1847 



No. of Hogs. 
85,000 
123,000 
162,000 
123,000 
103,000 
182,000 
199,000 



Hogs packed 
in Ohio. 

560,000 
450,000 
425,000 
325,000 



TABLE— A. 
Year. No. of Hogg 
95,000 
160,000 
220,000 
250,000 
240,000 
213,000 
287,000 



1840 
1841 
1842 
1843 
1844 
1845 
1846 



Year. 
1847 
1848 
1849 
1850 
1851 



No. of Hogs. 
250,000 
498,160 
310,000 
401,755 
324,529 



TABLE— B. 



Per cent, 
in Cin'ti. 

43 
47 
68 
70 



Year. 

1848 
1849 
1850 
1851 



Hogs packed 
m Ohio. 

742,212 
600,316 
563,645 
388,556 



Per cent, 
in Cin'ti. 

66 
71 
80 
80 



The hogs raised for this market, are generally a cross of Irish 
Grazier, Byfield, Berkshire, Russia and China, in such proportions 
as to unite the qualifications of size, tendency to fat, and beauty of 
shape to the hams. 

They are driven in at the age of from eleven to eighteen months 
old, in general, although a few reach greater ages. The hogs run 
in the woods until within five or six weeks of killing time, when they 
are turned into the corn-fields to fatten. If the acorns and beech 
nuts are abundant, they require less corn ; but the flesh and fat, 
although hardened by the corn, is not as firm as when they are 
turned into the corn-fields, in a less thriving condition, during years 
when mast, as it is called, is less abundant. 

From the 8th to the 10th of November, the pork season begins, 
and the hogs are sold by the farmers direct to the packers, when the 
quantity they own justifies it. Some of these farmers drive, in one 
season, as high as one thousand head of hogs into their fields. From 
a hundred and fifty to three hundred, are more common numbers 
however. Where less than a hundred are owned, they are bought 
up by drovers, until a sufficient number is gathered for a drove. 
The hogs are driven into pens, adjacent to the respective slaughter 
houses. As soon as the drover or farmer sells to the packer, the 
hogs are put into small pens, where they are crowded as thick as 
they can stand, and a hand walks over the drove, knocking them on 
the head successively, with a two pointed hammer adapted to the 
purpose. They are then dragged out by hooks into the sticking 



280 THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS. 

room, where their throats are cut, the blood passing through a drain 
or sewer below, into large tanks prepared to receive it. The blood 
is saved, to be sold, together with the hoofs and hair, to the manu- 
facturers of prussiate of potash and prussian blue.. Adjacent to the 
sticking room, are the scalding troughs, which are heated by steam. 
These troughs are of one thousand gallons capacity each. After 
being scalded, the hogs are tossed, by machinery, on to a long bench ; 
as many persons getting to work on a hog as can get round it. One 
cleans out the ear, which work must be done while the hog is reek- 
ing with steam, others pull off the bristles and hair, which are thrown 
on the floor, others again scrape the animal. When these operations 
are through, his hind legs are stretched open with a stick called a 
gambril, and the hog is borne off by three men, two of whom carry 
the front part on their crossed hands, and the other seizes the gam- 
bril. The hog, thus carried to the proper place, is slung to a hook, 
which suspends him beyond the floor. Here the animal falls into 
the hands of the gutter, who tears out the inside, stripping at the 
rate of three hogs to the minute. 

The slaughter houses of Cincinnati are in the outskirts of the city, 
are ten in number, and fifty by one hundred and thirty feet each in 
extent, the frames being boarded up with movable lattice-work at 
the sides, which is kept open to admit air, in the ordinary tempera- 
ture, but is shut up during the intense cold, which, occasionally, 
attends the packing season, so that hogs shall not be frozen so stiff 
that they cannot be cut up to advantage. These establishments 
employ, each, as high as one hundred hands, selected for this busi- 
ness, which requires a degree of strength and activity, that always 
commands high wages. 

The slaughterers formerly got the gut fat for the whole of the 
labor thus described, wagoning the hogs more than a mile to the 
pork houses, free of expense to the owners. Every year, however, 
enhances the value of the perquisites, such as the fat, heart, liver, 
&c, for food ; and the hoofs, hair, and other parts for manufacturing 
purposes. For the last two years, from ten to twenty-five cents per 
hog have beeji paid as a bonus for the privilege of killing. 

The hauling of hogs from the slaughter house to the packers, is 
itself a large business, employing fully fifty of the largest class of 
wagons, each loading from sixty to one hundred and ten hogs at a 
load. 

The hogs are taken into the pork houses from the wagons and 



THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS. 281 

piled up in rows as high as possible. These piles are generally 
close to the scales. Another set of hands carry them to the scales, 
where they are usually weighed singly, for the advantage of the 
draught. They are taken hence to the blocks, where the head and 
feet are first struck off, no blow needing its repetition. The hog 
is then cloven into three parts, separating the ham and shoulder 
ends from the middle. These are again divided into single hams, 
shoulders and sides. The leaf lard is then torn out, and every piece 
distributed with the exactness and regularity of machinery, to its 
appropriate pile. The tender-loins, usually two pounds to the hog, 
after affording supplies to families, who consume probably one half 
of the product, are sold to the manufacturers of sausages. 

The hog, thus cut up into shoulders, hams and middlings, under- 
goes further trimming to get the first two articles in proper shape. 
The size of the hams and shoulders varies with their appropriate 
markets, and with the price of lard, which, when high, tempts the 
pork packer to trim very close, and indeed, to render the entire 
shoulder into lard. If the pork is intended to be shipped off in bulk, or t 
for the smoke house, it is piled up in vast masses, covered with fine 
salt in the proportion of fifty pounds of salt to two hundred pounds 
weight of meat. If otherwise, the meat is packed away in barrels 
with coarse and fine salt in due proportions — no more of the latter 
being employed than the meat will require for immediate absorption, 
and the coarse salt remaining in the barrel to renew the pickle, whose 
strength is withdrawn by the meat, in process of time. 

The different classes of cured pork, packed in barrels, are made 
up of the different sizes and conditions of hogs — the finest and fattest 
making clear and mess pork, while the residue is put up into prime 
pork or bacon. The inspection laws require that clear pork shall 
be put up of the sides, with the ribs out. It takes the largest class 
of hogs to receive this brand. Mess pork — all sides, with two 
rumps to the barrel. For prime — pork of lighter weight will suffice. 
Two shoulders, two jowls, and sides enough to fill the barrel, make 
the contents. Two hundred pounds of meat is required by the 
inspector, but one hundred and ninety-si:: pounds, packed here, it is 
ascertained, will weigh out more than the former quantity in the 
eastern or southern markets. 

The mess pork is used for the commercial marine and the United 
States navy. This last class, again, is put up somewhat differently, 
by specifications made out for the purpose. ' The prime is packed 



282 THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS. 

for ship use and the southern markets. The clear pork goes out to 
the cod and mackerel fisheries. The New Englanders, in the line 
of pickled pork, buy nothing short of the best. 

Bulk pork is that which is intended for immediate use or for 
smoking. The former class is sent off in flat-boats for the lower 
Mississippi. It forms no important element of the whole, the great 
mass being sent into the smoke-houses, each of which will cure a 
hundred and seventy-five thousand to five hundred thousand pounds 
at a time. Here the bacon, as far as possible, is kept until it is 
actually wanted for shipment, when it is packed in hogsheads con- 
taining from eight hundred to nine hundred pounds, the hams, sides, 
and shoulders put up each by themselves. The bacon is sold to 
the iron manufacturing regions of Pennsylvania, Kentucky and 
Ohio — to the fisheries of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, and 
to the coast or Mississippi region above New Orleans. Large quan- 
tities are disposed of also, for the consumption of the Atlantic cities. 
Flat-boats leave here about the first of July, and they all take down 
more or less bacon for the coast trade. 

For the purpose of farther illustrating the business thus described, 
let us take the operations of the active season of 1847-48. There 
is little doubt that an estimate of five hundred thousand hogs, 
by far the largest quantity ever yet put up in Cincinnati, is not 
beyond the actual fact. This increase partly results from the 
growing importance of the city as a great hog-market, for reasons 
which will be made apparent in a later page, but more particularly 
to the vast enlargement in number and improved condition of hogs 
throughout the west, consequent on that season's unprecedented 
harvest of corn. What that increase was, may be inferred from the 
official registers of the hogs of Ohio, returned to the auditor of state 
as subject to taxation, being all those of, and over, six months in 
age. These were one million seven hundred and fifty thousand ; 
being an excess of twenty-five per cent., or three hundred and fifty 
thousand hogs, over those of the previous year. Those of Ken- 
tucky, whence come most of our largest hogs, as well as a consider- 
able share of our supplies in this article, exhibit a proportionate 
increase, while the number in Indiana and Illinois greatly exceed 
this ratio of progress. 

Of five hundred thousand hogs cut up here during that season, 
the product, in the manufactured article, will be : — 



THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS. 283 

Barrels of Pork 180,000 

Pounds of Bacon 25,000,000 

Lard 16,500,000 

These are the products, thus far, of the pork -houses' operations 
alone. That is to say, the articles thus referred to, are put up in 
these establishments, from the hams, shoulders, sides, leaf lard, and 
a small portion of the jowls — the residue of the carcasses, which are 
taken to the pork-houses, being left to enter elsewhere into other 
departments of manufacture. The relative proportions, in weight of 
bacon and lard, rest upon contingencies. An unexpected demand 
and advance in price of lard would greatly reduce the disparity, if 
not invert the proportion of these two articles. A change in the 
prospects of the value of pickled pork, during the progress of pack- 
ing, would also reduce or increase the proportion of barreled pork 
to the bacon and lard. 

The lard made here is exported in packages for the Havana 
market, where, beside being extensively used, as in the United 
States, for cooking, it answers the purpose to which butter is applied 
in this country. It is shipped to the Atlantic markets also, for local 
use, as well as for export to England and France, either in the 
shape it leaves this market or in lard oil ; large quantities of which 
are manufactured at the east. 

There is one establishment here, which, beside putting up hams, 
&c, extensively, is engaged in extracting the grease from the rest 
of the hog. Its operations have reached, in one season, as high as 
thirty-six thousand hogs. It has seven large circular tanks — six of 
capacity to hold each fifteen thousand pounds, and one to hold six 
thousand pounds — all gross. These receive the entire carcass, with 
the exception of the hams, and the mass is subjected to steam pro- 
cess, under a pressure of seventy pounds to the square inch ; the 
effect of which operation is to reduce the whole to one consistence, 
and every bone to powder. The fat is drawn off by cocks, and the 
residuum, a mere earthy substance, as far as made use of, is taken 
away for manure. Beside the hogs which reach this factory in 
entire carcasses, the great mass of heads, ribs, back-bones, feet, and 
other trimmings of the hogs, cut up at different pork-houses, are 
subjected to the same process, in order to extract every particle of 
grease. This concern alone turned out, the season referred to, three 
millions six hundred thousand pounds lard, five-sixths of which, was 
No. 1. Nothing can surpass the purity and beauty of this lard, 



284 THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS. 

which is refined as well as made, under steam processes. Six 
hundred hogs per day pass through these tanks, one day with 
another. 

We follow now to the manufacture of lard oil, which is accom- 
plished by divesting the lard of one of its constituent parts — stearine. 
There are probably thirty lard oil factories here, on a scale of more 
or less importance. The largest of these, whose operations are 
probably more extensive than any other in the United States, has 
manufactured, heretofore, into lard oil and stearine, one hundred 
and forty thousand pounds monthly, all the year round. 

Eleven million pounds of lard were run into lard oil that year, 
two-sevenths of which aggregate made stearine ; the residue, lard 
oil, or in other words, twenty-four thousand barrels of lard oil, of 
forty to forty-two gallons each. The oil is exported to the Atlantic 
cities and foreign countries. Much the larger share of this, is of 
inferior lard, made of mast-fed and still-fed hogs, and the material, 
to a great extent, comes from a distance, making no part of these 
tables. Lard oil, beside being sold for what it actually is, enters 
largely, in the eastern cities, into the adulteration of sperm oil, 
and in France, serves to reduce the cost of olive oil. The skill 
of the French chemists enables them to incorporate from sixty-five 
to seventy per cent, of lard oil with that of the olive. The presence 
of lard oil can be detected, however, by a deposit of stearine ; 
small portions of which always remain with that article, and may 
be found at the bottom of the bottle. 

We now come to the star candles, made of the stearine expressed 
from the lard in manufacture of lard oil. The stearine is subjected to 
hydraulic pressure, by which three-eighths of it is discharged as an 
impure oleine. This last is employed in the manufacture of soap. 
Three million pounds of stearine, at least, have been made, in one 
year, into star candles and soap in these factories, and they are pre- 
pared to manufacture thirty thousand pounds star candles per day. 
The manufacture of 1 847-48, embracing stearine from foreign lard, 
probably reached one -half that quantity. 

From the slaughterers, the offal capable of producing grease, goes 
to another description of grease extractors ; where are also taken 
hogs dying of disease or by accident, and meat that is spoiling 
through unfavorable weather or want of care. The grease tried out 
here, enters into the soap manufacture. Lard grease is computed to 
form eighty per cent, of all the fat used in the making of soap. Of 



THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS. 285 

the ordinary soap one hundred thousand pounds are made weekly, 
equal, at four cents per pound, to two hundred thousand dollars per 
annum. This is exclusive of the finer soaps, and of soft soap, which 
are probably worth twenty-five per cent. more. 

Glue, to an inconsiderable amount, is made of the hoofs of the hogs. 

At the rear of these operations, comes bristle dressing for the At- 
lantic markets. This business employs one hundred hands, and 
affords a product of fifty-five thousand dollars. 

Last of all is the disposition of what cannot be used for other pur- 
poses, the hair, hoofs and other offal. These are employed in the 
manufacture of prussiate of potash, to the product of which, also, 
contributes the cracklings or residuum left, on expressing the lard. 
The prussiate of potash is used extensively in the print factories of 
.New England, for coloring purposes. The blood of the hogs is 
manufactured into prussian blue. 

A brief recapitulation, of the various manufactures out of the 
hog, at this point and date, present : 

TABLE— D. 



Barrels Pork 180,000 

Pounds Bacon 25,000,000 

No. 1 Lard. . . 16,500,000 

Gallons Lard Oil 1 ,200,000 



Pounds Star Candles... 2,500,000 

" Bar Soap 6,200,000 

" Fancy Soap, etc. 8,800,000 

Prussiate of Potash. . . . 60,000 



Five hundred thousand hogs exhibit, including seven pounds of 
gut-fat to each, one hundred million pounds, carcass weight, when 
dressed. This is distributed thus : 

TABLE— E. 

180,000 bbls. Pork, 196 lbs. net, is 35,280,000 

Bacon 25,000,000 

Wo. 1 or Leaf Lard 16,260,000 

Common Lard or Grease for oil, stearin and olein 6,000,000 

Inferior Grease for Soap 1,200.000 

Evaporation, shrinkage, waste, cracklings and offal for manure . 1 6,260 ,000 



100,000,000 
The value of all this depends, of course, on the foreign demand. 
In 1847 the pork, bacon, lard, lard oil, star candles, soap, bristles, 
&c, exceeded six millions of dollars in value. For 1848, it had, 
probably, reached eight millions. But for the reduced prices which 
a greatly increased product always creates, it must far exceed that 
value. 

The buildings in which the pork is put up, are of great extent and 
24 



286 



THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS. 



capacity, and in every part thoroughly arranged for the business. 
They generally extend from street to street, so as to enable one set 
of operations to be carried on without interfering with another. 
There are thirty-six of these establishments, beside a number of 
minor importance. 

The stranger here, during the packing, and especially the forward- 
ing season, of the article, becomes bewildered in the attempt to keep 
up with the eye and the memory, the various and successive pro- 
cesses he has witnessed, in following the several stages of putting 
the hog into its final marketable shape, and in surveying the appa- 
rently interminable rows of drays, which, at that period, occupy the 
main avenues to the river, in continuous lines, going and returning, 
a mile or more in length, excluding every other use of those streets, 
from daylight to dark. Nor is his wonder lessened when he surveys 
the immense quantity of hogsheads of bacon, barrels of pork, and 
kegs of lard, for which room cannot be found on the pork-house 
floors, extensive as they are, and which are, therefore, spread over 
the public landing, and block up every vacant space on the side- 
walks, the public streets, and even adjacent lots otherwise vacant. 

It may appear remarkable, in considering the facilities for putting 
up pork which many other points in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and 
Kentucky possess in their greater contiguity to the neighborhoods 
which produce the hogs, and other advantages which are palpable, 
that so large an amount of this business is engrossed at Cincinnati. 
It must be observed, however, that the raw material in this business — • 
the hog — constitutes sixty per cent, of the value, when ready for 
sale, and being always paid for in cash, disbursements so heavy, are 
required in large sums, and at a day's notice, that the necessary 
capital is not readily obtainable elsewhere in the west. Nor, in an 
article, which in the process of curing runs great risks in sudden 
changes of weather, can the packer protect himself, except where 
there are ample means in extensive supplies of salt, and any neces- 
sary force of coopers or laborers, to put on in case of emergency or 
disappointment in previous arrangements. More than all, the faci- 
lities of turning to account in various manufactures, or as articles of 
food in a populous community, what cannot be disposed of to profit 
elsewhere, renders hogs to the Cincinnati packer worth at least, five 
per cent, more, than they will command at any other point in the 
Mississippi valley. 

As a specimen of the amazing activity which characterizes all the 



THE HOG 



AND ITS PRODUCTS. 287 



details of packing, cutting, &c, here it may be stated, that two 
hands in one of our pork-houses, in less than thirteen hours, cut up 
eight hundred and fifty hogs, averaging over two hundred pounds 
each, two others placing them on the blocks for the purpose. All 
these hogs were weighed singly on the scales, in the course of eleven 
hours. Another hand trimmed the hams, — seventeen hundred 
pieces, — in Cincinnati style, as fast as they were separated from the 
carcasses. The hogs were thus cut up and disposed of, at the rate 
of more than one to the minute. 

Those who are cognizant to the importance of the domestic mar- 
ket, will not be surprised to learn that our export of pork to foreign 
countries, bears but a small proportion to the quantity packed. 

Few persons at the east can realize the size, and especially the 
fatness to which hogs arrive in the west, under the profuse feeding 
they receive. 

The following are specimens of hogs and lots of hogs, killed in 
Cincinnati, this season and the last. 

Hogs. Average weight — %s. 

7 720 

5 640 

22 403 

52 377 

50 375 

Of these were nine — one litter — weighing respectively, 316, 444, 

454, 452, 456, 516, 526, 532. 

320 hogs 325 

657 " 305 

Few, if any of these hogs, were over nineteen months old. The 
last lot is extraordinary — combining quantity and weight — even for 
the west. They were all raised in one neighborhood in Madison 
county, Kentucky, by Messrs. Caldwell, Campbell, Ross, and Gentry, 
the oldest being nineteen months in age. 

The value of these manufacturing operations to Cincinnati, con- 
sists in the vast amount of labor they require and create, and the 
circumstance that the great mass of that labor furnishes employment 
to thousands, at precisely the very season when their regular avo- 
cations cannot be pursued. Thus, there are perhaps, fifteen hun- 
dred coopers engaged in and outside of the city, making lard kegs, 



288 THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS. 

pork barrels, and bacon hogsheads : the city coopers, at a period 
when they are not needed on stock barrels and other cooperage, and 
the country coopers, whose main occupation is farming, during a 
season when the farms require no labor at their hands. Then there 
is another large body of hands, also agriculturists, at the proper 
season, engaged getting out staves and heading, and cutting hoop 
poles, for the same business. Vast quantities of boxes of various 
descriptions, are made for packing bacon, for the Havana and 
European markets. Lard is also packed to a great extent, for ex- 
port in tin cases or boxes, the making of which, furnishes extensive 
occupation to the tin-plate workers. 

If we take into view, farther, that the slaughtering, the wagoning, 
the pork-house labor, the rendering grease and lard oil, the stearin 
and soap factories, bristle dressing, and other kindred employments, 
supply abundant occupation to men, who, in the spring, are engaged 
in the manufacture and hauling of bricks, quarrying and hauling 
stone, cellar digging and walling, bricklaying, plastering, and street 
paving, with other employments, which in their very nature, cease 
on the approach of winter, we can readily appreciate the importance 
of a business, which supplies labor to the industry of, probably, ten 
thousand individuals, who, but for its existence, would be earning 
little or nothing, one-third of the year. 

The last United States census, gave 26,301,293, as the existing 
number of hogs of that date. The principal increase since, is in the 
west, owing to the abundance of corn there; and that quantity may 
be now, safely enlarged to forty-five millions. This is about the 
number assigned to entire Europe, in 1839, by McGregor, in his 
Commercial Dictionary ; and there is probably no material increase 
there since, judging by the slow advance in that section of the 
world, in productions of any kind. 

The number of hogs cut up in the valley of the Mississippi, will 
reach, for recent years, as an average, one million seven hundred 
thousand ; of this, it will be seen, that twenty-eight per cent., or over 
one-fourth of the whole quantity, is put up for market in Cincinnati 
alone. 






(v y t ,/ K c / 



/' <■ - 



BIOGRAPHY. 



289 



BIOGRAPHY.-MVID T.DISNEY. 

The subject of these memoirs was born in Baltimore, in August, 
1 803, at which place, his father, William Disney, one of our oldest 
citizens resided at the time. Not the least remarkable circumstance 
in the history of D. T. Disney, is, that he was placed at school in 
the third year of his age. His teacher, Luther Griffin, in a note 
which lies before me, observes, " In the course of my teaching, I 
have had several thousand scholars under my charge, and do not 
recollect of but one, that in every respect was equal to young 
Disney/' In 1817, the family, including David, at that date a lad 
of fourteen years, removed to Cincinnati, when his father opened a 
shop for the sale of paints, carrying on the house-painting business 
also, and the youth became assistant in the store, devoting his days 
to the business, and his evenings to mental improvement, partly in 
the acquisition of general knowledge, and partly in mathematical 
and legal reading and study. In this last pursuit he was liberally 
aided by the advice and oral instruction of Charles Hammond, on 
whose competency in that line, it is unnecessary, in Cincinnati, to 
insist. Hammond was so deeply interested in the young student, 
as to propose a business connection between the parties ; but the 
young man was not willing, at this time, to assume the law as a pro- 
fession, and continued to aid his father at home. In 1825, he made 
his debut as a writer, contributing regularly to one of our eastern 
city journals. 

In 1829, Mr. Disney, then twenty-six years of age, commenced 
that political career, which, with brief exceptions, constitutes the re- 
sidue of this narrative. At the October election of that year, Mr. 
Disney ran against Elijah Hayward, for the office of representative 
of Hamilton County, to the General Assembly, and triumphed over 
his competitor, who had represented the county for a series of years. 
The next fall, the democratic party, on whose ticket Mr. Disney had 
been nominated, was defeated, owing to dissensions among them- 
selves. In 1831, Mr. Disney was once more returned to the State 
Legislature. In 1832, he was again brought forward as a candidate, 
and succeeded in so close a struggle, that a share of the ticket on 
which he ran, was defeated. On this occasion W. H. Harrison, 
afterward President of the United States, was on the whig ticket. 

At the ensuing meeting of the Legislature, Mr. Disney was elected 
Speaker, by a vote of sixty-two to eight, although his competitor, 



290 



BIOGRAPHY. 



Mr. Campbell, had been a distinguished member of congress. At 
the ensuing election of 1833, he was a successful candidate for the 
senate, of which, upon its meeting, he became speaker, without an 
opposing vote. In the senate he presided with the same ability he 
had exhibited in the house of representatives as speaker. A 
speech, on the doctrine of instruction, which he delivered at this 
session, contributed to make him more extensively and favorably 
known at home and in the other sections of our republic. 

At the ensuing session, the whigs were in majority in the senate, 
and elected one of themselves, as speaker. But at the next — an 
extra session — his political friends being again in the ascendant, Mr. 
Disney was once more called to preside over the deliberations of the 
senate. At the close of that session, he was appointed one of the 
commissioners, on the part of Ohio, to repair to Washington city, 
for the settlement of the points in issue between the states of Ohio 
and Michigan, on which, an appeal to arms, by the parties, seemed 
impending. In 1840 Mr. Disney was made a member of the board 
of equalization, charged with the duty of equalizing the taxes of 
the state, among the respective counties, and, at its meeting, was 
unanimously chosen its presiding officer. In 1843 he was again 
nominated for the state senate, and, after an ardent canvass, was 
elected by the largest majority ever given in the district. Mr. Dis- 
ney remained in private life, from 1844 to 1848, at his own desire. 
He was chosen by the state convention, at Columbus, held the lat- 
ter year, its president, and made senatorial delegate to the national 
convention, at Baltimore. At the fall election, having been nomi- 
nated for congress, he was elected by nearly three thousand majority. 
In 1850 he was re-elected to the same office without opposition, al- 
though a spirited contest marked the canvass for the residue of the 
tickets, on both sides. 

It is confidently believed that Mr. Disney has drawn up more 
committee reports, during the course of his legislative life at Colum- 
bus, than any public man in the state; nor does the thorough research 
which marks their preparation, indicate less labor, than the mere 
writing them out, although this last effort is usually considered the 
most exhausting task, in ordinary cases. 

Mr. Disney's first effort in the national legislature, was upon the 
power of congress over the territories. This was admitted, by com- 
mon consent, for research and cogency of argument, to be the ablest 
speech of the session, and elicited the commendation of some of the 



BIOGRAPHY. 



291 



ablest lawyers of the republic, and warm complimentary notices from 
all parties. His report upon the Galphin claim, has stamped that 
iniquitous measure with an immortality of infamy. In the face ot 
the legal opinion of the United States Attorney- General, the house 
of representatives indorsed the report by overwhelming majorities. 
Mr. D. sustained his report by a speech of such extraordinary research, 
and strength, as well as clearness of argument, as to impress itself 
upon professional minds, in congress, as an invincible legal ar- 
gument. As such, it was requested for publication; but Mr. Disney 
being unexpectedly summoned home, by a family bereavement, 
which detained him in Cincinnati several days, was unwilling to keep 
the subject, or himself in connection with it, any farther before the 
community. 

One chapter on the history of David T. Disney, ought not to be 
left out. To him, and one or two other patriotic spirits, Texas, in its 
darkest hours, was indebted for the impulse given her struggle for 
liberty, and for aid in men, arms and munitions of war, reaching just 
in time to aid her in winning the battle of San Jacinto, which was 
fought with Cincinnati muskets, powder, cannon and cannon balls. 
The service thus rendered, was made at a heavy sacrifice, pecuniary 
and otherwise. Arraigned before our courts ; amerced in a heavy 
penalty, which hung over him and his property thirteen years; and 
vilified by numbers, who would now gladly change positions with 
him, he has the proud consolation of having done more than any in- 
dividual, out of Texas, to have accomplished the final results, which 
have given Mexico to our forces, and California to our territory. 

No individual in congress, represents so large a constituency as 
Mr. Disney ; the entire population of his district, exceeding one 
hundred and seventy thousand. If the intelligence and enterprise 
of that community, and the commercial, manufacturing, political and 
social importance of Cincinnati, be taken into view, and the fact 
remembered, that he obtained the position he occupies, by a unani- 
mous vote at one of the fullest polls ever held in the district, he 
has just reason to be gratified at the distinction conferred by the 
recent choice. 



292 



STATISTICS OF STRAWBERRIES, ETC. 



STATISTICS OF STRAWBERRIES, ETC. 

As Cincinnati has for several years enjoyed a high reputation for 
the abundance and excellence of its strawberries, the statistics of 
this article may be of public interest. 

Four thousand bushels of this berry were raised in this vicinity, 
and sold in our market-houses during the season of 1845, which was 
rather an unusually productive one. Twenty per cent, must be 
added, as the quantity delivered at steamboats, hotels, private 
dwellings, and confectionaries, or sold at stands or agencies in vari- 
ous parts of the city. In 1846, this quantity was increased to four 
thousand two hundred bushels, with an addition of twenty-five per 
cent, to the sales specified above. This was a cold and wet season, 
and unfavorable to their growth — the increase in quantity springing 
from supplies afforded by newly-bearing patches, which are added 
every year in the vicinity. In 1847, the first ascertainment of 
daily sales was commenced ; it has been continued in 1848, and the 
table follows : 



1847. 

May 24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

31 

June 1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

14 

15 



Bushels. 

. 10 

. 15 

. 20 

. 20 

. 40 

. 50 

. 50 

. 296 

. 250 

. 50 

. 249 

. 489 

. 200 

. 514 

. 411 

. 237 

. 250 

. 385 

. 100 

. 321 



1848. Bushels. 
May 19 6 



20 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

29 

30 

31 

June 1 

2 

3 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 



15 

20 
30 
60 
75 
198 
313 
211 
450 
589 
307 
352 
310 
145 
450 
418 
260 
244 
156 



STATISTICS OF STRAWBERRIES, ETC 293 

1847. Bushels. 1848. Bushels. 

June 16 220 



17 176 

18 151 

19 55 

21 12 

22 5 

4576 



June 12 60 

13 80 

14 50 

15 30 

16 20 

17 10 

19 6 

4865 



In 1847 and 1848, large quantities were sent off by railroads; and 
for these two years, additions must be made to the quantity sold at 
hotels, steamboats, private dwellings, confectionaries, &c, m the 
consumption of strawberries on the spots where they are raised, by 
pleasure parties from Cincinnati and other places in their vicinity. 
The entire product of the strawberry, therefore, should be put down 
in 1847, at 6500 bushels, and in 1848, at 7000 bushels; each suc- 
cessive year increasing the proportion of strawberries sold directly 
to purchasers at their homes, &c, over that disposed of in markets. 

It will be observed that the Monday of each week, exhibits lighter 
sales than the previous Saturday or succeeding Tuesday. In 
general, however, these tables present a regular ascending and de- 
scending grade of production, during the twenty-six days which 
ordinarily constitute the season. What disparity in supplies exists, 
is occasioned either by the weather being unfavorable for picking, 
or very heavy stocks so reduce the price, as to make the expense 
of gathering too great to be profitably borne at current rates of sale. 

The strawberries are brought in cases of five to eight drawers ; 
each drawer containing thirty to forty quarts, which lie an average 
depth of two or two-and-a-half inches. They are delivered in Cin- 
cinnati, in time for sale, as early as four to five o'clock in the morn- 
ing, when disposed of at the market-houses. A considerable share 
are sold in tin boxes of a quart each, or wooden ones of two quarts 
each, which fill up the same kind of drawers. These usually 
command a better price, not only on account of more perfect keep- 
ing of the article, but because they measure out more than when 
filled into the ordinary quart measure. 

In former years, they were brought in wagons. A four horse 
wagon was once backed up to our market, with two tons of straw- 
berries, packed in cases of drawers. 
25 



294 STATISTICS OF STRAWBERRIES, ETC. 

We cultivate strawberries here with reference to their sexual dis- 
tinctions, and find this treatment very successful. 

A good pistillate or female plant, is selected, such as the Hudson 
or Hovey's seedling, and the plants set out in rows fifteen inches 
apart, and the rows about fifteen inches from each other ; then a 
path two or three feet wide ; then a row of male or staminate plants, 
such as will bloom about the same time as the female ; and then a 
path as before. Then another bed of three rows of female plants, 
with paths and rows of male plants, until the patch is completed. 
The object is to keep the male plants separate from the female, so 
that the latter shall be impregnated without being overrun by the 
male. This can easily be done, by hoeing the latter when they run 
into the paths. 

In field culture, the plants are set out in rows eighteen inches or 
two feet apart from each other, and a male for about every ten or 
twelve female plants — all in the same row. Either one or two rows 
are planted in this way, leaving three feet between the lands, or 
room enough to plow and keep them clean. They are cultivated with 
the plow between the lands or beds, and with the hoe in the beds, 
to keep down the weeds and grass. 

Field culture. 

The lands or beds clear across the field — beds three feet wide, 
then a furrow. 



Bed. 



Furrow. 



Bed. 



Furrow. 



Bed. 



Furrow. 



Plants from eighteen to twenty four inches apart in a single row ; 
every tenth plant, male. 



STATISTICS OF STRAWBERRIES, ETC. 295 

Garden culture. 



Path three feet wide. 



Female bed, with three rows of pistillate or female plants. 



Path. 



Male bed, with one row of staminate or male plants. 



Path. 



Female bed, with three rows of pistillate or female plants. 



Path. 



Male bed, with one row of staminate or male plants. 



Path. 



Female bed, with three rows of pistillate or female plants. 



Path. 



Earliest, as in the order of ripening: 1st. Early Scarlet — tart, but 
high flavored— requiring much sugar. 2d. Necked Pine— highest 
flavored. 3d. Hovey's— sweetest variety in general culture, requir- 
ing but little sugar. 4th. Hudson — firmest and best adapted for 
carrying to market. There are cultivated here about as many of the 
latter variety as of all the first three named, or, it might safely be 
said, all others. 

The largest berries produced at the Cincinnati Horticultural 
Society have been from Hovey's ; but the general average of the 
whole crop, as to size, would probably be in favor of the Hudson. 

Our horticultural society has stimulated a spirit of improvement that 



296 STATISTICS OF STRAWBERRIES, ETC. 

has afforded specimens of extraordinary size and quality otherwise. 
Strawberries measuring five to five and one-quarter inches in cir- 
cumference, have been repeatedly exhibited at its exhibitions or 
fairs. In one or two instances specimens have been exhibited 
reaching to five inches and three-quarters in measurement. 

The prices of strawberries vary, of course, with the character of 
the season, and the different periods of sale. They usually open at 
20 to 25 cents per quart, a price which they command only for a 
day or two, and soon fall to 15, 12£, 10, and 8-^ cents. When 
abundant, they obtain 5 to 6^ cents, and occasionally fall to from 
3 to 4 cents. 

The season sales will not average higher than 7 cents, unless the 
season itself has proved unfavorable. No year is known in which 
strawberries have averaged as high as 10 cents per quart. 

At least two-thirds of the strawberries sold here are raised on the 
banks of Licking river, a few miles above its mouth, which is just 
opposite Cincinnati. This affords the facility of water carriage, 
obviously of great advantage to the transportation of ripe fruit of a 
character so delicate as the strawberry. The entire quantity of 
ground on both sides of the Ohio which supplies this market cannot 
be short of two hundred and fifty acres. Much of this is in small 
patches of one, two, three, or five acres ; the smaller the spot, in 
general, the more productive — proportionally — being the yield. 
One of the Culbertsons, a family which raises more largely of this 
berry than any other, has some sixty acres in three patches. One of 
these comprehends a field of thirty-five acres. 

Just as the supply of strawberries is through, in this market, it is 
succeeded by that of the raspberry, which, in the course of a few 
years, will, probably, be raised to equal extent. At present, the 
supply of raspberries is about one-sixth that of strawberries. They 
are of various species — the cane, yellow, black, red Antwerp, and 
ever-bearing; of these, the red Antwerp is the general favorite. 
Raspberries average 8 J cents per quart, during the season. The 
raspberry culture of 1847, is as follows: 



June 19 . 


. 30 bush. 


June 24 . 


. 55 bush. 


June 30 . 


. 50 bush. 


" 21 . 


. 14 « 


" 26 . 


. 100 " 


July 1 . 


. 30 " 


" 22 . 


. 81 " 


" 28 . 


. 40 " 


2 . 


. 18 " 


" 23 . 


. 95 " 


" 29 . 


. 85 " 








598 
This includes onlv what is sold in our markets. 



BIOGRAPHY. Z\J I 

This article ought not to close, without reference to the moral aspect 
of the cultivation of these fruits, on such an extensive scale, as to 
bring their use within the reach of every individual, how limited 
soever his means. 

In our Atlantic cities, and still more in Europe, these articles com- 
mand a price, which denies their use to thousands whose appetites 
they tempt, and for whom they would form a wholesome refreshment 
in seasons of sickness for themselves or families. It is needless to 
point out the bitter feelings toward the rich, which such and other 
privations engender in the minds of these masses. Whatever tends 
to remove such distinctions in society, and place enjoyment and com- 
fort alike within the reach of all the industrial classes, is so much 
gained to the general happiness of society at large. No one in Cin- 
cinnati feels that he cannot afford to buy his family everything he 
wishes, which is sold in its markets. 



BIOGKAPHY.-G. W. COFFIN. 

George W. Coffin, was born at Brownsville, Pennsylvania, No- 
vember 17, 1814. His parents were from Nantucket. He resided 
in his native place until he reached the age of twenty-one, when he 
determined to change his residence to some more thriving spot. As 
he had a brother already in Cincinnati, he naturally directed his 
way to this city, where he has ever since dwelt. He engaged in 
the foundery of D. A. Powell, as pattern maker, at first, but after 
the lapse of one year, changed his employer, by taking charge of 
the bell foundery branch of Lyon, Thomas & Co.'s establish- 
ment; after remaining here six months, he engaged in business, 
with T. B. & H. B. Coffin, as bell and brassfounders, under the 
firm of G. W. Coffin & Co.; which firm still exists, although com- 
posed of different individuals. 

Mr. Coffin is one of those ingenious men, who are constantly 
simplifying and improving the operations of whatever business they 
may be engaged in ; and the bell business of this city has greatly 
advanced in character and extent from his labors and suggestions. 
His own establishment is the only one in the United States, in which 
bells are constructed on scientific principles, nothing being left by 
him to accident, in the quality and tone of the article which leaves 
"the Buckeye Foundery." 



298 MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. 

MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. 

On the site of the existing building, which has so long borne this 
name, the erection of a new edifice is in process of being made, 
and will doubtless be completed and occupied in time for the ensu- 
ing course of lectures. A front view of the building is to be found 
in these pages, which may convey a correct notion of the external 
appearance it will present. The style of architecture is what is 
called the Collegiate Gothic, combining elegance and chasteness in 
a high degree. The front will be of brick, finished with cast-iron, 
painted in imitation of free-stone. The interior arrangements are 
such, that in adaptedness to its appropriate purposes, this building 
will not be second to the best college edifice in the United States. 

This edifice will be of one hundred and five feet front, with a 
depth of seventy-five feet, and a height of fifty-five feet. The lower 
story on each side of the principal entrance to be occupied with 
stores. In the rear of these will be the library and general lecture 
room ; this last fifty-four by forty-eight feet, and twenty -two feet 
in height, and lighted by a skylight twenty feet in diameter. In 
the rear of the lecture room, are two laboratory rooms, twenty-one 
feet by twelve each, which, with two in the story above, will be 
occupied by the Professor of Chemistry; and two rooms for the 
janitor ; also one in the rear of the library room. 

In the second story, there will be six offices to rent to physicians 
or other professional individuals. In the rear, on the right wing, 
is the museum, thirty-seven feet by forty-six, and fourteen feet high. 
On the third floor, in front, are to be four Professors' rooms. In 
the left wing will be the Anatomical lecture room, fifty-two feet 
in diameter, and twenty-seven feet in height ; this will be lighted by 
a skylight fourteen feet in diameter. 

On the fourth story, the front will be divided into six dissecting 
rooms and a room for the Professor of Anatomy. In the right wing 
will be the lecture room on x\natomy, thirty-nine feet in diameter, 
a circular amphitheatre, and twenty feet high, also lighted by sky- 
light. 

The lecture rooms will be occupied with seats, ranged in an 
oblong semicircular form, and rising at the same time amphitheatri- 
cally. This arrangement of seats in these lecture rooms affords every 
advantage alike for seeing and hearing, to the classes. The labora- 
tory will communicate by sliding doors with the general lecture 



/ 



BIOGRAPHY. 301 

room, so as to permit the Professor of Chemistry to refer to and 
illustrate his subjects, just as they stand in the laboratory. 

Finally, the entire building- is to be warmed by steam apparatus, 
in the basement, which will have the effect of diffusing an equable 
temperature throughout the whole edifice. 



BIOGMPHY.-JOHN D. JONES 
Was born December 9, 1797, in Conestoga valley, forty-five miles 
west of Philadelphia, and near the village of Morgantown, Berks 
county, Pennsylvania, where, until his 17th year, he was raised a 
farmer. Mr. J. is of Welsh descent, on the paternal line, his great 
grandfather, David Jones, emigrating to Pennsylvania in 1725. 
His maternal great grandfather — Graham — was from the north of 
Ireland, and arrived in America about the same period. Both 
branches were farmers, and many of their descendants took up 
arms during the war resulting in the establishment of American 
independence. Mr. Jones was engaged five years as clerk in a 
grocery house in Philadelphia, and came to Cincinnati in 1819, 
where he has resided ever since ; being the only merchant here, 
who has been engaged in business thirty years and more. He is 
of the firm of J. D. & C. Jones & C.J the other members consisting of 
his brothers Caleb, and Michael, and his son G. W. Jones. 

Mr. Jones married, in 1823, Elizabeth, daughter of the venerable 
John Johnston, a name long and intimately connected with the early 
pioneer history of Ohio. Mr. J. has been selected as an illustration 
of the mercantile class, and a biographical subject for this publica- 
tion, as an example, if any were wanting, that application to busi- 
ness, sound sense, and probity, will always establish, for any indi- 
vidual, one of the highest positions in society — the esteem, confidence 
and attachment of those who know him best. If Mr. Jones has not 
achieved political distinction, it has resulted from the fact, that he 
has always had his own special mission to fulfill in the business 
community ; and he has fulfilled it with honor to himself and family, 
and to the public advantage, in the lessons and example his life has 
given the community. Of the many individuals here, who have been 
successful in business, there are few who have expended so little 
upon their own personal indulgences, and so much in behalf of other 
deserving objects, public and private. 



302 THE ELECTRO-CHRONOGRAPH. 

THE ELECTRO-CHRONOGRAPH. 
The invention of the electro-chronograph, by Professor Locke of 
our city, may be properly noticed in connection with Cincinnati. 
This instrument being an invention in an abstruse department of 
science, can with difficulty be made intelligible in a popular work 
like this. The invention has been fully recognized in the Report of 
the Superintendent of the United States coast survey to congress, in 
1848; by Congress itself; by the National Observatory; by the 
authors of the New Inventions in the United States, of 1849 ; and 
by Professor Loomis in his history of the recent improvements in 
Astronomy. The invention consists in such a combination of a 
suitable clock and electro-telegraph circuit, that the clock shall print 
its beats on paper or other material at the greatest distance to 
which telegraphic operations may be extended ; at the same time 
permitting an observer, at any part of the circuit, to interprint his ob- 
servations truly among the current time marks of the clock. Thus 
recording accurately and permanently the fraction of a second at which 
the event observed occurred. As often happens in similar cases, 
there has been some controversy. It has been represented that 
Prof. Locke had merely invented a new species of " electrical inter- 
rupter." Prof. Locke claims, however, to have invented the means, 
of accurately subdividing a second of time electro-telegraphically, 
and of making such a permanent record of this subdivision, by an 
observation, as greatly to improve the means of determining longi- 
tude, and accuracy of astronomical observations generally. This 
can be popularly understood by supposing that Dr. Locke had added 
a new hand to a clock, which would facilitate the subdivision and 
reading of a second into parts as much as the second-hand itself 
facilitates the accurate subdivision of a minute. The inventor did 
even more than this ; — he not only added, in effect, this new hand, 
but he made it indicate the subdivision of a second at any tele- 
graphic distance from the clock, and made it also record permanently 
that subdivision ; the kind of electrical interrupter by which this is 
accomplished, is not very material. The committee, in Congress, 
had, upon representations made to them, that "magnetic clocks" had 
been before invented, stricken out the proposed appropriation to the 
inventor ; but when they had satisfied themselves fully of the novelty 
and utility of the above improvement of the subdivision of the second 
of time, and the manner of recording the same, they restored it. 



BIOGRAPHY O. M. MITCHEL. 



303 



BIOGRAPHY — 0. M. MITCHEL. 

All men have a mission or destiny to fulfill, but all men have not 
the instinct to discern at the commencement of their business course, 
what that mission is. Happy the man who does not spend life, like 
Home Tooke, in finding out that he was fitted for anything at all, 
rather than for what he had been all that life employed at. It was 
the mission of Columbus to discover a new and important continent 
on this earth of ours — it is the destiny of Mitchel to explore the 
skies, and if he should never discover a new planet, his labors and 
achievements thus far, in astronomical science, will secure a posi- 
tion among savans, of infinitely higher consequence. 

O. M. Mitchel, was born in Union county, Kentucky, in July 
1810. His father and mother were Virginians, who had emigrated 
to the west in 1 800. His father died when the subject of this me- 
moir was but two years old, leaving no property but unproductive 
lands. In 1816, the family removed to Lebanon, Ohio; and young 
Mitchel, then seven years old, commenced his education at a school. 
He read Latin and Greek fluently, at the age of twelve, and at 
thirteen, commenced the world on his own account. He entered a 
store at Piqua, which he left on the score of bad treatment, and 
started for Cincinnati. On the way, he was engaged by a merchant 
at Lebanon, to assist, at four dollars per month, in a new store 
opening at Xenia. Here he remained six months, when the store 
was removed to Lebanon ; and here ended Mitchel's merchandising 
life. In 1825, he applied for, and through the assistance of Wm. 
McLean, member of Congress, for the Piqua district, Judge 
McLean, General Findley, and other members of Congress, from 
Ohio, obtained a cadet appointment at West Point. 

Young Mitchel, less than fifteen years old at this time, immedi- 
ately started off, in company with Indian traders — went with them 
to Upper Sandusky — thence forty miles through the wilderness, to 
Lower Sandusky, with an Indian guide ; thence to Sandusky city in 
a small sloop ; thence to Buffalo, deck passenger, on the old 
"Henry Clay;" thence on foot, with hunters, to Lockport; thence 
by canal, to Albany; and in June, 1825, reached West Point with 
a knapsack on his back, and twenty-five cents in his pocket. Here 
he studied, how assiduously, may be judged by his subsequent 
history, until June, 1829, when he graduated in the artillery corps. 

In September, 1 829, when only nineteen years of age, he received 



304 



BIOGRAPHY O. M. MITCHEL. 



the appointment of assistant professor of mathematics, at the United 
States Military Academy at West Point, the duties of which, kept 
him there two years. In June, 1831, he was employed in the sur- 
vey of the Philadelphia and Norristown railroad, and in the Sep- 
tember following he married, and took charge of the survey of 
the Pennsylvania and Ohio railroad, which was completed, and 
report made in November of the same year. He then went to his 
post at St. Augustine — Florida, where he remained until his resigna- 
tion, in June, 1832. In October, following, he came to Cincinnati, 
and engaged in the practice of the law, having been admitted to the 
bar in Florida. After practicing law for two years, in 1834, he 
opened a scientific school here, and in 1836, entered the Cincinnati 
College as professor of mathematics, philosophy, and astronomy. 
In 1837, he undertook the survey of the Little Miami railroad, 
which he finished and reported, and organized the company in six 
weeks. 

At the college, as professor of astronomy, Mitchel had found his 
appropriate sphere, and his exercises there, doubtless, prepared the 
way for his great enterprise, the establishment of an observatory, 
with appropriate instruments, at Cincinnati. This was apparently 
as wild a project as was ever entered into by enthusiast. There 
was no individual beside himself, that felt much interest in the sub- 
ject — no site or funds for the building, either in possession or in 
prospect. The whole public sentiment to sustain the enterprise had 
to be created, and thirty-two thousand dollars was the lowest figure 
required for the building and instruments. How all these means 
of accomplishing this great result were provided, may be discovered 
in the article in this volume, on the Observatory. Every man in 
this community, will confess, that the enterprise would have broken 
down in its every stage of progress, had Professor Mitchel with- 
drawn his hand, but for one day, from its prosecution and support. 

In June, 1 842, he went to Europe, and finished his studies with 
Professor Airy, astronomer royal, at Greenwich, England, and re- 
turned to Cincinnati, October, 1842. In 1845, the observatory 
building being finished, he took up his quarters there. His first 
observation was upon the transit of Mercury, May, 1 845. 

The attention of literary and scientific men at the east, being 
directed by these movements and results to the astronomical science 
of Cincinnati, Professor Mitchel has been repeatedly solicited to lec- 
ture, almost every year since, at intervals withdrawn from his obser- 



BIOGRAPHY O. M. MITCHEL. 305 

vations, in our principal Atlantic cities, and at the more important 
towns of New England. These lectures have always commanded 
crowded houses of intelligent and highly interested auditors. 

In October, 1848, he brought out his magnetic clock, and in the 
winter succeeding, surveyed the Ohio and Mississippi railroad, from 
Cincinnati to St. Louis. His new declination apparatus was invented, 
May, 1849. His first report on this machinery, was made to the 
American Association for the Advancement of Science, Aug., 1849, 
and his report of results, at its next annual session in August, 1850. 
A committee, of which Professor Pierce of Cambridge was chair- 
man, was appointed by that body to examine the apparatus, which 
reported that the claims made in its behalf, of accuracy and facility 
in recording observations, had been substantiated to the entire satis- 
faction of every member of the committee. This report was made 
to the association at its recent meeting in this city, and adopted 
without a dissenting voice, several of the members taking occasion 
to compliment the professor in the highest terms. 

Professor M. is engaged in prosecuting his astronomical labors 
with an intensity which is provoked by the important results 
which he feels are almost within his grasp, and to the acquisition of 
which, he has hitherto sacrificed offers of position and emolument 
elsewhere, more than adequate to his desires or his wants, and 
which few men in his circumstances, would have been able or will- 
ing to resist. Like all the distinguished men of the past, who have 
conferred honor on their places of birth or residence, but whose 
labors are undervalued or left unremunerated by those whom 
they most benefit, it will be the office of posterity to attest the value 
of those services to the cause of science, of which the envy of some, 
and the indifference of others, withholds the present acknowledg- 
ment. 

If hfe be spared him, a bright perspective of fame, if not fortune, 
assvi redly lies along the vista of the Professor's course. His motto 
fo>- *ho. future and for the past, will be, " Ich ersteige." 



30G CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY. 

CINCINNATI — ITS DESTINY. 

The law of gravitation or centralization — or as some designated 
it, the serial law, is now known to be one of the laws of nature. 
Formerly, "the major controls the minor," was a trite aphorism — 
regarded as almost an abstraction, and applicable to physical bodies 
only. The learned talked of it, especially astronomers, while des- 
canting upon the movements of the heavenly bodies, as a law of the 
solar system ; it was spoken of as the law under, and in pursuance 
of, which, natural forces operated, such as the winds, the electri- 
cal fluids, descending bodies, etc. ; but that it controlled, or affected 
in any manner, the results of artificial powers ; or that its influence 
extended beyond the physical world, is a discovery wholly of 
modern times. 

It is now known, that everything gravitates — that the larger con 
trols the smaller, and that just in proportion to its density, pondero- 
sity, and momentum — whether it be mentally, morally, or physi- 
cally, is the lesser affected by the greater ; and that when there is 
action — natural or artificial, it matters not — under the operations 
of this law will the greater influence control the lesser, exactly in the 
proportion they bear to each other. 

The evolvement of artificial motive power, and its subjugation to 
the human will, which is the achievement of modern times, has ele- 
vated this latent law of nature to a position of first importance. The 
astonishing results which the steam-engine, the railroad, and the 
telegraph, are producing upon the world and the human condition, 
are such as to lead us into the shadowy future, to inquire what 
other and more remarkable effects are to flow from these new and 
great causes, operating under this law. But the mind is startled 
and becomes lost in its contemplation — the utmost outstretch of 
human penetration is baffled in its efforts, to estimate what lies be- 
fore us in the immediate future. It is hardly possible even to 
approximate the result. Let us try it by analogy — a brief compari- 
son with the past. 

I ask to be indulged, only while I speculate upon the destinies of 
the western region of this continent, and more especially of our own 
city. Leaving the results to be produced, elsewhere, by the mighty 
agencies to which I have alluded to be investigated by others, my 
ambition will be satisfied, if I can, by analogy and comparison, fore- 
shadow some of the consequences which may occur to our own 



CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY. 307 

section and people, and realize in part, what the future has in store 
for us. 

Fifty years ago, where were we ? Five millions of people inhab- 
iting that tract of country, which lies between the eastern slope of 
the Alleghanies and the Atlantic ocean — with an occasional band 
of pioneers, who had scaled the mountains and cloven their way 
through the forests of the west, to some fair spots of earth on the 
margin of its streams, composed this nation. 

It is sufficient for my purpose, that I state the condition of the 
country and its people, at that period, thus briefly. A few scattered 
settlements — a military post here and there — two or three small vil- 
lages, of which this was one, surrounded by hostile savages, were 
all the lodgments which the white man had then made, in this now 
mighty region of the west. Many of the first settlers were soldiers; 
others had been led hither by the wild spirit of adventure, and a 
few, with their families, in pursuit of richer land. The suffering and 
privation which attended these early adventurers, are familiar his- 
tories in the families of their descendants. 

Nothing distinguished the period to which I am referring, from 
others which preceded it, save the daring of the enterprise. The 
same slow movements and stagnation which characterized earlier 
times, attended this ; the natural forces alone were operating ; 
nothing moved by any other power. 

Nations during preceding centuries had arisen, flourished and 
fell, scarcely crossing an imaginary boundary — cities were walled, 
and isolation and inertion marked the earth and its inhabitants, 
almost everywhere. What each produced each consumed; com- 
merce was hardly known ; a few crazy vessels on the sea, and cara- 
vans on the land, served all the purposes of trade. The mariner 
had no chart, and the muleteer no road; language, and laws, and 
customs, all differed ; nothing was homogeneous ; nations and people 
stood apart ; they were estranged ; their sympathies did not mingle, 
and hence they were enemies, and ravaged each others lands, and 
slew each other. 

But this is a digression ; let me return to the subject, and descend 
one decade of time. I have said that a little more of energy — of 
the spirit of adventure, which perhaps is a characteristic of our 
race, is all that distinguished the people and the period I was con- 
sidering from any others that preceded them. That was our condi- 
tion forty years ago. The interval exhibits progress according to the 



308 CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY. 

ordinary momentum. Comforts were provided under the instincts 
of necessity; the church, the school, the court-house, and the road, 
each appeared in its turn, and, having overcome the hardships of 
pioneer life, glowing accounts go back of happy western homes. 
Others are stimulated thereb} T , and the almost impassable road 
which traverses the mountain, is thronged with rude vehicles, cover- 
ing the household and worldly gear of the new adventurous emi- 
grant. Having reached the river, his own hands construct the 
bark with which he and his descend it, to his future home ; slowly, 
wearily, expensively, the journey is made. 

An infant commerce has sprung up, which was floated on the ark, 
the keel, and the barge, the history of which, is familiar to us all. 

The genius of Bolton and Watt, had evolved the new motive 
power of steam, and this is the period at which Fitch, and Rumsay, 
and Fulton, had commenced applying it to its great use, but so im- 
perfectly, that confidence in its success, was slowly and reluctantly 
yielded. A single steamer during that year, announced the mighty 
achievement to this vast western region. 

Another decade — thirty years ago, where were we then ? This is 
the period which dates an era. The magic influence of steam had 
been felt, and everywhere acknowledged. New life, new energy, 
new hope, new vitality, new action, were everywhere visible. The 
settlements were no longer isolated. There was the mill, the fac- 
tory, the forge ; all bore testimony to the new vivifying principle ; 
but its great use in the west, was vindicated by the cheapened cost 
and expedition of locomotion and transportation — we had subdued 
the rivers and lakes, and made them subservient to our will ; but 
looking east, there stood the frowning Alleghanies. 

Let us come down another period, and then look. Twenty years 
ago — ah ! there is the stage coach and ponderous Conestoga wagon, 
rolling over the scientifically built turnpike ; there waves the rich 
harvest in the west where the forest waved ten years before ; there 
rises the stately mansion, where the primitive cabin stood ; there the 
opulent city, once the village site ; and mark the fleets of noble 
steamers, which swarm our lakes and rivers. 

But descend with me again — ten years ago — and where ? why, 
we had risen to the rank of a mighty people, doubling in number 
the entire population when the nation sprang into being. Our voice 
was heard with attention in the halls of national legislation. The 
tide of emigration, at first feeble and slow, had now swollen and 



CINCINNATI ITS DESTINT. 309 

was rolling toward us in a mighty volume. The news of our won- 
drous march had gone booming across the water to the old world, 
and had stirred the nations ; like bees, they had swarmed, and were 
emigrating. Our giant strides had astonished our eastern brethren, 
and they were reaching out their hands in friendly salutations. 
Turnpikes and canals were stretched out toward us, from all direc- 
tions, with tenders of intercommunication and traffic. At a bound, 
we covered the land with population, from river to lake, and from 
lake to river. Instead of struggling feebly toward the west, as we 
had struggled to this point, by adding settlement to settlement, and 
county to county, we marshaled into line by platoons of states. 

But we must pass the last decade, and then pause and meditate. 
Where are we now? 

The chief feature which distinguishes this period from others 
which preceded it, is the clear development of that law of gravita- 
tion to which I have referred, and of the operation of the new forces 
under it, which, the last decade has principally introduced. It will 
probably be known in coming time, as the railroad and telegraph period. 
Although the locomotive had been partially in use before, yet the 
full development of its capacity and uses, which has been chiefly 
achieved in this, will probably assign it as the one to which it pro- 
perly belongs. Its claim to the telegraph is exclusive and undoubted. 

It is a very difficult task to classify the various influences which 
mold and fashion the human condition; and it becomes doubly 
difficult when these influences themselves change, grow greater or 
less, or are disturbed by the introduction of new influences not in 
use before. The law of these influences can, perhaps, be made most 
clear by exhibiting the results of their operation, as far as they have 
appeared. Man, by nature, is a gregarious creature ; but in the 
settlement of new countries, necessity and stronger instincts control 
this natural law ; the desire for better land or health, or more com- 
fortable provision for offspring, often draws him away from social 
comforts, and plants him in the wilderness. It was thus, that settle- 
ments were first made in this region of the west — isolation and dis- 
persion characterized them ; while under the pressure of more 
urgent wants, the emigrant felt not the discomfort of solitude ; but 
soon these were provided for, and he longed for social intercourse. 
Provision for this, exhibits the operations of natural forces under 
the serial law. The village is the nucleus, and results from neces- 
sity ; this groivs naturally in the middle of the settlement, each one 
26 



310 CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY. 

making his own road thereto. First comes the blacksmith, then the 
wheelwright, then the flouring-mill, then the carding machine, 
then the store, then the tavern, the church, &c, until its outline is 
completed ; and there stands the village ; and thus grow other vil- 
lages in other settlements ; it is the first circle in the serial law. 
Then these settlements desire intercourse one with another, so a 
road is made from village to village ; but one improves faster than 
the others, some local advantage is the cause ; then all the other 
villages construct their roads to it, and this makes the second 
circle. But among these villages of larger growth, one better situ- 
ated than the rest advances with more rapidity, and the city soon 
stands in the centre of the third circle. Now, I pretend not to 
say, that this is the process of development always in a new country ; 
I simply declare it to be the law, always more or less affected by 
neutralizing or counteracting forces. 

Too much space is consumed, perhaps, in these details, but they 
illustrate a principle ; the commercial, the monetary, and the social 
systems are controlled by the same law ; they all operate in circles ; 
and to save further time in elaboration, the reader is trusted, to run 
out the parallel. 

We now come to the great disturbing forces, which have come 
into use within the past ten years, the railroad and the telegraph. 
Measuring by time, we are nearer to Boston now than we were to 
Columbus, in this state, at the latter period ; this is the difference in 
actual locomotion, measuring by time ; and as to mental communica- 
ation, it is now instantaneous, whereas at that time, the process con- 
sumed many days. These are the first great results which strike us — 
the almost entire annihilation of space by the one, and of time by the 
other. — In the one case the circle is widened in proportion as the dis- 
tance from this to Columbus bears to the distance from this to Boston ; 
while in the other, it is blotted out altogether, and the circle inde- 
finitely widened or as far as the wires extend. The entire relation- 
ships of the country — its business, its monetary operations, its social 
intercourse, its values and productions, — even its fashions and tastes — 
if not wholly revolutionized, are very greatly changed. A bushel 
of wheat is worth more to-day, on the land which produces it, in the 
centre of Ohio, by fifty per cent., than the same article was worth, 
relatively, at the same point ten years ago. This is the case now — 
and with reference to social intercourse, thirty years ago an indivi- 
dual in Boston, designing to visit Cincinnati, arranged his business 



CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY. 311 

and took leave of his friends, preparatory to making a long and 
fatiguing journey ; while now he deems it scarcely of sufficient 
importance to mention such a trip, even to his family. 

It is not possible to estimate with entire accuracy the ultimate 
effects which the new influences we are considering, are to produce 
on our condition. We can, as I have said, only approximate them. 
Their introduction into our region is so recent, and the effects so few, 
that reliable conclusions cannot be drawn therefrom. By applying 
the law of the circles, we may be much aided in our conclusions. I 
have shown that with reference to that main element, time, the 
circle is extended so as to embrace Boston, that reached but to 
Columbus before. 

The railroad is a costly structure, and therefore, unsuited to the 
isolated neighborhood — its true and legitimate use is the ex- 
tended trunk line between great points, furnishing large amounts of 
travel and transportation. In the first experiments with this 
medium of intercommunication, efforts were made to bend and 
mold it so as to suit existing interests ; but the instincts of capital 
soon discovered that the advantages of straight lines and easy 
grades, more than counterbalanced any which could be furnished 
by the way-side ; so local interests are left at this time to adjust 
themselves to the new and more important interests. This seriously 
disturbs and interferes with the neighborhood village interests. 
The first circles may be said to be almost broken up, and their 
weight and influence, in business points of view, transferred to the 
intersection points, or termini of the great lines ; where the railroad 
is in more extended use than here, this effect is much more apparent. 
But while this effect is produced on the neighborhood village, 
another class is found to start into successful and rapid existence, 
the centralizing tendency of the railroad, which brings large cities 
into being, carries along with it the suburban town, and the manu- 
facturing village. It classifies the uses of things. The cheap- 
ness and rapidity of locomotion brings the homes of people ten, 
twenty, or thirty miles away from their business, as close as they 
were, by former modes of locomotion, at one or two, — and the pro- 
ducts of the workshops at Lowell are as near the sale-room in Boston 
now, as they formerly were at Chelsea or Cambridge, although the 
first is forty miles away, and the others but two or three. 

The large cities of the east and south have been and are still 
engaged in a vigorous struggle for the business of the west. The 



312 CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY. 

utmost ability of each lias been, and is, at this moment being 
exerted in the construction of trunk lines of railroad of the best 
class reaching toward the western valley. This is being done 
under the influence of the serial law ; each city is aiming to extend 
the circle of its business and influence, and each is achieving it. 
They are competing cities of the same grade of circles. The next 
circle beyond is a central city — a city which shall have all these cities as 
satellites or outposts — Where shall that city stand? Will my reader 
take a map, and trace with me the lines of the great trunk roads, as 
they will appear upon it ? In the first place, if he will trace the 
coast-line from Boston to New Orleans, he will find that cutting 
across the Florida peninsula, it forms a crescent or semicircle. The 
road lying highest north, which touches Buffalo, may be denominated 
the Boston road, and comes first. This road, which has been some 
time in operation, has produced important results, although, for the 
want of competition, not those of speed and cheap transportation, it 
possesses the ability to yield. Then comes the New York and Erie ; 
a magnificent work, just about being put into use. These roads con- 
nect with the Cleveland and Sandusky roads, reaching to Cincinnati 
by a short lake navigation — soon to be superseded by a direct con- 
nection along the lake shore. Next south, we have the Philadelphia 
road, stretching west, and connecting, — about November next, — 
with the Cleveland, at Gallion, some sixty miles south of Cleveland. 
Then comes the Baltimore road, to be completed during the ensuing- 
year, to connect w r ith this city, in almost a direct line, and without 
any water connection, by way of Belpre, in this state. 

Let us pause here, and examine the probable effects of these four 
lines of communication. Here are four trunk roads each terminat- 
ing at a great commercial point on the Atlantic sea-board. Now, 
leaving out of view the termini, here are four competitors for busi- 
ness, lying so far apart, and running through such distant districts 
of country, that a union of their interests, for the purpose of a 
monopoly, would seem totally out of the question. The manner of 
their construction forbids it ; individual, corporate, and state interests 
are so interwoven, that a union for that purpose seems impossible. 
But then come in the cities which lie at the eastern termini — these 
cities have contributed largely in the construction of these works ; 
their outlays were made — not for the revenues which the roads 
might yield, but for the purpose of securing business. Is there 
then, I ask, any possibility of a union, for the purpose of monopoly ? 



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CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY. 313 

Then what will be the effect upon transportation and travel ? I 
confidently predict that within live years — certainly within ten — 
passengers will be transported from Cincinnati to the Atlantic sea- 
board, and vice versa, for the sum of five dollars, and merchandise 
in the same proportion ; and if the business of the road will not jus- 
tify these reductions, the deficiency will be supplied by the cities at 
which they terminate. The next effect will be a general reduction 
on the margin of profit in commercial operations — a system of cut- 
under, will be pursued between the several eastern cities, until each 
will find its interest served by going nearer to the market of consump- 
tion of their wares with branch commercial houses. A new distri- 
buting point will be established, where their customers can resort, 
and save a journey to the east. 

The next, or a cotemporaneous result, will be a reduction of the 
margin of profit to the manufacturing interest ; indeed, at this time 
this effect is being rapidly evolved ; competition does it. Ingenuity 
is at this time most effectively stimulated in the development of new 
principles in mechanics and chemistry ; — daily and hourly almost, 
are new inventions being displayed, throwing out of use old 
machinery, and old modes of combination — the economies of the 
workshop — the close working of material — the methodizing of 
labor — and the perfecting of skill, by assigning to the operative a 
distinct part of the work — all at this time are operating to cheapen 
the cost of production down to its lowest possible point. A Yankee 
clock is now produced for sixty cents, that formerly cost three 
dollars ; and Collins produces a better axe, to day, for seventy cents, 
than he previously did for a dollar and a half. When a point is 
reached, below which the producer cannot go, and live, what is the 
next move ? — He must seek cheaper food — expenses must be les- 
sened. — How is this to be done? — By going where the food is 
produced, and thus saving the cost of its transportation. The 
operative must emigrate, and now he can emigrate, for the cost of 
locomotion has declined as his labor has declined in value. The 
beginning of this movement shuts up nearly all the workshops of 
New England ; for a margin of profit here, which leaves none there, 
will oblige all to emigrate whether willing or not, or give up the 
business. 

The next great effect will be, the general up-rising of the labor 
class in agriculture — the tenant farmers at the east. The federal 
government promises cheap land soon ; indeed, its enactments 



114 



CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY 



already make it cheap ; one hundred dollars now buys as much land 
as two did formerly, and the prospect is, that it will still be less. 
What is the difference, intrinsically, between the yalue of land in 
this valley, and land of the same quality, east of the Alleghenies ? — 
I can see none, but the cost of placing its surplus product at the 
same shipping point with the product of eastern land. Will the 
population then, not emigrate, if the land costs fifty dollars in the 
one section, and fifty cents in the other ? cheap food is the great 
human want and this is the cereal region. Is it extravagant to say 
that under the influences which soon will conspire to invite settlers 
to our western lands, that this valley will contain twenty millions of 
inhabitants at the end of the next decade ? 

But let us take up the map again — other railroads from the 
Atlantic shore, point in this direction, and others again from the 
Gulf of Mexico. A road from Charleston, already penetrates the 
interior, until it passes the south-western boundary of South Carolina ; 
so also does one leading from Savannah in Georgia ; these roads 
connect and form the Chattanooga ; which at this moment is being 
finished rapidly in the direction toward Knoxville and Nashville ; 
both will probably be completed within the ensuing eighteen months. 
Then there is the road from Mobile to Cairo, at the junction of the 
Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and thence to Chicago, to which alter- 
nate sections of land, three sections deep on each side, have been 
dedicated by the general government. One section of this road is 
already contracted to be built, and the probabilities are that the 
others soon will be. Then there is the New Orleans road, by way 
of Jackson, Mississippi, and Florence, Alabama, in the direction of 
Nashville — a donation of land similar to that made to the Mobile 
and Chicago road, has been asked for this from the general govern- 
ment, and will be granted, probably, at the next session of Congress, 
which will undoubtedly secure its construction. Then there is the 
St. Marks road, leading from Apalachicola in Florida, which 
crosses the western section of that state, and leads up through 
western Georgia ; a similar grant of land is asked for this, and will 
undoubtedly be made. Then there is the road from Memphis, 
leading in a north-easterly direction through the southern tier of 
counties in Tennessee, in the direction of Abingdon in Virginia — and 
points one branch by way of the valley of Shenandoah to Harper's 
Ferry, and another toward Richmond and Norfolk. A large portion 
of this line is under contract and progressing with great rapidity 



CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY. 315 

toward completion. This road crosses all the roads I have enume- 
rated, which point from the south and south-west in this direction. 
A road is now in process of construction from this point to Lexing- 
ton, in Kentucky, and another from the latter point to Danville, in 
the direct line to Knoxville, leaving, perhaps, one hundred miles to 
make the connection between those two points ; another line is also 
in process of construction from Nashville to Louisville, by way of 
Bowling Green, leaving a hiatus of probably one hundred and twenty 
miles to connect Bowling Green with Lexington — but say that this 
connection shall not be made — we still have railroad connection with 
Louisville by two routes, the one by way of Lexington and Frankfort, 
the other by way of the Jeffersonville road, running to the Ohio 
and Mississippi road. 

We will pause again, and take another survey. Here are six 
more great trunk roads ; three leading from the Atlantic sea-board, 
and three from the Gulf of Mexico, all pointing toward this city, 
from Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, St. Marks, Mobile, and New 
Orleans. When these roads are completed, we shall be in connec- 
tion with each of these points, by two days of travel. It is well 
known that the sea-board cities of the south and south-west, have 
not given up the contest for at least a portion of the foreign com- 
merce. They say, and say truly, that their region furnishes much 
the largest portion of the export trade of the nation, and that the 
import trade has been diverted from them by causes which are yet 
entirely within their control. Ship building has been carried on 
principally at the north, while the south furnishes the material. The 
north has been most active in penetrating the interior with thorough- 
fares, while the south possesses the same facilities for doing so, but 
has not. The south has been lulled into security by her reliance 
on natural thoroughfares ; she has now awoke, and is preparing to 
resume the contest. Already do we hear of lines of ocean steamers, 
from Norfolk, Charleston, and Savannah, to ply between those cities 
and some of the ports of Europe. While New Orleans now enjoys, 
and will doubtless continue to enjoy, much the largest portion of the 
Gulf, the West India, and the South American trade. 

The cities of Norfolk, Charleston, and Savannah, were they pro- 
vided with suitable inland connections, would undoubtedly enjoy 
many advantages over cities situated farther north, in conducting a 
European commerce. In addition to furnishing the largest propor- 
tion of our exports, they have the advantage of a milder climate, 



316 CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY. 

enabling the sea voyager to reach their ports during the inclement 
winter months in greater safety. Railroad connections through to the 
cereal reo-ion of the free states, at the same charge for fare, as by the 
northern routes, would undoubtedly, through the inclement months 
of the year, at least, secure a vast amount of the emigrant travel 
from Europe. The reason of this, is plain — the tonnage required to 
transport the cotton, tobacco, etc., from the Atlantic planting states, 
now comes in, in ballast; whatever, therefore, could be added from 
this source, would be net gain. Will not, then, these roads from 
the south and south-west, be pushed through to their legitimate 
termini, with all possible expedition ; and will they not, when so 
completed, engage at once, in the contest for western business ? 

Another inducement, to push with energy these works to com- 
pletion, is found in the facilities they would afford the south and 
south-west, in the procurement of the supplies which they now 
derive by circuitous routes from this region, and the readiness with 
which they could return us their raw material to be worked up in 
our manufacturing establishments. The advantages to both sec- 
tions, that would result, are of an importance difficult to estimate. — 
Contemplate, for a moment, the new facilities and vast increase 
of business that must result, from a connection with this great web- 
work of southern railroads. Ours is a climate in which the human 
energies can be employed for the longest period of the year, per- 
haps, with the least exhaustion of any other on the continent ; where 
the highest average health is enjoyed ; it possesses an almost un- 
limited amount of natural motive power ; it is the centre of one of 
the best mineral regions on the globe, with inexhaustible coal-fields; 
it is the region where subsistence is produced in the greatest abun- 
dance, perfection, and variety, and where every element of raw 
material is found in the greatest abundance. Is it too much, then, 
to say, that for manufacturing purposes of every variety, it has not 
its superior, if equal, at any point on the face of the globe ? Will 
the southern region, then, not be greatly benefited by being enabled 
to procure their implements, their subsistence, and all other neces- 
sary supplies by these expeditions and economical avenues ? And 
will not this region, also, find its interests greatly benefited by this 
new market for the products of its labor, as well as in the cheapened 
cost at which it can derive that important raw material, cotton ? 

But the effect of greatest magnitude, by far, — the one that 
shall startle both sections of the country, when it shall come 



CINCINNATI ITS DESTIN7. 317 

into use, as in my judgment, it certainly will, remains yet to be 
considered. 

I have undertaken to show, and think I have shown, that the 
influx of population to engage in agriculture in the western region, 
owing to the cheap land and cheap locomotion, will be sudden and 
vast — beyond the ability of the most sagacious to estimate, so soon 
as the causes which I have enumerated, shall be in full operation. 
Instead of coming by thousands, as they now do, they will then come 
by tens of thousands. 

The time consumed in seeding, tending, and harvesting the cereal 
crops, embraces but about half the year; if not in idleness then 
during the remainder of it, the laborer has to seek other employ- 
ment than on the land. The grain crop is sown and gathered, 
during the months of April, May, June, July, August, September, 
and part of October; this includes corn. The cotton crop is seeded 
in the spring, and gathered during the late fall and winter months. 
Now let the great reduction take place, which I predict in the cost 
of locomotion ; let the passage between this and the city of Charles- 
ton come down, as I predict it will, to five dollars, and to interme- 
diate points in the same proportion ; and let the time consumed in 
the trip be within my estimate, say thirty-six hours to Charleston, 
who will gather the cotton crop ? What becomes of slavery and 
slave labor, when these northern hordes shall descend upon the fair 
fields of the sunny south? No conflict, no interference with south- 
ern institutions need be apprehended ; the unemployed northern 
laborer will simply underwork the slave during the winter months, 
and when the crop is gathered, return to his home. It is known 
that the labor required to gather the cotton crop, as compared with 
that to plant and tend, is, as about four to one; that is, one man 
can plant and tend as much as four will pick. Let half a million or 
a million of men pass over a railroad twice a year for this purpose, 
even at a cheap rate of fare, what an item of revenue does it fur- 
nish. The English harvest is generally gathered by Irish laborers, 
many hundred thousands of whom, cross the channel annually for 
that purpose. 

Let us return once more to the map. 

We have yet to show what part the great west and north-west 
have to perform in this centralizing operation. The first road which 
claims our attention, is the Ohio and Mississippi, leading from here 
to St. Louis, and indefinitely bevond. This is the trunk road com- 



318 CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY. 

mencing at Baltimore, and stretching on the same line of latitude 
across toward the west through Cincinnati, which I regard as the 
most important on the continent. I do not anticipate with much 
confidence, the speedy realization of Mr. Whitney's project, which 
is to pass the commerce of Asia and Europe across this continent, 
somewhere about this line of latitude ; but I do expect that some line 
of communication by railroad, will be gradually constructed toward 
the Pacific Ocean, by the way of El Paso del Norte ; and I quite 
incline to the opinion, that this will be that road. I think so, for 
the reason, that El Paso is said to be the only practicable pass of 
the mountain, and that this appears to be the only practicable road 
between this and that point. St. Louis thinks so, and has com- 
menced the work be} T ond her. But leaving out of view anything 
beyond St. Louis, it is a vastly important road, the most so, perhaps, 
of any in the west. It must concentrate an amount of business to 
pass over it — and for a time, probably, through this city, of astonishing 
magnitude. Beside the through business, it must tap the river 
travel at Cairo, and pass it entire almost over this line. This single 
item, according to the estimate of good judges, will pay ten per 
cent., upon the entire cost of the work. Fifteen hours, will be the 
probable time between St. Louis and Cincinnati. In the direction 
of the north-west from this city, we have three lines pointing ; two 
of which, are already far advanced toward completion, to wit : the 
one by way of Lawrenceburgh to Indianapolis ; the other, by way 
of Hamilton, Eaton, and Richmond. From Indianapolis, branch 
roads radiate to the west, north, and north-west, so as to pass to 
and over almost every important region in those directions, upon 
many of which, the work of construction is rapidly progressing. 
One points to Michigan City, lying on the south-eastern bend of 
Lake Michigan, and another to Chicago, on the south-western, 
while others reach west in the direction of Alton and Rock Island, 
on the Mississippi. From Chicago, a road is far advanced toward 
completion, in the direction of Galena and Dubuque, the greatest 
lead region of the world, perhaps, and another to Milwaukie, on the 
western shore of Lake Michigan. That this latter road will be 
made, I regard as certain ; because it is absolutely necessary, and 
its further extension in the direction of the north-west, until it shall 
strike the copper region on the southern shore of Lake Superior, I 
regard as equally certain, for the same sufficient reason. In the 
first place, it will be observed, that this great section of our country. 



CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY. 319 

is situated in a high northern latitude, and that having no mode of 
communicating other than by water, it is ice-bound for a large por- 
tion of the year, and navigation necessarily suspended. The people 
west of Lake Michigan, of Upper Michigan, of Wisconsin, of Iowa, 
and Northern Illinois, embracing one of the finest grain and mineral 
regions on the continent, are isolated — totally cut off from all com- 
munication with other portions of the country, for at least five 
months of the year, owing to this cause ; and the only practicable 
connection which can be made, either with the east or south, is by 
passing around the southern bend of Lake Michigan. Lakes cannot 
be crossed by railroads ; you must go round them. The people of 
the eastern cities have long had their eyes on this very important 
fact, and hence their efforts to reach Chicago, by way of the Erie 
lake shore, and across the peninsula of Michigan, with their rail- 
roads. But we are as nearly ready to connect with Chicago as 
they; and when these connections are made, what direction will 
business take? In the first place, we are in the enjoyment of a 
clear margin, of at least, half a cent per pound, over our eastern 
neighbors, on all necessaries of southern production, such as sugar, 
molasses, coffee, etc., which are required in the region we are con- 
sidering. The cost of placing those articles on our landing, by way 
of the river, when we shall have the impediment removed from the 
navigation at the Falls of the Ohio, which will allow a suitable class 
of boats to navigate our southern waters, will not exceed fifteen 
cents per hundred, and the cost, hence, to the lake, by canal or 
railroad, will not exceed twenty cents. Now the cost on the same 
articles for transportation, delivered at the city of New York, coast- 
wise, will be fully that sum ; say thirty-five cents per hundred, and 
the transportation to the shore of Erie and Michigan, are yet to be 
provided for, which cannot certainly be less than fifty cents per hun- 
dred. These articles are the leaders, as they are called, in com- 
mercial transactions, with the west. Then there is our iron, glass, 
machinery implements, utensils, etc., all furnished at this point, 
cheaper than from the east, with an extensive market for the pro- 
ducts of this north-western region. I ask, then, where will the 
trade go ? 

I now bring my survey of the railroad influences — those which 
now exist, and those in prospect — which are so materially to affect 
the destinies of Cincinnati, to a close. Had time and space allowed, 
many others, as well as other radiating points, would have been 



320 CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY. 

passed in review ; but as I have said, the reader is trusted to trace 
and apply their influence. 

This examination exhibits fourteen great trunk roads, radiating to 
every point of the compass, and each one terminating at either a great 
commercial point on the sea-board, or in a mineral or agricultural re- 
gion, with all their influences converging to this centre. Our river con- 
nections, canals, and turnpikes, are not embraced, they being in use 
before. Nor have I alluded to the scientific, the social, the artistic, 
or the philanthropic influences, all of which operate under the same law 
of the spheres, in circles rising to the climax, which must centralize 
somewhere ; and the political, monetary, and commercial so imper- 
fectly, that I fear their weight in the scale, will not be appreciated. 
The great cities of the old world were the growth of centuries, each 
under the influence of some great, but sluggish force. Vienna, Berlin, 
and St. Petersburg, are forced cities, built under the iron rule of des- 
potism, to decay, doubtlessly, upon the overthrow of arbitrary power. 
Fashion and taste, combined with national pride, built Paris. " Paris 
is France," because France yields everything for her greatness. 
Diplomacy, backed by the navies of England, built London. The 
statesmanship which centralized there, became the arbiter in con- 
tinental quarrels, and constituted her the highest point of political 
influence ; and capital, which is always timid, took shelter under the 
double guarantee of her political wisdom and physical power. This 
capital has so aggregated, that it controls the world's monetary 
affairs, and now defies all the influences which threaten London. 
And New York — what built her? without doubt, it was her com- 
merce — carried on mainly through foreign agencies. The legitimate 
imports of a country, are made by cities lying nearest the consumers ; 
but the forced trade, that is, the portion which comes not upon order, 
but is the unsold stock of the manufacturer, to be forced without 
]i m it — o-oes to the most noted sale point. New York had been made 
so before, by being the factor for New England ; and hence the cen- 
tralization of foreign agencies at that point ; but when a more cen- 
tral distributing point oners, where go these agencies ? But I think 
I have said enough to show that Cincinnati is the grand centre of 
the United States, not geographically, perhaps, but the centre of the 
forces and influences, which, when readjusted after the introduction 
of the great disturbing cause, the railroad, must settle and deter- 
mine the destiny and relative position of the various cities or centres. 
which are now struggling for supreme ascendency on this continent. 



BIOGRAPHY GEORGE W. NBFF. 321 

BIOGRAPHY-GEORGE W. NEPf. 
George W. Neff, was born at Frankford, a village near Phila- 
delphia, on the 19th day of May, 1800. He was the youngest 
son of Peter and Rebecca Neff, and lost his father when only 
four years of age, and was left under the care of a pious mother, 
who early instilled into his mind, those principles of religious 
truth, which ripened into fruit of later years. At the village 
school he was instructed in the rudiments of a plain English educa- 
tion, and when twelve years of age, was sent to Basking Ridge, 
New Jersey, where he remained for several years, in the family of 
Mr. Southard, father of the late Hon. Samuel L. Southard, whose 
kindness made a lasting impression on his heart, and whose memory 
he ever cherished with filial regard. Mr. Finley, afterward the 
Rev. Dr. Finley, had charge of the academy at Basking Ridge, and 
fitted young Neff for the junior class at Nassau Hall, Princeton, 
New Jersey, which he entered in 1816, and where he graduated 
with distinguished honor in 1818, in the largest class that had ever 
passed through the college. He was also a member of the " Clio" 
society, which presented him with a gold medal, on his retiring. 
Soon after he left the college, he commenced the study of the law, 
with the Hon. Horace Binney, in Philadelphia, and was admitted 
to practice in 1821, and attended to the duties of his profession in 
Philadelphia, for three years, exhibiting talents, that in due time 
would have won for him a proud position as an advocate. More 
alluring prospects of wealth, were presented to him in the west, 
where his brothers were about establishing a mercantile firm. He 
became a partner with them in trade, and in 1824, removed to this 
city, where he resided during the remainder of his life. His public 
spirit and enterprising benevolence, became soon manifest, and every 
judicious project for the improvement of the city, found in him a 
warm friend and zealous advocate. 

He founded the present fire department of the city; was the ori- 
ginator of the fire association, and its first president; and was the 

first president of the Independent Fire Engine and Hose Co. 

Rovers — also of Independent Fire Co., No. 2. 

He was the first president of the Little Miami Railroad Co. He 
drew up the charter of the Fireman's Insurance Co., and had it 
passed ; and was the president from its foundation, until his death. 
He was for many years a director in the Lafayette bank; w^as pre- 



322 



BIOGRAPHY GEORGE W. NEFF. 



sident of the city council for a series of years, and took a warm in- 
terest in the various plans formed from time to time, for increasing 
the business and developing the resources of Cincinnati. 

Deliberate in forming an opinion, he was not backward in avow- 
ing it ; firm in maintaining his sentiments, he had the ability to pre- 
sent his thoughts in the most striking manner to the minds of others. 

He was for many years, and until his death, a trustee in Lane 
Seminary, at Walnut Hills. He aided greatly in establishing Spring 
Grove cemetery. About three years before his death, a severe ill- 
ness gave a shock to his system, from which, he never entirely 
recovered ; although his health was tolerably good until a few 
months prior to his death, a severe attack of jaundice terminated 
in dropsy, and after an illness of about five months, the latter part 
of it at the Yellow Springs, in this State, he departed this life, on 
the 9th of August, 1850. His remains were brought to the city, 
and, although, at a time, when there was so much sickness, that 
nearly all his intimate friends were absent from Cincinnati, his 
funeral was one of the largest that our city has ever witnessed, the 
firemen all turning out, and on a very short notice ; and having their 
different alarm bells tolled during the procession. His remains were 
deposited in Spring Grove cemetery, where he had a beautiful lot. 

The " Independent Fire Co.," as a testimony of respect, appointed 
a committee, and had a lithograph likeness taken from a daguerreo- 
type. These portraits are the basis of that which may be found in 
this volume. 



SHIP BUILDING ON THE OHIO. 

There has always been more or less, ship and steamboat building 
and finishing- here : but this business involves large disbursements 
in advance ; and a deficiency, at Cincinnati, of bank capital and 
bank accommodations, which exist abundantly at other places, has 
induced many steamboat owners to build elsewhere. On these 
accounts, we are not building and finishing as many steamboats as 
in former years ; but the construction and equipment of ship vessels, 
which had been commenced years ago, at Marietta and other 
points, seems likely to become a permanent, and finally, an extensive 
business, at this, and some other points on the Ohio. 

Within the last six years, the barque Muskingum, burthen 350 



SHIP BUILDING ON THE OHIO. 323 

tons, was built at Marietta, and being loaded at Cincinnati, made 
a voyage to Liverpool. Her arrival there was thus noticed in the 
Liverpool Times, of the 30th January, 1845: 

"Arrival direct from Cincinnati. — We have received a file of Cin- 
cinnati papers, brought by the first vessel that ever cleared out at 
that city for Europe. The building of a vessel of 350 tons, on a 
river seventeen hundred miles from the sea, is itself a very remark- 
able circumstance, both as a proof of the magnificence of the American 
rivers, and the spirit of the American people. The navigating of 
such a vessel doAvn the Ohio and the Mississippi, and then across 
the Atlantic, would, a few years ago, have been thought impossible. 
She brings a cargo of provisions ; and we trust, that the success of 
this first adventure, will be such as to encourage its frequent repe- 
tition. The name of the vessel is the Muskingum." 

The building of the Muskingum was followed by that of various 
others; and John Swasey, of the firm of J. Swasey & Co., a public 
spirited citizen here, has taken a deep interest in, and as rank a 
hold of this subject, as any individual can do, whose active capital 
is embarked in other business pursuits. The following letter was 
written by that firm, in answer to inquiries made of them by the 
author of "Cincinnati in 1851," and affords an intelligent view of 
this enterprise, so deeply interesting to the west. 

" In regard to the building of sea-going vessels at this point — 
Cincinnati — our experience convinces us that the business can be 
carried on here to as good advantage as in any of the eastern cities, 
and at less cost than vessels of equal quality can be built anywhere 
on the sea-board. Within the last eighteen months, we have built 
and completed three vessels; one full-rigged brig, the Louisa, of 
200 tons, and two barques, the John Swasey and Salem, of 300 and 
350 tons, measurement burthen. The Louisa and John Swasey 
took in full cargoes at this port for Salem and Boston, proceeded 
down the river, in tow of Steamers, for New Orleans, with battened 
hatches and royal masts on end, and put right out to sea, stopping 
at New Orleans only long enough to bend sails and ship a crew. 
These craft have proved themselves fine vessels and fast sailers. 
The Louisa lately returned to Salem from a six months' trading 
voyage to the west coast of Africa; and the Captain reports her 
sailing and weather qualities to be of the highest order. The last 
named vessel, the Salem, which was launched about a month ago, 
left this port light, in the expectation of being able to procure, at 



32-1 SHIP BUILDING ON THE OHIO. 

New Orleans, a profitable freight, for California, eastern ports, or 
Europe. Three years ago, we built at Marietta, on the Muskingum, 
chooners, the Grace Darling and Ohio, of 150 tons burthen; 
both of these vessels Ave loaded at this port, with provisions and 
other produce for Salem. These vessels have ever since been engaged 
in the African trade, and are in no respect behind any vessels 
of their class. About three years ago the Minnesota, a ship of 850 
tons burthen, was built at this place, for Captain Deshon, of New 
Orleans, by Messrs. Litherbury & Co. She was intended for the 
cotton carrying trade, but has since made several voyages to differ- 
ent parts of the world, and proved herself a good ship. We are 
now getting out the timber for another ship of 350 tons, to be built 
at Covington, and ready to launch in the early part of next fall. 
The timber for this vessel we procure from the neighborhood of 
Point Pleasant, on the Kanawha. 

" There is nothing to prevent vessels built on the Ohio river, being 
equal in every respect of material, model, construction, &c, to 
vessels built in any of the eastern cities, or elsewhere. The princi- 
pal advantage we have, consists in the abundance of excellent oak 
timber, with which the country on both sides of the Ohio abounds ; 
and an incidental advantage in the certainty of being able to obtain, 
at this place, a full cargo of provisions, breadstuff's, &c, for eastern 
ports or Europe, at any time during the winter season. 

" The disadvantages consist in the obstruction to navigation at the 
Falls of the Ohio, and in being able to get out when loaded, only at 
high stages of the river. There are other minor disadvantages, 
which, as the business increases, will be clone away with altogether, 
such as being obliged to procure from the east, a number of articles 
necessary in the full equipment of the vessels." 

Eastern ship-builders are also becoming interested in this subject. 
In a letter dated from this city to his friends at home, a practical 
ship-builder from the state of Maine, says, — "I have now been en- 
gaged in ship building, upon the margin of the Ohio river, for the 
last two years. I have built two barques and a brig, and have 
another on the stocks. I find timber abundant, of good quality, of 
easy access, and the cost not one-fourth of New York prices ; copper, 
iron, and cordage, at eastern prices — rents and boarding, far below. 
Ship plank, worth forty dollars per thousand in New York, are placed 
upon the banks of the Ohio from five to eight dollars. Floor timbers, 
worth in New York forty-five cents per cubic foot, are here furnished 





^^V_^^_^A^ 




SHIP BUILDING ON THE OHIO NEW PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 325 

for seven to ten cents ; and so of knees and other products of the 
forest." 

With these facts before them, the lumbermen and the ship 
builders of New York have not been sleeping on their posts. A 
committee has been dispatched to secure the most eligible site for 
an extensive ship-building community, or colony, from New York. 
This committee have in part discharged their duty by the purchase 
of twenty-five square miles of territory, clothed with millions of the 
most valuable timber, and possessing numerous advantages which 
will be set forth by a report, now soon to be laid before the stock- 
holders. 

The forests of white oak, interspersed with groves of yellow and 
hard pine, in the Kanawha and Big Sandy region, will furnish, for 
years to come, a sufficient supply to build the navies of the world. 



NEW PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
A number of buildings for various purposes of a public character, 
are in process of erection, or will shortly be commenced. Among 
these, are the German Protestant Orphan Asylum, and the Widows' 
Home, on Mount Auburn ; an Engine house, on Vine, near Front 
street ; public school houses in the Eleventh and Twelfth wards, and 
on Mount Adams ; a spacious Hotel, on the corner of Walnut and 
Sixth street, and another at the corner of Front and Broadway; 
an Episcopal church on Sycamore street, north of the canal; St. 
John's — Episcopal, corner of Plum and Seventh streets ; First Pres- 
byterian church, Fourth, near Main street, and Seventh Presbyterian 
church, Broadway, between Fourth and Fifth streets. These last 
three, will be magnificent structures, internally and externally. A 
City Hall is expected to be shortly put up, on Plum, between Eighth 
and Ninth streets ; as also, a spacious building for the United States 
public offices here, such as the custom-house, depository of public 
moneys, and post-office, at the south-west corner of Fourth and 
Vine street. A new county court-house, with public offices, has been 
commenced, on a scale and in conformity to a plan, which justifies 
the expectation that it will prove an ornament to Cincinnati. 



326 



ST. PETER S CATHEDRAL. 



ST. PETER'S CATHEDRAL. 

This fine building, belonging to the Roman Catholic Society, is 
completely finished, excepting the portico in front, after being ten 
years in progress of construction ; and is worthy of all the labor and 
expense it has cost, as an architectural pile and an ornament to 
our city. It is the finest building in the west, and the most impos- 
ing, in appearance, of any of the cathedrals in the United States, 
belonging to the Roman Catholic church, the metropolitan edifice in 
Baltimore not excepted. 

St. Peter's Cathedral is a parallelogram of two hundred feet in 
length, by eighty in breadth. It is fifty-five feet from floor to 
ceiling. The roof is partly supported by the side walls, which, as 
well as the front, average four feet in thickness, but principally 
upon eighteen free-stone pillars, nine on each side, which are of 
three-and-a-half feet diameter and thirty-three feet in height. The 
ceiling is of stucco-work, of a rich and expensive character, which 
renders it equal in beauty to that of any cathedral in the world, as 
asserted by competent judges, although executed, in this instance, 
by J. F. Taylor, a Cincinnati artist, for a price less than one-half 
of what it would have cost in Europe. The main walls are built of 
Dayton marble, of which this building furnishes the first example 
in Cincinnati. The basement is of the blue limestone of the Ohio 
river, and forms an appropriate contrast with the superstructure. 
The bells, not yet finished, which will be a chime of the usual num- 
ber and range, played by machinery, such as is employed in 
musical clocks, are in preparation for the edifice. The steeple is 
two hundred and twenty-one feet in height. The cathedral is 
finished with a centre aisle of six feet, and two aisles for proces- 
sional purposes, eleven feet each, adjoining the side-walls. The 
residue of the space forms one hundred and forty pews ten feet in 
length. The roof is composed of iron plates, whose seams are 
coated with a composition of coal-tar and sand, which renders it 
impervious to water. 

An altar of the purest Carrara marble, made by Chiappri, of 
Genoa, occupies the west end of the Cathedral. This is embellished 
with a centre piece, being a circle with rays, around which, wreaths 
and flowers are beautifully chiseled. It is of exquisite design and 
workmanship. At the opposite end, is put up an immense organ, of 
forty-four stops and twenty-seven hundred pipes, lately finished bv 



st. peter's cathedral. 327 

Schwab, of our city, which cost $5,400. One of these pipes alone 
is thirty-three feet long, and weighs four hundred pounds. There 
is no doubt, that this is an instrument superior in size, tone and power, 
to any on this continent. 

The following paintings occupy the various compartments in the 
Cathedral : 

St. Peter liberated by the Angel. 

Descent from the Cross. 

Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin. 

St. Jerome in the attitude of listening to the trumpet announcing 
the final judgment. 

Christ in the Garden. 

Flight into Egypt. 

The St. Peter is by Murillo, well known as the head of the Span- 
ish school ; and was a present to Bishop Fen wick, by Cardinal Fesch, 
uncle to Napoleon. The others are by some of the first artists in 
Europe. 

The two windows next the altar are of stained glass, and serve to 
give us, of the west, an idea of that style of imparting light, through 
edifices devoted to religious purposes, in the old world. 

Not a drop of ardent spirits was consumed in the erection of the 
Cathedral, and, notwithstanding the unmanageable shape -and size 
of the materials, not an accident occurred in the whole progress of 
the work. Every man employed about it, was paid off every Sat- 
urday night ; and, as the principal part of the labor was performed 
at a season of the year when working hands are not usually em- 
ployed to their advantage, much of the work was executed when 
labor and materials were worth far less than at present. The Day- 
ton marble alone, at current prices, would nearly treble its original 
cost. The heavy disbursements have proved a seasonable and sensi- 
ble benefit to the laboring class. The entire cost of the building is 
$120,000. 

The plate of the Cathedral, in this publication, represents its fin- 
ished state. 



0-5 OHIO FEMALE COLLEGE. 

OHIO FEMALE COLLEGE. 

This institution is located at College Hill, Hamilton county, Ohio, 
five miles north of the city. 

The corner-stone of the main edifice was laid on the 21st of Sept., 
1848, and the institution went into operation in the fall of 1849. In 
1851, the college was chartered by the Legislature, with the same 
powers of conferring degrees upon its graduates and awarding di- 
plomas as are usually possessed by male colleges. The course of 
studies is extensive and thorough, including a wide range of scien- 
tific, mathematical and classic learning, and equal, in respect to 
variety and extent, to that pursued in our best male colleges. The 
institution has a library, philosophical, chemical and astronomical 
apparatuses, for the illustration of the natural sciences ; a cabinet of 
minerals, and a good refracting telescope. Four buildings have 
already been erected for the accommodation of the pupils, the prin- 
cipal of which, is a magnificent structure, four stories high, and for 
beauty, adaptation and architectural taste, is unsurpassed by any 
school building in the west. A beautiful chapel, and two other 
buildings used as study rooms and dormitories, complete the group 
occupied at present for college purposes. Other buildings will 
doubtless soon be added. The location is one of the very best that 
could have been selected. It is central, accessible, elevated, and 
healthy, surrounded by pleasant groves and picturesque scenery, 
and sufficiently far from the city to be free from its temptations and 
dissipating tendencies, yet near enough to enjoy its privileges. The 
design of its founders has been to establish an institution of learning, 
centrally, in the west, where their daughters might enjoy advan- 
tages equal to those of their sons for acquiring the imperishable 
treasures of knowledge, where by intellectual and moral culture, 
they may be fitted for teachers of seminaries, missionaries, or to fill 
w r ith honor and usefulness any station in life. The college is under 
the supervision of an efficient board of trustees, of which board, the 
Hon. John McLean is president, and Samuel F. Cary, secretary. All 
letters of inquiry relative to the institution, should be addressed to 
the secretary of the board, or to Rev. John Covert, president of the 
college, College Hill, Hamilton county, Ohio. 



NATIONAL ARMORY IN THE WEST. 331 

NATIONAL ARMORY IN THE WEST. 

The establishment of an armory by the national government, at 
what shall be adjudged the most appropriate point in the west, is a 
measure which has been loudly called for, a length of time ; and 
although the claims of the west to its due share in the disburse- 
ment of the public moneys by our national legislature have been 
long slighted with impunity, there can be no doubt, that under the 
apportionment of representatives to Congress, created by the census 
of 1 850, this mighty section of the republic will be strong enough to 
insist on that measure of justice due to her interests, her rights and 
her numbers. 

The following propositions, in relation to the armory, may be 
regarded of such weight, that their mere statement supersedes any 
elaborate argument. 

1 . That the west has a just claim to the next armory that may be 
established, the other great sections of the United States, each pos- 
sessing one. 

2. That the central position of Cincinnati to the whole country, 
and its ready communication with the entire west, already existing 
to a great extent, and about to be spread more widely by the net- 
work of railroads which will connect us shortly with every import- 
ant point, claims for the vicinity of this city, a decided preference 
in the location of that armory. 

3. That the low price of the necessaries of life in this immediate 
region ; the abundance of the best quality of iron, coal, and other 
materials, almost at our doors; and the fact, that competent 
Avorkmen to any necessary extent, already trained to the use of 
tools, can be found in Cincinnati, are advantages that can be com- 
bined at no other place. 

4. Lastly, that the cheap and abundant hydraulic power at Ha- 
milton, twenty-one miles north of Cincinnati, points out that precise 
spot as the proper point for such armory. 

What the United States government requires for this purpose, are : 

I. An abundant supply of water-power, for present and future use. 

II. That this power shall be free from interruption by high or low 
water. 

III. That the constancy of an ample supply, shall not be liable 
to frequent interruptions from breaches, repairs of locks, tumble 
dams, and other works connected with navigable canals ; and, 



332 NATIONAL ARMORY IN THE VEST. 

IV. That the expenses of such water-power, should be moderate. 
All these circumstances exist at Hamilton, to a degree that cannot 
be found anywhere else. 

The water-power obtainable at Hamilton, is five times the quan- 
tity necessary for an armory on the same scale, as that of Spring- 
field or Harper's Ferry — a power equal to thirty run of stones being 
amply sufficient for an armory at this point. 

At Hamilton, a sufficient quantity can be furnished for an armory, 
which will be liable to no interruption from high or low water, or 
other ordinary causes. Nothing is hazarded in the assertion, that 
the expenses of water-power and the cost of land, upon which to 
construct the armory, would be far below what it would cost at any 
place in the west, offering equal advantages. 

The Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton railroad, which will be 
opened for travel and transportation, before Congress can be called 
on to act upon this subject, will afford every facility to transport 
all the manufacturing materials requisite, which are not already on 
the spot, and at a mere trifle of expense. 

In view, therefore, of 

The extent, safety, and low price of water-power : 

The eligibility of Hamilton, as a site for the favorable location of 
machine shops and the application of power : 

The advantages of cheapness of site, and of cost in the improve- 
ments, low rates of rent, and of the necessaries of life: and, 

The facilities afforded for the distribution of arms, and the pur- 
chase and delivery of materials : 

There can be no doubt, in the mind of any candid and intelligent 
individual, that Hamilton is the spot, in the western states, which 
possesses such controlling and commanding advantages as to su- 
persede all others in adaptedness to the great object referred to — 
the establishment of a National Armory in the West. 

In many aspects of this subject, the establishment of an armory 
at Hamilton, would be of equal advantage to Cincinnati with its 
location here. 



BIOGRAPHY NICHOLAS LONGWORTH. 333 

BIOGRAPHY— NICHOLAS LONG WORTH. 
Nicholas Longworth, the subject of this memoir, was born in 
Newark, N. J., on the 16th of January, 1783. He came to Cincin- 
nati, which has been his residence ever since, in May, 1804. He 
engaged at once in reading and studying law in the office of Judge 
Burnet, then and always, the first lawyer in the city, in point of 
ability and standing, and after a briefer space than would now be 
allowed by the courts, was admitted to the bar. He followed his 
law practice until 1819, when he left the pursuit of the legal profes- 
sion to newer or younger members. His earnings and savings had 
been, during the period alluded to, invested in lands and lots in and 
adjacent to Cincinnati, under the conviction that no other investment 
of his funds, would prove so profitable. This may seem insufficient 
to account for the amount of property he has since accumulated 
from these investments; but it should be remembered that property 
here was held at low values, in early days, many of his city lot pur- 
chases having been made for ten dollars or less, each. It must 
also be recollected, that Mr. Longworth was a regular lot and 
land dealer, selling as well as buying, and his profits constantly fur- 
nished the means of extending his investments. Nor should it be 
forgotten, that dealing in property in a rising market, which Cin- 
cinnati has always afforded, is a business in which all is gain and 
nothing loss ; differing in this respect from ordinary trade, both in 
the certainty of profit as well as the security of its debts, which are 
always protected by mortgage. As an example of the facility with 
which small amounts, comparatively, secured what has since be- 
come of immense value, it may be stated, that Mr. Longworth once 
received as a legal fee, from a fellow accused of horse stealing, and 
who had nothing else to give, two second hand copper stills. 
These were in charge of Joel Williams, who kept a tavern adjacent 
to the river, and who was a large property holder here in early 
days. On presenting his order, Mr. Williams told Longworth he 
could not let the stills go, for he was just building a distillery in 
Butler county, but he would give him a lot of thirty-three acres on 
Western Row, in lieu of the article. Mr. Longworth, whose view 
of the value of property here, was always in advance of public 
opinion, gladly closed with the proposal. These thirty-three acres 
occupied a front on Western Row from Sixth to Seventh street, run- 
ning west for quantity, and this transaction alone, taking into view 



334 BIOGRAPHY NICHOLAS LONGWORTH. 

the prodigious advance in real estate here, would of itself have fur- 
nished the basis of an immense fortune, the naked ground being 
now worth nearly two millions of dollars. 

Mr. Longworth went on adding lot to lot, acre to acre, in this 
mode, until, although he has sold more lands and lots than any man 
in Cincinnati, he is still the largest landholder in the city. 

"What Mr. Longworth' s property is worth, is rather difficult to 
determine ; but as his taxes for 1850 were upward of seventeen thou- 
sand dollars, the largest sum paid by any individual in the United 
States, William B. Astor excepted, whose taxes for the same year 
was twenty-three thousand one hundred and sixteen dollars, the 
presumption is, that there are few individuals of higher reputed 
wealth in the United States. If, however, he were a man of wealth, 
and nothing more, this notice would not have appeared in these 
pages. 

Longworth is a problem and a riddle ; a problem worthy of the 
study of those who delight in exploring that labyrinth of all that is 
hidden and mysterious, the human heart, and a riddle to himself 
and others. He is a wit and a humorist of a high order ; of keen 
sagacity and shrewdness in many other respects than in money 
matters ; one who can be exact to a dollar, and liberal, when he 
chooses, with thousands ; of marked peculiarity and tenacity in his 
own opinions, and yet of abundant tolerance to the opinions, how- 
ever extravagant, of others — a man of great public spirit and sound 
general judgment. All these things rarely accompany the acquisi- 
tion and the accumulation of riches. 

In addition to all this, it would be difficult to find an individual 
of his position and standing so perfectly free from pride — in the 
ordinary sense. He has absolutely none, unless it be the pride of 
eccentricity. It is no uncommon circumstance for men to become 
rich by the concentration of time, and. labor, and attention, to some 
one object of profitable employment. This is the ordinary phase of 
money getting, as closing the ear and pocket to applications for aid 
is that of money saving. Longworth has become a rich man on a 
different principle. He appears to have started upon the calcula- 
tion that if he could put any individual in the way of making a dollar 
for Longworth, and a dollar for himself at the same time, by aid- 
ing him with ground for a lot, or in building him a house on it — 
and if, moreover, he could multiply cases of the kind by hundreds, 
or perhaps thousands, he would promote his own interests just in 



BIOGRAPHY NICHOLAS LONG WORTH. 335 

the same measure as he was advancing those of others. At the 
same time, he could not be unconscious, that while their half was 
subdivided into small possessions, owned by a thousand or more 
individuals, his half was a vast, a boundless aggregate, since it was 
the property of one man alone. The event has done justice to his 
sagacity. Hundreds, if not thousands, in and adjacent to Cincin- 
nati, now own houses and lots, and many have become wealthy, 
who would in all probability have lived and died as tenants under 
a different state of case. Had not Mr. Longworth adopted this course, 
he would have occupied that relation to society which many wealthy 
men now sustain, that of getting all they can, and keeping all they 
get. There are men, even in Cincinnati, who do not deserve the 
very ground which forms their last resting-place. 

Every man of extensive means, who does not give freely to every 
object to which that disinterested individual, the public, thinks he 
ought to contribute, is, of course, branded as penurious, or at least, 
destitute of liberality of spirit. It would be impossible for Nicholas 
Longworth to form an exception to this rule, since it is one of the 
very few general rules that have no exceptions. There is a story 
told of the rich Duke of Newcastle having been applied to for aid, 
by an individual claiming to be a poor relation. ''What is the re- 
lationship?" inquired the duke. "We are both descendants of 
Noah," replied the applicant. "A very just claim," rejoined the 
duke, and giving him a penny, added, " There, take that, and if 
every one of your relations gives you as much, you will be a richer 
man than the Duke of Newcastle." If Mr. Longworth were to con- 
tribute to every application made here, it would leave him as poor 
a man as the most necessitous applicant at his doors. 

Mr. Longworth has his own views and his own ways, as regards 
relief of, and assistance to, the necessitous. That he is governed by 
conscientious motives, no one ought to doubt, who learns, as he 
easily may, that Longworth is a supernumerary township trustee, 
whose office is crowded at regular hours with twenty, thirty, or fifty 
miserable objects, whose cases he examines into, and disposes of at 
a cost of time and patience, which most men would, ordinarily, not 
submit to. Relief is then provided for, on a system which protects 
itself from being made a means of fostering idleness or mendicity. 
All this is done obviously on principle, since he must be a loser pe- 
cuniarily, as well as in precious time, by such a course. 

Many instances might be cited to show that Mr. Longworth is, for 



336 BIOGRAPHY NICHOLAS LONGWORTH. 

a rich man, an uncommonly liberal one. I shall refer to the Obser- 
vatory case, alone. 

Mr. Longworth, on application to him to know whether he would 
part with the Mt. Adams property, and on what terms for an obser- 
vatory, promptly made a donation of the ground — four acres in 
extent, for that purpose. After the building had been erected, an 
assertion was made in one of our city papers, and as Mr. Longworth 
believed and charged in his reply, by an individual who had pro- 
perty equally suitable for this purpose, that Longworth was governed 
by interested motives, the value of Mr. Longworth' s property con- 
tiguous, being enhanced by that improvement. Every intelligent 
person who read the article, must have felt that an imputation of 
the kind, in this case, was supremely ridiculous. But Longworth 
was piqued, and in his own caustic language, retorted with an offer, 
that if the individual who wrote that piece, would deed the same 
quantity of ground for an observatory, he would himself put up a 
building equal to that which had been erected upon Mount Adams, 
and appropriate the spot thus vacated, for promenade grounds 
for the benefit forever, of the citizens of Cincinnati. In this way he 
suggested to the writer, that he might appropriate to himself all the 
benefits wdiich such an improvement would secure to his adjacent 
property, and at the same time, be the means of conferring a lasting 
public benefit on the citizens of Cincinnati. No reply was made, 
and perhaps had not been expected. 

The original gift of the four acres, all within the heart of the city, 
was a very liberal act, and the proposition to put up an observatory 
at his own cost, rendered the proposal thus made, a munificent one. 

If the fact, that a community has been made the better or worse, 
by an individual having existed in it, be, as a standard writer con- 
siders it, an unerring test of the general character of that individual, 
there is no hazard in saying that Cincinnati is the better off for 
Nicholas Longworth having been an influential citizen of its com- 
munity, and that putting him to this test, he has fulfilled his mission 
upon earth, not indeed, as fully as he might have done, but perhaps 
as fully as one would have done, who might have stood in his shoes. 

Nor ought it to be forgotten, that by Mr. Longworth's labors in 
the introduction of the grape, and improved cultivation of the straw- 
berry, on which objects he has spent thousands of dollars, he has 
made these fruits accessible to the means of purchase of every man, 
even the humblest among us. How much more manly and spirited 



BIOGRAPHY NICHOLAS LONG WORTH. 337 

is this, than tempting the poor man with the sight of luxuries he 
may look at, but can never expect to taste. 

Mr. Longworth is a ready and a racy writer, whose vein of think- 
ing and expression is always rich, and who blends pleasantry and 
wit with grave arguments and earnest purposes. His writings on 
the strawberry and the grape, and his various contributions to the 
press abound with examples of this kind, recognizable here, as his, 
at a single glance. His bon-mots and quizzicalities are like his own 
sparkling champagne, brilliant and evanescent. Few of these can 
be referred to on the spur of this occasion ; two or three, however, 
may suffice as a sample, if even inferior to the average. They are 
taken from " Cist's Advertiser," the editor of which, relates them 
upon his own knowledge. 

"During the war with Mexico, one of our city dailies stated that 
Mr. Longworth had offered a contribution of ten thousand dollars, 
as advance pay and equipment of the Ohio volunteers, a large 
share of which were from Cincinnati — a difficulty having arisen as 
to the State of Ohio furnishing the necessary advances. I was 
somewhat surprised at this, believing Mr. Longworth no friend to 
the war with Mexico, and when I next met him, congratulated him 
on his public spirit, referring at the same time to the statement in 
the journals. " Not a word of it true ! not a word of it true !" ob- 
served Longworth. " I might have said, and believe I did say, that 
I would give ten thousand dollars as a contribution to a regiment 
of volunteers, but it w r as on condition — on the express contingency 
that I should have the picking out who among our citizens should 
go, and I believe I would make money by the offer, yet — but recol- 
lect, I am to have the say who are to go." 

While the Presidential struggle of 1844 was raging, Mr. Long- 
worth was applied to for a contribution of one hundred dollars for 
campaign expenses. " Don't know whether I shall give a cent," he 
replied. "I never give something for nothing. We might fail to 
elect Clay, as we did before, and I should fling away the hundred 
dollars." The applicant, a President of one of our banks, assured 
him there was no doubt of Mr. Clay's election — there could be none. 
"Well," said Longworth, "I can tell you what I will do. I will 
give you the hundred dollars, but mind, you shall be personally re- 
sponsible to me for its return if Clay is not elected." The politician, 
finding he could make no better bargain, and never dreaming of 
defeat, acceded to these terms. The funds all went into the com- 



ddO BIOGRAPHY BOWLDER PAVEMENT. 

mon purse, and when the hundred dollars had to be made good, the 
banker had to pay the amount out of his own pocket — multa gemens. 
The other day, I had occasion to make up a contribution to 
relieve the wants of a destitute, but deserving widow residing in the 
Sixth ward. Among other persons, I applied to Longworth. ''Who 
is she ? Do you know her ? Is she a deserving object ?" I assured 
him that she was ; I had good reason, I said, to believe that she 
bore an excellent character, and was doing all in her power to sup- 
port a large family of small children. " Very well, then," said Mr. 
Longworth, " I shan't give a cent. Such persons will always find 
plenty to relieve them. I shall assist none but the idle, drunken, 
worthless vagabonds that nobody else will help. If you meet with 
such cases call upon me." That this was not a mere pretense I find 
in the success of an application made here, in behalf of the Mor- 
mons, after they had been driven from Illinois. A committee of 
that people visited Cincinnati and applied to a friend of mine who 
said he had no money to give, but wrote a note to Mr. Longworth, 
in which he stated that he had sent these persons to him, as having 
a claim on him, they not being Christians! Mr. Longworth gave 
them accordingly ten dollars. 



BOWLDER PAVEMENT. 

Our limestone pavements have long been an annoyance and 
reproach to the community. Of friable material and irregular 
shape, they soon break into inequalities, where water lies after 
heavy rains, increasing and extending the irregularity of the surface. 
It is easy to perceive, to what extent this must affect the comfort 
as well as the health of our citizens. 

Of late years, we owe to the public spirit of D. L. De Golyer, the 
introduction of bowlder pavement, which is gradually changing 
the whole surface of the city. Properly laid, these require neither 
repaying nor repairing, for fifty years or more. Indeed this material, 
is nearly indestructible. Our bowlders are smaller than those used 
in the Atlantic cities, which circumstance renders the surface here, 
comparatively smooth. When this species of pavement shall be 
spread over the whole city, we may hope to escape those clouds of 
dust, which in dry summer weather, constitutes our greatest street 
nuisance. 



CINCINNATI OBSERVATORY. 341 

THE CINCINNATI OBSERVATORY. 

This temple of astronomical science occupies, already, its appro- 
priate department, in this volume ; but the statement of its estab- 
lishment, comprehends a history so remarkable, and a lesson so 
valuable, as to justify a more extended narrative. It is an example 
of what may be accomplished, by the public spirit of a community, 
when its energies are stimulated into activity, by the enthusiasm, 
intelligence, vigor, and perseverance of any one man, of competent 
ability, to direct it to a successful issue. 

The Observatory, either as respects the building, or its scientific 
instruments and machinery, is the only one in the world constructed 
and put into operation by the people — the masses. How this was 
done, cannot be more clearly stated, than in the language of Profes- 
sor Mitchel, himself, in one of his lectures. 

On the 9th of November, 1843, the corner-stone of the Observa- 
tory was laid by John Quincy Adams, in the presence of a vast 
multitude, with appropriate ceremonies, and followed by the delivery 
of an address replete with beauty and eloquence. The season was 
too far advanced to permit anything to be done toward the erection 
of the building during the fall ; and, indeed, it was not the intention 
of the Board of Directors to proceed with the building, until every 
dollar, required in the payment for the great telescope, should have 
been remitted to Europe. At the time of laying the corner-stone, 
but three thousand dollars, out of nine thousand five hundred, had 
been paid. This was the amount required in the contract, to be 
paid on signing, and the remaining sum became due on finishing 
the instrument. 

The contract having been made, conditionally, in July, 1842, it was 
believed that the great Refractor would be shipped, for the United 
States, in June, 1844, and, to meet our engagements, the sum of 
six thousand five hundred dollars, must be raised. 

This amount was subscribed, but, in consequence of commercial 
difficulties, all efforts, hitherto made to collect it, had been unavail- 
ing, and in February, 1844, the Board of Control solicited the 
Director of the Observatory, to become the general agent of the So- 
ciety, and to collect all old subscriptions, and obtain such new ones as 
might be necessary to make up the requisite sum. The accounts in 
the hands of the previous collector, were, accordingly, turned over 
to me, and a systematic effort was made to close them up. A regu- 
29 



342 



CINCINNATI OBSERVATORY. 



lar journal was kept of each day's work, noting the number of 
hours employed, the persons visited, those actually found, the sums 
collected, the promises to pay, the positive repudiations, the due-bills 
taken, payable in cash and trade, and the day on which I was 
requested to call again. These intervals extended from a week or ten 
days, to four months. The hour was in general fixed, and when the 
day rolled round, and the hour arrived, the agent of the Society 
presented himself, and referred to the memoranda. In many cases 
another and another time was appointed, until, in some instances, 
almost as many calls were made as there were dollars due. By 
systematic perseverance, at the end of some forty days, the sum of 
three thousand dollars was paid over to the treasurer, as the amount 
collected from old subscribers. Nearly two thousand dollars of due- 
bills had been taken, payable in carpenter work, painting, dry -goods, 
boots and shoes, hats and caps, plastering, brick-laying, blacksmith 
work, paints and oils, groceries, pork barrels, flour, bacon and lard, 
hardware, iron, nails, &c, in short, in every variety of trade, mate- 
rials, and workmanship. The due bills, in cash, brought about five 
hundred dollars in the course of the next thirty days, and a further 
sum of three thousand dollars was required for the last remittance 
to Europe. 

It was determined to raise this amount, in large sums, from 
wealthy and liberal citizens, who had already become members of 
our Society. The list first made out, and the sums placed opposite 
the names of each person, is now in my possession. On paper the 
exact amount was made up in the simplest and most expeditious 
manner ; eight names had the sum of two hundred dollars opposite 
them, ten names were marked one hundred dollars each, and the 
remaining ones, fifty dollars each. Such was the singular accuracy 
in the calculation, that, when the theory was reduced to practice, it 
failed in but one solitary instance. One person, upon whom we had 
relied for two hundred dollars, declined absolutely, and his place 
was filled by another. 

I called on one of the eight individuals marked at two hundred 
dollars, and, after a few moments' conversation, he told me, that in 
case one hundred dollars would be of any service to me, he would 
gladly subscribe that amount. I showed him my list, and finding his 
name among those reckoned at two hundred dollars, he remarked that 
he would not mar so beautiful a scheme, for the sum of one hundred 
dollars, and accordingly entered his name in its appropriate place. 



CINCINNATI OBSERVATORY. 34o 

At a meeting, held in May, of the Board of Control, the treasurer 
reported that the entire amount was now in the treasury, with the 
exception of one hundred and fifty dollars. The board adjourned 
to meet, on the same day, of the following week, when the deficiency 
was reduced, by the agent, to twenty-five dollars, and on the same 
day, an order was passed, to remit the entire amount to Barings & 
Brothers, London, to be paid to the manufacturer, on the order of 
Dr. J. Lamont, of Munich, to be given on the packing of the instru- 
ment. The last twenty-five dollars was obtained, and placed in the 
treasurer's hands, immediately on the adjournment of the Board. 
Thus was completed, as it was supposed, by far the most difficult 
part of the enterprise. All the cash means of the Society had now 
been exhausted, about eleven thousand dollars had been raised, and 
to extend the effort, yet farther, under the circumstances, seemed to 
be quite impossible. Up to this time, nothing had been done 
toward the building ; and, after paying for the instrument, not one 
dollar remained in cash, to commence the erection of a building 
which must cost, at the lowest estimate, five or six thousand dollars. 
Some two or three thousand dollars had been subscribed, payable 
in work and materials. Owing to a slight change in the plan of the 
building, the foundation walls, already laid in the fall of 1843, were 
taken up and relaid. Finding it quite impossible to induce any mas- 
ter workman to take the contract for the building, with the many 
contingencies by which our affairs were surrounded, I determined to 
hire workmen by the day, and superintend the erection of the build- 
ing personally. In attempting to contract for the delivery of brick, 
on the summit of Mount Adams, such an enormous price was de- 
manded for the hauling, in consequence of the steepness of the hill, 
that all idea of a brick building, was at once abandoned, and it was 
determined to build of limestone ; an abundant supply of which, 
could be had on the grounds of the Society, by quarrying. Having 
matured my plans, securing the occasional assistance of a carpenter, 
about the beginning of June, 1844, I hired two masons, one of whom 
was to receive an extra sum for hiring the hands, keeping their time, 
and acting as the master workman. One tender to these workmen, 
constituted the entire force with which I commenced the erection of 
a building, which, if prosecuted in the same humble manner, would 
have required about twenty years for its completion. And yet our 
title bond required that the building should be finished in the follow- 
ing June, or a forfeiture of the title by which we hold the present 



344 



CINCINNATI OBSERVATORY. 



beautiful site, must follow. My master mason seemed quite con- 
founded, when told that he must commence work with such a force. 
In the outset, difficulties were thick and obstinate. Exorbitant 
charges were made for delivering lime. I at once commenced the 
building of a lime-kiln, and, in a few days, had the satisfaction of 
seeing it well filled, and on fire ; true, it caved in once or twice, with 
other little accidents, but a full supply of lime was obtained, and 
at a cheap rate. 

Sand was the next item, for which the most extravagant charges 
were made. I found this so ruinous that an effort was made, and 
finally, I obtained permission to open a sand-pit, which had long- 
been closed, for fear of caving down a house, on the side of the hill 
above, by further excavation. An absolute refusal was at first 
given, but systematic perseverance again succeeded, and the pit was 
re-opened. The distance was comparatively short, but the price of 
mere hauling was so great, that I was forced to purchase horses, 
and in not a few instances fill the carts, with my own hands, and 
actually drive them to the top of the hill, thus demonstrating prac- 
tically, how many loads could be fairly made in a day. 

Another difficulty yet remained — no water could be found nearer 
than the foot of the hill, half a mile distant, and to haul all the 
water so great a distance would have cost a large sum. I selected 
one of the deepest ravines on the hill-top, and throwing a dam 
across, while it was actually raining, I had the pleasure of seeing it 
fill rapidly from the hill-sides ; and in this way an abundant supply 
was obtained for the mixing of mortar, at a very moderate expense 
of hauling. 

Thus prepared, the building was commenced, with two masons 
and one tender, during the first week ; at the close of the week I 
had raised sufficient funds to pay off my hands, and directed the 
foreman to employ, for the following week, two additional masons and 
a tender ; to supply this force with materials, several hands were 
employed in the quarry, in the lime-kiln, and in the sand-pit, all of 
whom were hired by the day, to be paid half cash and the residue 
in trade. During all this time, I may remark, that I was discharg- 
ing my duties as professor of Mathematics and Philosophy in the Cin- 
cinnati College, and teaching five hours in each day. Before eight 
o'clock in the morning, I had visited all my workmen in the build- 
ing, in the lime-kiln, sand-pit and stone quarry — at that hour my 
duties in the college commenced, and closed at one. By two o'clock, 



CINCINNATI OBSERVATORY. 



345 



p. m., I was again with my workmen, or engaged in raising the 
means of paying them on Saturday night. The third week the 
number of hands was again doubled ; the fourth week produced a 
like increase, until finally, not less than fifty day laborers were 
actually engaged in the erection of the Cincinnati Observatory. Each 
Saturday night exhausted all my funds, but I commenced the next 
week inthe°full confidence that industry and perseverance would 
work out their legitimate results. To raise the cash means re- 
quired, was the great difficulty. I have frequently made four or 
five trades to turn my due-bills, payable in trade, into cash. I have 
not unfrequently gone to individuals and sold them their own due- 
bills payable in merchandise, for cash, by making a discount. The 
pork merchants paid me cash for my due bills, payable in barrels 
and lard kegs, and in this way, I managed to obtain sufficient cash 
means, to prosecute the work vigorously during the months of July 
and August ; and in September, I had the satisfaction to see the 
buHdihg up and covered, without having incurred one dollar of debt. 
At one period, I presume, one hundred hands were employed, at 
the same time, in the prosecution of the work. More than fifty 
hands on the hill, and as many in the city in the various workshops, 
paying their subscriptions by work for different parts of the build- 
ing. The doors were in the hands of one carpenter, the window- 
frames in those of another— a third was employed on the sash— a 
painter "took them from the joiner, and in turn delivered them to a 
glazier, while a carpenter paid his stock by hanging them, with 
weights purchased by stock, and with cords obtained in the same 
way. Many locks were furnished by our townsmen in payment 
of their subscriptions. Lumber, sawing, flooring, roofing, paint- 
ing, mantles, steps, hearths, hardware, lathing, doors, windows, 
glass, and painting, were in like manner obtained. At the be- 
ginning of each week my master carpenter generally gave me a 
bill of lumber and materials wanted during the week. In case they 
had not been already subscribed, the stock-book was resorted to, 
and there was no relaxing of effort until the necessary articles were 
obtained. If a tier of joists was wanted, the saw-mills were visited, 
and in some instances the joists for the same floor came from two or 
three different mills. 

On covering the building, the great crowd of hands employed, as 
masons, tenders, lime-burners, quarry-men, sand and water men, 
were paid off and discharged ; and it now seemed that the heavy 



316 



CINCINNATI 0BSERYATORY 



pressure was passed, and that one might again breathe free, after 
the responsibility of such heavy weekly payments was removed. 

Having used as much space as is admissible, I conclude, for the 
present, by referring to the following table, which will give, perhaps, 
a more correct idea of the organization of the Cincinnati Astrono- 
mical Society, than a labored description. 

The members of the Society, so far as known, are divided as 
follows : 

Judges 6 

Physicians 25 

Magistrates 6 

Lawyers 33 

Officers of Insurance Offices. ... 8 

Persons living from rents 34 

Blacksmiths 8 

Iron and Brass Founders 17 

Wholesale Grocers 39 

Retail " 17 

Editors 5 

Teachers 25 

Clergymen 5 

Dry-Goods Dealers 30 

Bankers and Brokers 21 

Clerks 13 

Leather Dealers and Tanners. . . 6 

Iron Merchants 16 

Pork Merchants 16 

Book Publishers 2 

Druggists 16 

Watchmakers 4 

Carpenters and Joiners 23 

Tailors and Clothiers 6 

Saddlers 2 

Crockery Merchants 7 

Hotel Keepers 6 

Printers 7 

Shoemakers 5 

Cabinetmakers 6 

Ship Builders 4 

Stone Cutters 3 

Wire Workers 1 

Lockmakers and Bell Hangers . . 3 



Lumber Merchants 18 

Livery Stable Keepers 3 

Hardware Merchants 7 

Steamboat Owners 5 

Engineers 2 

Engraver 1 

Plumbers 2 

Lockmakers 2 

Paperhangers 7 

Stonemasons 3 

Brick " and Plasterers .... 2 

Sawyers 7 

Butchers 3 

Bookseller 1 

Hatters 3 

Horticulturists 3 

Millers 2 

Tinners 2 

Ice Dealer 1 

Architects 2 

Painters 4 

Farmers 2 

Cooper 1 

Brickmaker 1 

Lamp Dealers 2 

Mattress Makers 2 



Manufacturers of White Lead. . . 

" " Saleratus 

** " Cotton Yarn. . 


3 
1 

2 


Oil-Cloth 


1 


" " Plows 

« " other articles. . 


2 
9 


Carriage Makers 

Remainder unknown. 


4 



coal. 349 

COAL. 

So extensive has been the consumption, or rather waste of timber 
in the vicinity of our western cities, within the last fifty years, as to 
render the use of mineral coal, as fuel, a strict necessity. 

On the first introduction of coal for that purpose, twenty-five or 
thirty years since, it was sold at twenty to twenty-five cents per 
bushel, while fire-wood could be purchased at two dollars and fifty 
cents per cord ; making ten or twelve bushels of coal as costly as 
one cord of wood. The relative value of these fuel materials, has 
altered so greatly since, in the advanced price of wood and the 
reduced price of coal, that we can hardly realize the fact that even 
at the rates thus named, and including the price of sawing and 
splitting, the coal was the cheaper article for family use. 

The early supplies of coal were brought here by Ephraim Jones, 
from Wheeling and Pittsburgh ; and for years these were the only 
varieties consumed here. 

But the great superiority of coal over wood, for families, in the 
facility of putting it away in a small space ; the convenience of tak- 
ing it through a dwelling ; the readiness with which its fires can be 
shut down at night, and rekindled in the morning — in a cold morn- 
ing, a great point of advantage — the superior degree of safety of 
coal over wood, as regards accidental fires resulting from their use, 
and more than all, the changed relation of value — coal now costing 
hardly more than one-fourth the price of firewood, have rendered 
the coal popular, alike to the employer and those he hires. Wood, 
except for cooking purposes, is fuel here no longer. 

The principal objection to the use of coal, is the presence of sul- 
phur and of bitumen to such excess, as to render its use unpleasant 
and unhealthy in chambers, as well as a nuisance in the streets ; 
defiling the persons of individuals, and the fronts of the buildings. 
Most of us have visited Pittsburgh and Wheeling, and can compre- 
hend the force of these objections. 

Fortunately for us, we have coal mines opened and opening con- 
stantly for the supply of this market, which promise to obviate the 
objection alluded to. These are : 

1. The Pomeroy mines, in Meigs county, Ohio. 

2. The Peach Orchard field, on Sandy, Virginia. 

3. The Cannel coal, on Kanawha. 



o50 COAL GLENDALE. 

4. The coal on the Monongahela and Youghiogeny, of the Cin- 
cinnati Coal-mine Company, and lastly : 

5. The new mines at South Point, Lawrence county, in Ohio, and 
the Rock Grove mines in Virginia, just commencing to supply this 
market. 

These varieties burn free from sulphur, and consume every por- 
tion to ashes, as any one will find on making the test. 

The consumption of coal in 1840, was one million nine hundred 
thousand and fifty bushels. It has increased since, to nearly eight 
million bushels ; the regular decline in price, and our business 
enlargement stimulating a constantly increasing consumption of the 
article. 



GLENDALE. 

This is a village, and once a series of fine farms, amounting in 
the aggregate to five hundred and sixty-five acres. It is situated 
on the line of the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton railroad, and 
twelve miles from our own city. The property has been purchased 
by a joint-stock company of thirty persons, who propose, after 
selecting their own lots out of the premises, to lay off the residue 
into building lots of various sizes, confining their sales to actual 
residents, at least for the summer season, and of a description of 
persons who will be desirable neighbors to each other. A series of 
improvements are in progress, which will make Glendale a delight- 
ful residence. An artificial lake of four acres surface, and seven- 
teen feet depth, has been created, by running a dam three hundred 
feet long just below four or five permanent and abundant springs ; 
which will secure inexhaustible supplies of water for washing and 
bathing. 

Glendale will be a station for wooding and watering, and passen- 
gers and freight for the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton railroad. 

An arrangement will be made to establish regular morning and 
evening trains to and from Cincinnati, in addition to the through 
trains. This will afford unrivaled facilities to accommodate the 
dwellers at Glendale. 

There will be three hundred lots or more, laid out, for future 
purchasers. 




WOODRUFF HOUSE, 

I>. E. & O. P. TUTTLE, PROPRIETOBS. 



CENSUS OF OHIO — 1850. 

CENSUS OF OHIO— 1850 



353 



COUN'TIES. 


WHITE. 


COLOEED. 


TOTAL. 


1840. 


Adams 


18,890 
12,100 
23,824 
28,727 
18,137 
11,278 
33,914 
26,648 
30,439 
17,635 
19,278 
21,872 
30,056 
18,268 
33,437 
25,631 
18,167 
47,776 
20,038 

6,947 
21,682 
18,436 
30,002 
12,457 
41,327 

7,779 
15,885 
17,816 
21,339 
30,295 
153,356 
16,753 

8,237 
19,901 

3,432 
24,909 
13,990 
20,457 
26,184 
12,376 
28,469 
28,828 
14,619 
14,944 
38,738 
18,671 
25,834 
12,255 

9,922 
23,680 
12,536 
24,396 


53 

16 

2 

40 

80 

63 

685 

686 

355 

50 

465 

302 

393 

569 

164 

40 

10 

329 

239 

19 

132 

142 

255 

279 

1553 

1 

1179 

7 

608 

177 

3494 

21 

14 

259 

872 

129 

1 

19 

348 

664 

42 

36 

303 

107 

497 

257 

126 

90 

53 

18 

37 


18,943 
12,116 
23,826 
28,767 
18,217 
11,341 
34,599 
27,334 
30,794 
17,685 
19,743 
22,174 
30,449 
18,837 
33,601 
25,671 
18,177 
48,105 
20,277 

6,966 
21,814 
18,578 
30,257 
12,736 
42,880 

7,780 
17,064 
17,823 
21,947 
30,472 
156,850 
16,774 

8.251 
20,160 

3,432 
25,781 
14,119 
20,458 
26,203 
12,724 
29,133 
28,870 
14,655 
15,247 
38,845 
19,168 
26,091 
12,381 
10,012 
23,733 
12,554 
24,433 


12,775 


Allen 


9,079 








23,723 




19,109 


Auglaize* 




Belmont 


30,901 




22,715 


Butler 


28,173 


Carroll 


18,108 


Champaign 

Clark 


16,720 
16,832 




23,100 




15,719 


Columbiana 

Coshocton 

Crawford 


40,378 
21,500 
13,152 




26,506 


Darke 


13,282 


Defiance* 




Delaware 


22,060 


Erie 


12,457 


Fairfield ».. 


31,924 


Fayette 


10,984 


Franklin 


25,049 


Fulton 




Gallia 


13,444 




16,297 




17,528 




27,748 




80,145 




9,981 




4,598 




20,099 


Henry 


2,503 




22,269 




9,741 


Holmes 


18,088 


Huron 


22,661 


Jackson 


9,744 




25,030 


Knox 


29,579 


Lake 


13,740 


Lawrence 


9,725 




35,096 


Logan 


14,015 


Lorain 


18,467 


Lucas 


9,382 


Madison 


9,025 


Mahoning* 

Marion 


20,852 


Medina 


18,352 



354 



CENSUS OF OHIO- 



1850. 



COUNTIES. 


WHITE. 


! COLORED. 


TOTAL. 


1840. 


Meigs 

Mercer 

Miami 


17,921 

7,319 

24,391 

28,306 

38,007 

28,515 

20,239 

44,460 

3,309 

1,765 

20,751 

20,720 

10,337 

24,331 

21,708 

7,221 

30,823 

30,263 

14,495 

18,562 

26,995 

13,573 

39,789 

27,375 

30,504 

31,658 

12,081 

4,748 

9,252 

25,024 

29,139 

33,024 

8,018 

9,147 

11,121 


39 

393 

1 566 

61 

210 

78 

1 

593 

1 

1 

23 

390 

618 

56 

40 

! 54 
1821 

34 
167 
110 
383 

99 
106 

36 

74 
124 

45 
101 
536 
373 

21 

18 
48 


17,960 

7,712 

24,957 

28,367 

38,217 

28,593 

20,240 

45,053 

3,310 

1,766 

20,774 

21,110 

10,955 

24,387 

21,748 

7,221 

30,877 

32,084 

14,529 

18,729 

27,105 

13,956 

39,888 

27,481 

30,540 

31,732 

12,205 

4,793 

9,353 

25,560 

29,512 

33,045 

8,018 

9,165 

11,169 


11,452 

8,277 
19,688 
18,521 
31,038 
20,852 


Montgomery 




Muskingum 

Ottawa 


38,749 

2,248 

1,034 

19,344 

19,725 

7,626 




Perry 


Pickaway 


Pike '. 


Portage 


19,688 


Preble 


19,482 


Putnam 


5,189 


Richland 


44,532 


Ross 


27,460 


Sandusky 


10,182 


Scioto 


11,192 


Seneca 

Shelby 


18,139 
12,154 


Stark 

Summit 

Trumbull 

Tuscarawas 


34,605 
22,562 
25,700 
25,631 

8,422 


Vanwert 

Vinton* I 


1,577 


Warren j 


23,141 


Washington 


20,823 
35,808 


Williams 


4,995 


Wood '■ 

Wyandot* 


5,458 




1,957,465 


23,495 | 


1,980,960 


1,519,467 



Erected since 1840 



Note. — Since the earlier pages of this publication went to press, the Cincinnal i 
Female Institute, under charge of Professor Zachos and Miss M. Cox, has been 
removed to Dayton, and merged in the Cooper Female Institute of that citt. 

This change serves only to enlarge its recommendations to those desirous of 
sending pupils, in the measure of advantage, Dayton possesses over Cincin- 
nati as respects abundant range of exercise, as well as purer air to breathe. 



356 THE PROTESTANT UNIVERSITY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

THE PROTESTANT UNIVERSITY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

This Institution was incorporated by the Legislature of Ohio, in 
the year 1845, and is under the management of a competent board 
of trustees. The following is the second section of its charter, which 
fixes its location, defines its object, and secures to it the most un- 
limited academic powers, viz: " The said university shall be located 
in, or near to, the city of Cincinnati ; and its object and purpose are 
hereby declared to be the promotion and advancement of education, 
the cultivation and diffusion of literature, science, and the arts, in all 
their departments and faculties." It is not Sectarian. Thus, in the 
ninth and eleventh sections, it is expressly "provided that in the 
rules and regulations governing the admission of students, there 
shall be no preference on account of religious sects, or any other 
cause, except good moral character, and the promise of superior 
scholarship, " and " that the corporation shall have no power at any 
time to establish a sectarian religious test, as a condition of enjoying 
the honors and privileges of the university." But it is Protestant. 
And this name was given to it, by the Legislature, because of the 
provision in the eleventh section of its charter, " That it shall always 
be conducted in subserviency to the True, Reformed, Protestant 
Christian Religion, as taught in the Holy Scriptures of the Old and 
New Testaments." Its general corporate powers are correspond- 
ingly liberal in their character. This outline, as it is due to our 
citizens, will sufficiently explain, for the present, the nature and 
scope of the institution. 

The university has not yet been opened for instruction, but much 
has been done in preparation for this. The Rev. William Wilson, 
of this city, who is about to sail for Europe in its interest, is its 
chancellor. It has recently been endowed, by the munificent be- 
quest of an enlightened, spirited, and patriotic protestant, in the 
eastern section of our country. The whole Protestant world, as 
well as the republic of letters and science, are deeply interested in 
the success of this university. 

The Officers of the Board of Trustees, are : — 

Rev. Andrew Heron, D. D., President pro tern. 
James C. McMillan, Esq., Secretary. 
Thomas Wilson, Esq., Treasurer. 



OK 





" ;;; 5!i 



manufacturing; illustrations. 



359 



Prices 01 Junk.,' Hand-Presses. 

Double medium, with boiler 
apparatus, $240; imperial, 220; 
super royal, 200; medium, 190; 
Cap, without boiler apparatus, 
75. 



2 ? ^ 



c c 




c 

CO 
CO 



Guilford & Jones, 41 Second street, who have the exclusive right for the ma- 
nufacture and sale of this valuable hand-press, are now prepared to fill orders 
for medium and double medium sizes. By this press, an increase of at least 
fifty per cent, of work is obtained, with a great reduction of labor. Its pecu- 
liar advantages over the old consist: — 1. In the saving of time in putting on 
and taking off the sheet. 2. In the saving of time in running the bed under 
and out from the platin. 3. In the flying the frisket, as it is self-acting. 4. In 
the application of the leverage, by which means a very heavy impression is 
obtained by a small expenditure of physical force. 5. In the saving of time 
and labor of stepping backward and forward by the pressman, as it is unne- 
cessary for him to move out of his tracks while at work. 6. From the manner 
in which the points are attached, it being impossible for the blankets to full 
np as the form runs under the platin, which, in the ordinary press, renders the 
points liable to move. 



MANUFACTURING ILLUSTRATIONS. 



361 



WILSON'S PATENT STEAM RENDERING TANKS. 




MANUFACTURING ILLUSTRATIONS. 



;63 



LOTZE'S NEW PATENT WARM AIR FURNACE OF 1850, 

FOR HEATING CHURCHES, DWELLINGS, STORES, 

AND OTHER rURLIC BUILDINGS. 




FURNACE, AVITH BRICK AIR-CHA.MBLE, FOR BURXXG COAT. 




FURNACE STOVE, FOR BURNING WOOD. 



LBMr?9 



